词汇与句法期末复习

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现代汉语[第四章词汇]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第四章词汇第一节词汇、词汇单位和词的结构一、词汇重点掌握词汇的概念，理解词和词汇的相互关系。

词汇又称语汇，是一种语言里所有的(或特定范围的)词和固定短语的总和。

词汇还可以指某一个人或某一作品所用的词和固定短语的总和。

词汇是词的集合体，词汇和词的关系是集体和个体的关系。

二、词汇单位熟练掌握各级词汇单位概念。

能够在实际应用中区别各级词汇单位。

1．语素语素是语言中最小的音义结合体。

能够使用替代法来确定语素。

掌握语素的不同分类，按照音节的多少，可以分为单音节语素和多音节语素；按照组合能力(成句或构词能力)，可以分为自由语素和粘着语素(不定位粘着语素和定位粘着语素)。

2．词重点理解词和短语的含义。

掌握词与语素的区别方法——剩余法，掌握词与短语的区别方法——扩展法。

词是句中最小的能够独立运用的语言单位，它由语素构成。

短语是词和词的语法组合。

掌握词、语素和字的关系和区别。

3．固定短语重点掌握固定短语和自由短语的含义及其区别。

固定短语是词跟词的固定组合，一般不能任意增减、改换其中的词语。

可以分为专名和熟语两类。

其中熟语包括成语、惯用语、歇后语。

自由短语是词跟词按表达的需要的临时组合。

4．略语重点掌握略语的含义及其类别。

略语是语言中经过压缩和省略的词语。

可分为两类：简称和数词略语。

简称和全称相对，是较复杂名称的简化形式。

注意各种简称的组成形式。

数词略语就是对一些习用的联合短语，选择其中各项的共同语素加上短语包含的项数构成。

三、构词类型重点掌握各种构词类型。

掌握单纯词和合成词并能够辨别。

重点掌握词根和词缀的含义。

重点掌握单纯词的类型、合成词的构词方式。

了解构词语素分为两种：词根和词缀。

单纯词是由一个语素构成的词，按照音节的多少，可以分为单音节和多音节单纯词，多音节的单纯词主要分为联绵词、叠音词、音译外来词。

合成词是由两个或两个以上的语素构成的词，掌握合成词的三种构词方式：复合式(联合型、偏正型、补充型、动宾型、主谓型)、重叠式、附加式(前加式和后加式)。

《现代汉语语法修辞》期末考试复习题及参考答案

现代汉语语法与修辞复习题（课程代码 262305）一、单项选择题1、下列各句有词性误用的毛病的句子是（）。

A首长和同志们的关怀，热情了我的心，使我感到了部队的温暖。

B我坐了几天汽车，终于回到了久别的故乡。

C同志们有的帮我练打靶，有的帮我学文化。

D如果我不好好学习，那可对不住大家的一片好心。

2、同“首都北京”结构不一致的短语是（）。

A我们自己 B四川重庆 C雷锋同志 D厂长王力3、“着、了、过”是（）。

A结构助词 B动态助词 C其他助词 D语气词4、“你的到来”是（）A体词性句法结构 B谓词性句法结构C加词性句法结构 D主谓短语5、下列短语只有（）没有歧义A不适当地表扬 B咬死了农民的狗 C连他都不认识 D从山里来的孩子6、“今年国庆节”是（）A主谓短语 B述宾短语 C述补短语 D偏正短语7、“这样的结果我一点也不意外，我这学期耽误的课太多了”是（）A因果复句 B转折复句 C条件复句 D让步复句8、下列说法（）正确。

A借喻就是借代B对比就是对偶C衬托就是对偶D反对就是对比9、“私营、民用、中型”是（）A动词 B名词 C副词 D区别词10、“今天国庆节”是（）A主谓短语 B述宾短语 C述补短语 D偏正短语11、“主张赶快去”中的“赶快去”是（）A施事宾语 B体词性宾语 C谓词性宾语 D受事宾语12、“老张介绍我去见局长”是（）A连动句 B兼语句 C存现句 D“把”字句13、“这条鱼，往少里说，也有二斤”中的“往少里说”是（）A复指短语 B状语 C插入语 D同位语14、“我越学越爱学”是（）A倒装句 B紧缩句 C省略句 D复句15、关于修辞，下列最准确的说法是________。

A修辞是指运用各种修辞格进行语言艺术的创新。

B修辞是指有关修辞格运用的著作。

C修辞是人们在运用语言传递信息、表情达意的过程中，追求最佳表达效果的言语实践。

D修辞就是根据不同的语境选择恰当的表达方式。

16、“他极力压着火气，说：‘我是来工作的，不要在我和干部群众当中砌上一堵墙。

句法学复习要点及习题

句法学复习要点及习题句法学复习要点及习题1.In linguistics, the word SYNTAX refers to the study of the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a Language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2.Since sentence is usually regarded as the largest grammatical unit of a Language, syntaxhas long been the center of grammatical study.3.In some languages, grammatical gender had little to do with the biological sex.4.In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively.5.The forms of words can be restricted by grammatical categories through concord or agreement and through government.5.concord(grammar) agreement between words in gender, number, etc, (e.g. between averb and a plural noun as its subject)6.The idea of government is necessary in languages like Latin and German to account for theway in which certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns.7.Descriptive---- describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use(modern linguistic)8.Prescriptive----lay down rules for “correct”linguistic behavior in using language(traditional grammar)9.The STRUCTURAL approach to the analysis of Language was started by the Swiss linguistFerdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the 20th century.10.Saussure believes that, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of two parts:signified(concept) and signifier (sound image).11.Saussure identified two principal types of relations: Syntagmatic relations andparadigmatic relations.12.The Syntagmatic relation(结构关系, 组合关系)is the relation between one item and othersin a sequence, or between elements which are all present.13.The STRUCTURAL approach to the analysis of Language was started by the Swiss linguistFerdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the 20th century.There are syntactic conditions and semantic conditions the words must meet.4-2-a The boy kicked the ball.4-2-b *Boy the ball kicked the.4-2-c *The ball kicked the boy.Words in and 4-2-b violate syntactic rules and in 4-2-c violate semantic conditions.14.The Syntagmatic relation(结构关系, 组合关系)is the relation between one item andothers in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.15.The paradigmatic relation(聚合体关系)Saussure originally called ASSOCIATIVE, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in structure, or between one element present and theothers absent.The sequence which a sign forms with those in a syntagmatic relation is sometimes called a STRUCTURE.To use the word in a more restricted sense, and the class of signs which are in a paradigmatic relation are sometimes called a SYSTEM.The syntagmatic relation is nowadays also refereed to as HORIZONAL RELATION or chain relation.And the paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation or CHOICE relation. 16.immediate constituent analysis This notion( immediate constituent)was proposed by the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield(Language, 1933.) This construction may be a sentence, may be a word group, may also be a word. The last level of constituents is morphemes, known as ultimate constituents.17.In 1957, the American linguist Chomsky proposed the transformational-generative grammar(TG)(转换生成语法), thus providing a model for the description of human languages.The goal of TG is to find out a system of rules to account for the linguistic competence of native speakers of a language to form grammatical sentences.In his aspects of the theory of syntax, Chomsky says that a generative grammar should consist of three components: syntactic, phonological, and semantic.the love of God, is a only surface structure. There are in fact two deep structures:God loves somebodySomebody loves God/doc/2d15858804.html,petence Vsperformance19.Surface Structure Vs Deep Structurea. The professor’s appointment was shocking.b. Mary and Bill or John sent the gift.c. The horse is ready to ride.d. Old men and women are hard to live with.20.There may also be a functional analysis in terms of THEME and RHEME.Vilem Mathesius:In his terminology, the first term refers to ―that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker pro ceeds‖, and the second ―what the speaker states out, or in regard to, the starting point of the utterance‖ (Danes 1974).21.The theme is the starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause istaking off. (Halliday1994:38)22.Marked theme vs. Unmarked themea.My son’s bicycle was stolen.b.Helen will also go with you.23.It is characteristic of Halliday’s theory that more attention is paid to paradigmatic relationsthan to Syntagmatic relations, which is the main concern of Chyomsky.24.Halliday argues that there are three general functions of language:ideational(which issubdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual.Ⅲ. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysisⅣ. Answer the following questions.1. Distinguish the two possible meanings of ―more beautiful flowers‖ by means of IC analysis.答案1. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentencesin a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turnanalyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience. Ⅳ.(1) more | beautiful flowers (2) more beautiful | flowers语义学复习要点及习题1.The naming theory（命名说）is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.1.The conceptualist view（概念论）is one concerning meaning. According to this view, thereis no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.2.Behaviorism: According to this view, the meaning of a lang uage form is the ―situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer‖. (Bloomfield 1933: 139)3.Contextualism（语境论）：is a view concerning meaning which holds that meaning should bestudied in terms of situation, use, context.4.Same reference but different sense:e.g. VenusThe evening star west. (sunset)The morning star east. (sunrise)Same object (same reference) but different sense (different aspect); different ways of referring to the same thing.5.Conceptual meaning is also called ―denotative‖（外延义）or “cognitive”meaning. Thisrefers to the definition given in the dictionary.6.Connotative meaning may vary according to culture, historical period and the experience ofthe individual, and thus are indeterminate and open-ended.7.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.8.Homonymy refers to cases where lexemes with the same phonological or morphologicalshape have different meanings.9.According to the semantic relationship, antonyms can be loosely divided into three categories:1) Complementary antonyms互补性反义Complementary antonyms are also callednon-gradable antonyms. They are lexemes or expressions whose crucial semantic features are mutually exclusive. The positive of one suggests the negative of the other.male---female; married---single; alive---dead;2) Gradable antonyms (可分等级的反义词) There are often intermediate form between thetwo members of a pair of antonyms . So it is a matter of degree. “old”and “young”3) Relational antonyms（关系反义词）They are pairs of lexemes or expressions whosecrucial semantic features display a reciprocal (相互的) relationship.husband --- wifeMy only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late.Antonyms can also be used as a rhetorical device to make the expressions more contrastive and impressive.To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought.10.Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items.11.Hyponymy is used to refer to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items.12.Relations between sentencesA. Entailment (蕴涵）B. Presupposition （前提，预设）C. Inconsistency （矛盾）D. Synonymy （同义）练习题：What are the three kinds of antonymy?According to the semantic relationship, antonyms can be loosely divided into three categories: 1) Complementary antonyms互补性反义Complementary antonyms are also called non-gradable antonyms. They are lexemes or expressions whose crucial semantic features are mutually exclusive. The positive of one suggests the negative of the other. male---female2) Gradable antonyms (可分等级的反义词)There are often intermediate form between the two members of a pair. So it is a matter of degree. For example, “old‖ and ―young‖ are immediately recognized as antonyms, but they stand for two extremes, between which there exist intermediate forms representing different degrees of being old or young, such as ―middle-aged‖, ―mature”, “elderly3) Relational antonyms（关系反义词）(成对的；相对相辅关系的；关系对立的反义词)（在意义上是相对称的，它们处于相互关系的对立面，又叫换位反义词。

高三英语复习词法与句法

讲义一：语法概论一、语法的内容英语语法包括两大部分内容:一是词法(Morphology )，是研究词、词形变化及其用法的，如名词的性、数、格，动词的时态、语态等;二是句法(Syntax，是研究句子和句子结构的，如构成一个句子的各种成分、语序、句子的种类等。

词法和句法讲的内容和侧重点不同，但二者有极密切的关系，是构成一个语言整体的两个不可缺少的有机组成部分。

eg：1.actor actress ；king queen2.cup（s) photo(s) class(es) factory-factories leaf-leaves3.student’s book my name ; a friend of Ming’s ; I my mine4.We eat fish most of time . (一般现在时）We are eating fish now.（现在进行时）We ate fish yesterday.（一般过去时）We will eat fish after school.(一般将来时）5. Here is your letter. (倒装句）6.I am a high school student. (简单句）I am a high school student and I like study English.（复合句）I am a high school student who like study English. （从句）二、词汇语言是由一个个单词组成的。

词(Word)是语言中能表达一定意义又能自由运用的最小单位。

有的词表示名称，有的词表示动作，有的词表示性质、状态，各有各的功用和特征。

把所用的词分成若干类，就叫做词类(Parts of speech)。

英语的词，根据它们的意义和特征，一般分为十类(见下表)。

词类英语名称作用例词名词Nouns(n.) 表示人或事物的名称worker ,bank形容词Adjective(adj.) 表示人或事物的特征strong ,old数词Numerals(num.) 表示数目或顺序eight ,second代词Pronouns(pron.) 代表名词、数词等they ,many动词Verb（v.）表示动词或状态think ,be副词Adverbs(adv.) 表示动作特征或状态特征bravely ,carefully 冠词Articles(art.) 用在名词前，帮助其说明意义a,an,the介词Prepositions(prep.) 用在名词、代词等前，说明它们之间的关系at,from,to连词Conjunctions(conj.) 用以连接词与词或句与句and,if感叹词Interjections(interj.) 表示说话时的感情或语气oh,ah表中的十种词类，前六种可以在句子中独立担当成分，称为实义词(Notional Words)。

现代汉语期末复习

现代汉语复习提纲第一章绪论第一节现代汉语概论一、什么是现代汉语（汉语和现代汉语概念是重点）1、汉语的概念：汉民族的语言。

2、现代汉语的概念：现代汉语是现代汉民族所使用的语言。

既有方言、也有民族共同语。

3、现代汉语的形式：口语和书面语二、现代汉民族共同语（重点记概念）4、现代汉民族共同语概念：以北京语音为标准、以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的普通话。

三、现代汉语方言5、现代汉语方言分布：（记七大方言的名字）●北方方言：以北京话为代表，分布地域最广，使用人口最多。

北方方言可分为四个次方言：a.．华北、东北方言。

b．西北方言c．西南方言d．江淮方言●吴方言：第二大方言，典型的吴方言以苏州话为代表（也以上海话为代表）。

分布在江浙一代。

杭州城区吴语有“官话”色彩。

●湘方言：以长沙话为代表，湘方言还存在新湘语和旧湘语的差别。

新湘语（通行在长沙）受北方方言影响较大。

老湘语有三套色音。

●赣方言：分布在江西省，以南昌话为代表。

●客家方言：以广东梅县话为代表●闽方言：分布跨越六省，包括福建和海南以及浙江温州。

其中闽东方言以福州话为代表；闽南方言以厦门话为代表。

●粤方言：以广州话为代表，当地人叫“白话”。

也有分布在香港、澳门特别行政区。

备注：现代汉语七大方言语音主要特点表书P9四、现代汉语的特点：现代汉语具有区别于印欧语系语言的许多特点。

6、现代汉语的特点如下：书P10（一）语音方面：总特点：音节界限分明，音乐较多，加上声调高低变化和语调的抑扬顿挫，因而具有音乐性强的特点。

（1）没有复辅音备注：单音节为基本的语言（2）元音占优势（3）有声调（二）词汇方面：（1）汉语语素以单音节为基本形式（2）广泛运用词根复合法构成新词因此，汉语中运用复合法组合词根语素构成合成词的情况最多。

（3）双音节占优势（三）语法方面：（还没深入学，理解记忆）书P11（1）语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段（2）词、短语和句子的结构原则基本一致（3）词类和句法成分不是简单的对应关系（4）量词十分丰富，有语气词第二章语音第一节语音概说一、语音的性质1、语音的性质（三个属性：物理属性、生理属性、社会属性）语音的概念：语音是语言的物质外壳。

英语词汇学知识点整理

英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最⼩的⾃由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说，词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。

词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。

(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化，书写标准化。

语言学教程[第三章词汇]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第三章词汇复习笔记I．词词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。

1．词的三种含义(1)词是自然的有界限的对立单位；(2)词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语；(3)词是一个语法单位。

2．词的识别(1)稳定性就词的内部结构而言，词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。

(2)相对连续性连续性指的是一个词的几个成分之间不可介入新的成分，即使这个词由多个成分构成。

(3)最小的自由形式词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。

3．词的分类(1)可变词和不变词可变词有形态变化，即词的一部分保持不变，另一部分有规则地变化以实现不同的语法功能。

小变词没有形态变化。

具有词汇意义 (指代物质、动作和性质)的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。

表达语法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。

(3)封闭类词和开放类词封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限。

像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词，一般不能轻易增加或衍生新的成员。

相比之下，开放类词的成员数目基本上是无限的，其数目会随着社会发展不断地、经常地增加。

名同、动词、形容词和副词属于开放类词。

(4)词类在传统的名词、代词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词和冠词的基础上，可新增助词、助动词、代词形式、限定词。

Ⅱ．语素和形态学1．定义语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。

形态学研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则，包括屈折变化和词的形成两个领域。

2．语素的类型(1)自由语素和粘着语素①自由语素指能够单独出现或独立成词的语素。

所有的单语素词都是自由语素，由自由语素构成的多语素词为复合词。

②粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。

①词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再做进一步分析而不破坏其意义。

每个词都包括一个词根语素．它可以是自由语素或粘着语素。

②词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素 (词根或词干)上的一类语素的总称。

词类、词法、句子成分和句法(有练习且包含答案)

词类、词法、句子成分和句法一、词类英语中的单词可以根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，分为十类：词类Parts of speech缩写形式例词computer, Internet （一）名词n. noun（二）代词pron. pronoun we, his（三）数词num. numeral forty, nineteenth（四）adj. 形容词blue, creative adjective（五）v. 动词teach, sing verb（六）副词hard, clearly adv. adverb（七）a(an), the 冠词art. article（八）about, from prep. 介词preposition（九）conj. 连接词and, if conjunction（十）oh, aha感叹词int.interjection二、词法语法中研究各种词类在句中的形式变化和用法的部分称为词法。

如：名词的数和格的形式变化和用法，动词的时态，语态等形式变化和用法，形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的形式变化和用法等。

三、句子成分句子是由作用不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。

句子成分可以是单词，也可以是词组或从句。

在句中起主要作用的句子成分有主语、谓语，称为、定语、主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）．状语、表语等，称为次要成分。

四、句法语法中研究各成分之间的关系、句子的种类和分析句子结构的部分称为句法。

五、词类和句子成分的关系词法和句法是我们研究语法的两个基本内容，要掌握这两个基本内容，首先必须了解词类相互间的关系和词类与句子成分的关系。

（一）词类相互间的关系1. 形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另一个名词），形容词还可以修饰代词。

例如：1）The three tall and strong men are all basketball players.2）The writer often writes something interesting about children.2. 副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词。

高考英语单项选择中词法、句法和语法的复习梳理

D
点拨：点拨：根据语境可知，我找不到字典了，因此下文说“你可能放错地方了”。表示对过去发生事情的不很肯定的推测用might have done。
2. You ____ be hungry already – you had lunch only two hours ago! (浙江 2008--11) A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t needn’t D.
C
A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a （重庆2007）点拨：点拨：英语中表示“星期、月份”的专有名词前通常不加冠词，但此处指的是某一个“星期天”，因此加不定冠词a；church本是具体名词，此处表示 “做礼拜”，抽象化为不可数名词，其前不加冠词。备考建议：备考建议：应熟知不定冠词表示泛指和定冠词表示特指的意义；特别要注意抽象名词具体化和具体名词抽象化；注意零冠词和固定搭配的使用情况。
高考英语考点研究
•完整的界定：完整的界定：完整的界定考点是人们通过对学科的具有可考性的
知识点进行筛选、知识点进行筛选、抽样来检测考生对本门学科的掌握情况，学科的掌握情况，尤其是检测考生利用学科知识点进行有效的分析问题和解决问题的一般能力和特殊能力的符号化载体。的一般能力和特殊能力的符号化载体。通
B
点拨：点拨：根据语境可知，第二句使用的过去时，时间状语only two hours ago说明不可能饿了，应用 can’t。备考建议：备考建议：应熟知常用情态动词的基本意义，重点掌握can、may、must表推测的用法和“情态动词 +完成时”的用法。
D
B
语言用法类考点
1. The fact that she never apologized ____ a lot bout

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammarwhich studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties. It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language. 2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules forpeople to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and th e i r f i n d d i f f e r e n c e s . / p > p > P h o n o l o g y d e s c r i p t i o n o f s o u n d s y s t e m s o f p a r t i c u l a r l a n g u a g e s a n d h o w s o u n d s f u n c t i o n t o d i s t i n g u i s h m e a n i ng . / p > p > A p h o n e t i c i a n w o u l d b e m o r e i n t e r e s t e d i n s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s c o s s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l n o t c o s d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e a n i n g . / p > p > 2 . W h a t i s p h o n e ? H o w i s i t d i f f e r e n t f r o m a p h o n e m e ? h o w a r e a l l o p h o n e s r e l a t e d t o a p h o n e m e ? / p > p > P h o n e i s a p h o n e t i c u n i t , i t h a s n o m e a n i n g . / p > p > P h o n e m e i s a p h o n o l o g i c a l u n i t w i t h d i s t i n c t i v e v a l u e . / p > p > T h e p h o n e m e / l / c a n b e r e a l i z e d a s d a r k / l - / a n d c l e a r / l / , w h i c h a r e a l l o p h o n e s o f t h e p h o n e m e / l / / p > p > A l l o p h o n e s - - - a c t u a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f a p h o n e m e i n d i f f e r e n t p h o n e t i c c o n t e x t s . / p >。

高考英语单项选择中词法、句法和语法的复习梳理64页PPT

高考英语单项选择中词法、句法和语法的复习梳理
21、静念园林好，人间良可辞。 22、步步寻往迹，有处特依依。 23、望云惭高鸟，临木愧游鱼。 24、结庐在人境，而无车马喧；问君何能尔？心远地自偏。 25、人生归有道，衣食固其端。
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
42、只有人群中间，才能认识自己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育；而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联

语言学教程[第四章句法：从语词到篇章]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第四章句法：从语词到篇章复习笔记I.句法1.定义句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。

2．句法关系(1)位置关系位置关系或词序指的是一门语言中词语的排列顺序。

位置关系是任何人类语言中的基本句法关系，也是语言的句法可接受性和语义可理解性的要求。

(2)替代关系替代关系指在相同的句子结构中，语法上可以互相代替的词类或语词的集合，它还可指由多个词组成的词组，语法上代替特定集合中的单个语词。

(3)同现关系共现关系指不同词类的不同词汇集合允许另一个词类或集合的词出现构成一个句子或句子的某一特定成分。

II.传统语法学派传统语法认为句子是词的序列。

因此句子构造的研究涉及了对词的大量研究，例如词类是对词进行的分类，主语、谓语是对词的功能的描写等。

这些词类和功能有时叫做范畴。

1．数、性和格(1)数是用来分析词类的语法范畴，有单数、双数和复数等。

在英语中，数主要是名词的范畴，包括两种形式：单数和复数。

数还体现在代词和动词的屈折变化上。

(2)性指的是依照性别把名词分成不同类别的语法范畴。

性主要也是名词和代词的范畴。

在英语中，性的差别是自然的，由动物本身的生理性别决定。

然而准确地讲，性在这里指的是语法性，语法性主要有阴性、阳性和中性三种。

(3)格主要是名词的屈折范畴，它典型地标识着它们和句子其他部分之间的关系。

在英语中，代词一般有三种格。

即：主格、宾格和属格；名词只有两种格：普通格和属格。

2．时态与体时态与体是动词的两个重要范畴，传统语法没有对它们加以区分。

时态与体之间的区别在于：时态是指示性的，也就是说指明的时间与说话的时间相关；体则不是指示性的，指明的时间与说话的时间没有关系，却与叙述中描写或暗示的另一个事件的时间相关。

3．一致关系与支配关系一致关系是指在一个给定的语言结构中，词和短语之间利用至少它们中的一个所携带的屈折形式互相匹配的句法关系。

支配关系是指句法结构中某些词的形式受另一种其他类型词的控制。

教师资格证高中英语考点总结(词汇+句法)

英语学科知识与教学能力考点总结教师资格证•高级中学第一部分词汇与词法一、名词(一)名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词，其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。

可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体如：boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体如：family,class,police)。

不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物如：water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念如：work,happiness,music)。

专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。

如：Tom，the Great Wall，the Spring Festival，France，the United States(二)名词的数可数名词的复数形式：1.一般情况下，在词尾加s。

book—books，dog—dogs，pen—pens，boy—boys以清辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为/s/，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为/z/。

2.以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es。

beach—beaches，brush—brushes，bus—buses，box—boxes可数名词的复数形式：3.以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加es。

city—cities，family—families，country—countries(以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。

boys，holidays，days)4.以元音字母结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：①加es,tomato—tomatoes，potato—potatoes,hero—heroes②结尾是两个元音字母的加s，zoo—zoos，radio—radios③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s，piano—pianos,cello—cellos④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s，photo—photos，kilo—kilos⑤zero变复数时，既可加s，也可加es,zeros／zeroes5.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，先把f或fe变为v，再加es。

第五章-词汇

第五章词汇名词解释1、词汇词汇是构成语言的要素之一，是一种语言全部的词和词的等价物——固定短语的总汇。

一定数量的词汇，按照有关的语法规则组合起来就可以造出种种句子进行交际。

词汇的主体是单词，除了单词以外，还包括固定短语。

词汇反映着语言的发展状况，也标志着人们对客观世界认识的广度和深度。

2、词词是语言中最小的可以独立运用的音义结合的单位。

3、语素语素也叫“词素”，是语言中最小的音义结合体，是词的构成要素，不能独立运用，但必须有意义。

4、固定短语固定短语也叫固定词组，语言里有一些特殊的短语，它们跟词一样，不是在人们说话的时候临时组合起来的，而是以固定的形式和完整的意义存在于语言里。

这种特殊的短语就是固定短语。

5、基本词汇基本词汇是词汇的基础，是语言中词汇的核心部分，它和语言中的语法构造一起构成语言的基础。

基本词汇是由基本词构成的，基本词指语言中产生较早而又较稳定，使用频率高的词，它所标记的概念多是与我们人类生存和人类社会生活密切相关的事物、现象和行为。

6、一般词汇词汇中基本词汇以外的就是一般词汇了。

一般词汇的特点正好与基本词汇相反。

通常来讲，一种语言中一般词的数量要多于基本词。

一般词是人类生活中不断发生变化的见证。

课后思考题1、词汇单位有哪些？词汇的单位有两个。

一个是词，一个是固定短语。

词是语言中最小的可以独立运用的音义结合的单位。

固定短语也叫固定词组，语言中有一些特殊的短语。

他们跟词一样，不是在人们说话的时候临时组合起来的。

而是以固定的形式和完整的意义存在于语言里。

这种特殊的短语就是固定短语。

固定短语有两种类型：①专有名称，指国家名，机关名，组织名。

书名，篇目名等。

②熟语。

熟语是定型而习用的现成用语，包括成语，惯用语，歇后语，谚语，俗语，格言等。

熟语是一种特殊的词汇成分，它大于词，但造句功能与词相同，常常整体充当一个结构成分。

它是基本定型的，其构成成分不能轻易变动；它意义概括，大都具有生动的表现力。

《L028大学英语1》期末考试复习资料

《L028大学英语1》期末考试复习资料一、日常口语表达（Use of English ）A1.— Are you free tonight, Jenny? How about going to theconcert together?—______ I'd like to, but I have to drive my mother home tonight.______D2.—Do you mind if I smoke here?—_____ Sorry, it's forbidden here. _____3.—Do you think living in the countryside has moreadvantages?—______ Well, it depends.______4.— Do you know where my MP3 is, Dad?—______ Have you looked upstairs?______E5.Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to therailway station?—______ Sorry, I don't know. I'm new here.______6.Excuse me, sir. Are you ready to order your meal,please?—______ Yes, I want a pizza and some soup.______7. Excuse me, Sir. Could you hold the suitcase for me?—_____ With pleasure._______G8. Guess what? I passed the English exam!—_____ Congratulations!_______H9.Hello, may I have an appointment with Doctor Smith?—_____ Certainly. May I have your name?______10. Hello, this is David speaking. Is Michael there?—_____ Hold on. I'll get him.______11. Have you ever been to the Great Wall in Beijing?—_____ No, I've never been there.______12. How soon do you want to leave for the picnic?—______ In an hour.______13. How long do you think it'll take to fix my bicycle?—_____ Hard to tell.______I14.I must go now. The plane will leave in half an hour.Thank you for seeing me off.—_____ Good luck._____15.I want to look up a new wor D. Could you lend meyour dictionary?—______ Here you are._____16.I'm sorry that the postcards you want to buy havebeen sold out.—_____ Oh, what a pity!_____17. I think the movie is really exciting and touching.—_____ So do I.______18. It's really nice of you to give me a hand in time!—____ It's my pleasure.______M19. Mary, help yourself to some salad.—_____ Thanks, but I’ve had enough._____20.Mr. Smith, must we hand in our composition nextMonday?—_____ Yes, you must. It's the deadline._____21. Mom, I'm very sorry for having broken the plate.—Oh, boy, _____ it doesn't matter.______T22.Tom, this is Hack, Fred is ill in hospital.—Oh,_____ I'm sorry to hear that._____W23.Will you be able to come to my birthday party thisSaturday?—______ Yes, I'd love to.______24.What can I do for you?—Yes, _____ I'd like to see that shirt,please.______25.Which one do you prefer, the window seat or the aisleseat?—_____ I prefer a window seat _____26. What is your major, Jack?—_____ I'm majoring in computer science._____27. Would you mind doing me a favor now?—______C______28.Why don't you stop and ask a policeman fordirection?—_____ No, of course not.____Y29.You look tired. What's the matter?—_____ Oh, my head aches badly.____30. You've won the basketball game. Congratulations!—____ Thank you. We're really lucky._____二、词汇与句法（Vocabulary and Structure）A1.Although many young people are eager to go abroad, heprefers _____ to stay and work _____ in his own country.2.As soon as he comes back, I'll tell him when ____ youwill come ______ and see him.3.As the ____ general _____manager of the company,Alan White should be responsible for all the sales of the department.4.As she is looking forward to _____ hearing _____ fromme, please remember ___to post _____ this letter on your way to school.5.A teacher’ work is often __ compared to __ a candle.6.A woman has __ taken on ___ more responsibilities inthe modern society.7.According ___ to __ the evolution theory, all creatureshave survived through competing with other species. B8.By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ____ will haveleft _____ for London to attend a meeting.9.Being a sailor __ involves __ long time away from hishome.C10.Candies and chocolates are treats suitable for festive___ occasions _____ .11.College students should __ spend __ more timereading classical books.D12.Drunken driving is often the major___ cause ____oftraffic accidents.13.David Beckham is the king of football world, but it ishis wife Victoria _ that __ makes him more famous. F14.____ Seen _____ from the moon, our earth, withwater ____ covering ____seven percent of itssurface, appears as a "blue ball".H15.He asked who I voted for and I said it was my own____ business ____ .16.His article concerning population control waspublished in the ___ latest ____issue ofChina Daily.17.Her son promised____ to stay_____in the bedroomuntil the baby stopped ____ crying ____.18.__ nor __ he gave me the wrong information, or Ididn’t remember the information correctly.19.___ as soon as ____ he came back, it began to rainheavily.20.He behaved ___ as if ___ he has stayed there for a longtime.21.He can’t read the English novel without looking up thedictionary, ___ Neither can I ___.22.He is very busy ___ writing ___ his papers.23.He could hardly spoke a word when he heard the news,___ could he ___?I24.In order to strengthen his muscles, Mike goes to thegym __ regularly ___ to do exercises.25.If the boy had ____ left _____the dog alone itwouldn't have bitten him.26.In the past, people used ___ to think ____that themoon was too far away ___ to reach ____ . But nowit is possible for man ____ to get ____there byspaceship.27.I think we should let Maria go camping with herboyfriend. ____ After all ____ ,she's a big girl now.28.If you ever have the ___ chance ___ to go abroad towork, you should take it.29.I think they will go to town tomorrow, _won't they ?30.I’d like to put more milk __ instead of __ sugar in mycoffee.31.I’ve been old enough and I’ll no longer depend _ on _my parents.32.I don’t lik e the pink shirt.Would you please show me__ another __?33.If you drive your car like that, you will___ end up___ in hospital.34.It is desirable that he __ make ___his own decisiondespite others’ objection.35.If you __ engage in ___local politics, you cannotexpect to have much time for your family.36.If you dare not to __ take risks ___, you won’t get bigprofits.J37.Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent.___In a word _____, I can't speak too highlyof him.38.Jack and Bill are twins, but the ___ former ___istaller than the latter.M39.Mr. Smith was determined to ____ carry out ____ t heexperiment after so many years' interruption.lions of pounds' worth of damage ___ has beencaused _____ by a storm which swept across the northof England last night.41.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ____ never to drive____ after drinking.42.My house is very ____ convenient ____ for getting towork as it is only a few minutes from the station.43. Mum, it is nice weather. I want to skate this afternoon.—Don't you think the ice on the lake is too thin to____ bear ____ your weight?44.Mr. Lee, _____ tired _____ of the ____ boring ____speech,started to read a novel.45.____ as a result of _____ my laziness, I failed tofinish my work in time.O46.Our English teacher ____ suggested _____ ourbuying a good English-Chinese dictionary.47.Oil can ___ be turned into ___ energy by burning it. P48.Pollution continues to ___ accelerate ___, so wemust take measures to prevent it.49.People are ___ likely to ___ feel tired on their firstday of work after a long holiday.S50.Scientists think that the continents _____ weren't_______ always where they ____ are _____ today.51.Some passengers complain that it usually takes solong to _____ fill _____in travel insurancedocuments.52.Some customers complain that it usually ___ takes_____so long to get refund for the inferior goodsthey bought.53.Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviorssuch as poor eating habits, which ____ in return_____ increase the risk of heart disease.T54.The case ____ contained ____ a lot of things, ____including ____ a second-hand watch.55.The good service at the hotel made up for the poorfood to some ___ extent _____.56.They ___ had been working ____on the programfor almost one week before I joined them, and nowwe __ are still working ___ on it as no good resultshave come out so far..57.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn't taste like anythingI ___ have ever had ____ before.58.The young couple ____ compared ____their newlife to a railway train on a long unknown track.59.They always kept on good ____ terms ____ withtheir next-door neighbors for the children's sake.60.There was a good __ view _____ of the countrysidefrom the front of the bus.61.The man told his girl friend he would wait for herwhere the three roads _____C_______ .62.The current political ___ climate ____ of our countryis favorable for foreign investments.63.___ Having lost the key ___ ,the boy couldn't enterhis house.64.This research also contains some __ limitation __ inthe sample size and random allocation of thesubjects.65.The government will _provide__earthquakesurvivors with food and clothing.66.The company has produced the __ latest __fashionof ipad.67.The old woman left the house with water _ running__ all the time.68.This is the reason __ why __ the object will fall downto the earth.69.The southerners have got used to ____ staying incold room ___ in winter.70.The artists had __ devoted __ their whole lives __to__ the creation of great artistic works.71.___ dusting off ___ the dirt from his pants, he got tohis feet and prepared to leave.72.The class___ being __ over, we had a ___ heated___ discussion.73.The film is the ___ very ___ one I want torecommend to you.74.The explorers __ accomplished ___the sea voyage infive weeks.75.The football match was ___ put off ____ because ofthe rainstorm.W76.What would you do if it____ rains ______tomorrow?77.We have_____ booked ____two seats for the 8:30flight to New York tomorrow.78.With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities ofgood earth __ is being washed away ____ each year.79.What's the language ___ spoken ____ in Germany?80.We told you that he would come tonight, ___ didn'twe ____ ?81.We have to decide __ when __ we’ll set off.82.We should try our best to avoid ___ smoking ___inthe public.Y83.Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science___has shown ___ that people who don't sleep well soonget ill.84.You can put trust in him since he always ___ sticks to___ his promise.85.Your paper is good, except for __ a few ___ spellingmistakes.三、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）Passage 1In the United States there was an unusual tale telling of the daughter of a mechanic. One day while walking along the bank of a lake…………...her young birds following.1.Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?（C）A. The Daughter of a Mechani C.B. A Girl and Her Father.C. A Girl and Her Geese.D. How to Teach Birdsto Fly.2.Why did the girl decide to take the eggs home? （D）A. Because she liked the eggs.B. Because she wanted to eat the eggs.C. Because her father asked her to do so.D. Because she knew that the mother goose will not come back.3.The baby geese naturally took____________as their mother. （B）A. the mother geeseB. the girlC. the first thing they touchD. the girl’s father4.What did the girl's father do to help her? （D）A. He assembled a small plane.B. He piloted the plane himself.C. He taught the geese how to fly.D. Both A &B.5.How did the young geese learn to fly? （A）A. By following the girl in the plane.B. By themselves.C. By following the girl's father.D. By staying in theplane.Passage 2The weekends are a time for families in Britain. Often the parents are not at work. Having worked a five-day week from Monday to Friday……. other day of the week.)1.The following activities are popular on Sunday in Britain except____________. （B）A. gardeningB. going to the zooC. shoppingD. DIY2.In the second paragraph, the phrase'worship and rest' refers to ____________. （D）A. going to the churchB. doing housework at homeC. having a rest at homeD. Both A, B and C3.Which of the following is TRUE according the passage? （A）A. English people usually work five days a week.B. In Britain, shopping is regarded as the most important activity inthe weeken D. C. Nowadays, more and more people prefer to go to church on Sundays. D. Most people think the shopping hours on Sunday should be longer.4.Britain is becoming less Christian probably because____________. （C）A. Many people refused to go to the churchB. Going to the church is too boringC. People think that staying withone’s family is more important than going to the church D. Many people think that Christians should meet together on Sundays5.The passage mainly tells us____________. （B）A. what British people think of ChristianB. what British people do in the weekendsC. why British is far lessChristian D. how to spend your leisure timePassage 3Online learning is also called distance education. Many American colleges and universities have been offering it for year……. You can get more details at .1.When did New York University start its online classes? （C）A. In 1990.B. In 1998.C. In 1992.D. In 1982.2.Which of the following is NOT included in the online programs offering a BA degree? （B）A. Information Systems Management.B. Finance and Economy.C. Leadership and Management.D. SocialSciences.3.What can the students do in the online learning programs? （D）A. Communicate with each other and the teacher.B. Attend classes and lectures together.C. Ask questions and worktogether on team projects. D. Both A and C.4.International students can be accepted into the program after ____________ . （A）A. they take the SAT and the TOFELB. they go to New York UniversityC. they apply and log inD. two years in the United States5.How much does the online learning program cost per year? （C）A. $15,000.B. $1,500.C. It depends.D. $5,000.Passage 4Versailles is the site of the Palace of Versailles, one of the most storied buildings in the history of France. It was originally built…….. World War One were signed here.1.When was the Palace of Versailles originally built? （B）A. In 1684.B. In 1624.C. In 1669.D. In 1786.2.Why did King Louis XIV want a grand palace? （C）A. So he and his queen could retire comfortably.B. As a hunting chateau.C. As a place to conduct his nation's business.D. He wanted to impress his wife.3.Which of the following is NOT true? （D）A. The Hall of Mirrors has been recently restored.B. The Hall of Mirrors is considered the centerpiece of the Palace of Versailles.C. The Hall of Mirrors features a parquet floor.D. Two major treaties were signed in the Hall of Mirrors.4.Which of the following is not mentioned as a feature of the Hall of Mirrors? （A）A. Bronze moldings.B. Ornate paintings.C. Marble fixtures.D. Crystal chandeliers.5.Which of the following could be an appropriate title for this passage? （C）A. Louis XIV and the Palace of Versailles.B. The ceilings of the Hall of Mirrors.C. The Amazing Palace of Versailles.D. A History of France.Passage 5Gilbert Arenas was born on January 6, 1982 in Tampa, Florida. His father played college football at the University of Miami. …….. the NBA playoffs.1.What did Gilbert's father do for a living in California?. （C）A. He was an artist.B. He was a basketball player.C. He was an actor.D. He was a football player.2.When did Gilbert become the best player on Ulysses S. Grant High School? （C）A. When he was 11.B. In 1984.C. When he was 14.D. As a junior in high school.3.Why was Gilbert drafted a disappointing 31st overall by the Golden State Warriors? （A）A. Because many coaches thought that he was not ready.B. Because the Golden State Warriors liked him very much.C. Because his family has moved to the Golden State.D. Because his performance is disappointing in the season.4.Which of the following players did NOT help the Wizards make the playoffs in Gilbert's second year? （B）A. Gilbert Arenas.B. Gold State Warriors.C. Antawn Jamison.D. Larry Hughes.5.Which of the following words best describes Gilbert Arenas as described by the passage? （D）A. Overrate D.B. Hard-working.C. Talented.D. Both B and C.Passage6Manners are very important in every country, but the trouble is that different countries have different ideas about what counts as polite behavior…… do as the Romans do.1.When an Englishman meets a friend in the street, he may. （B）A. stop to talk to his friendB. just nod and say “hello”C. shake hands with his friendD. just say goodbye2.What will a person do when he attend a party run by older people? （D）A. Go up to a stranger and introduce himself.B. Ask his friend to introduce him to others.C. Give a speech in front of others to introduce himself.D. Wait to be introduced by the host / hostess.3.On which occasion will the English toast? （A）A. A wedding reception.B. A dinner party.C. A speech.D. A meeting.4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? （C）A. Different countries have similar ideas about what good manners are.B. Chinese people seem to be more polite than English people.C. An Englishman will shake hands with the host after a private business dinner.D. The English usually can’t unders tand foreign students impolite behaviors.5.Which of the following best explains the proverb: when in Rome, do as the Romans do. （B）A. If you go to Rome, you must do things like the Romans.B. When you go to a foreign country, you should learn something about their manners.C. Romans always do the right thing, so you should follow them.D. Manners in Roman are as easy to follow as in other countries.Passage 7Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 in Albemale County,Virginia. When he was 14, he inherited his father's estate and slaves……. John Adams died on the same day.1.What did Thomas Jefferson get from his father? （C）A. Political ideas.B. A lot of documents.C. Slaves and estate.D. Nothing.2.Which of the following documents was Thomas Jefferson not involved with? （D）A. Declaration of Independence.B. Statute on Religious Freedom.C. Ordinance of 1784.D. Ordinance of 1786.3.Why did Thomas Jefferson resign as Secretary of State? （A）A. Political differences between cabinet members.B. He was about to be president.C. He had to write TheDeclaration of Independence. D. He was fire D.4.Which of the following did Thomas Jefferson not serve as before he was president? （C）A. Vice president.B. Governor.C. Senator.D. Secretary of State.5.Which of the following events happened last? （D）A. Jefferson was elected president.B. Jefferson founded the University of Virginia.C. The Lewis and ClarkExpedition. D. John Adams died.Passage 8Twenty years ago, kids in school had never even heard of the internet. Now, I'll bet you can't find a single person in your …….. someone else could do the same to you!1.Several computers can be connected together by the Internet so that____________. （B）A. people can see each otherB. information can be shared and sent freelyC. you can read newspaperD. you cancreate anything you like2.You should be careful when you are surfing online because____________. （D）A. some of the information may not be true or rightB. some people may give you the wrong informationC. someinformation may do harm to you D. all the above3.When you are emailing people, you____________（C）A. need not worry because it is completely safeB. should never let others know your nameC. should never give outany personal information to a stranger D. can trust them and tell them anything4.What does the author think of the Internet? （A）A. Everything has two sides; so is the Internet.B. The Internet is dangerous and harmful.C. The Internet iswonderful because it helps people do a lot of things. D. The Internet is boring and dull.5.Which of the following can be the best title for this passage? （C）A. Internet and I.B. The Development of Internet.C. Internet Safety.D. The Information Age.Passage9A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these were important factorsin helping England………scientists years before.1.Which of the following is NOT the important factor that helped England to be the center of Industrial Revolution?（D）2."Something special" in the first paragraph refers to ____________. （C）A. scientistsB. machinesC. inventorsD. workers3.A pure scientist ____________ . （A）A. cares mainly about his research rather than put them into practiceB. works hard to make his findings useful in dailylife C. is only interested in applied science D. reports his findings accurately4.How would an inventor solve a problem? （B）A. By doing research.B. By experimenting time after time.C. By reading different books.D. By working on aspecific machine.5.Without____________, the inventors might not make great contributions. （C）A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the advantages of EnglandC. the ground work done by scientistsD. machines andlight bulbs四、英译汉Surfing on the Internet is no longer something strange. To some extent, it is becoming part of our daily life.We can do a lot of things online, such as searching for information and communicating with friends no matter how far.But recently another useful online service has become very popular.That is online education, which is also called distance education.It helps students who take classes by computer over the Internet to learn certain courses and earn a degree.浏览互联网（对我们而言）已不再陌生。

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

词汇学期末复习各章知识点

Chapter one The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 The definition of a word（1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4）能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

”1.2 vocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The general estimate of the English vocabulary is over one million words.1.3Sound and meaning词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。

每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。

这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。

”1.4 sound and form在古英语中，口语比今天更忠实地代表书面语，但随着语言的发展，越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。

有以下几点原因：1.内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。

2.另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。

在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。

Another reason for this is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3.第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同Those scribes had made some change to the word spelling4.到1500年年末，印刷已经变得非常普及。

现代汉语(上册)期末复习重点总结

现代汉语（上册）期末复习重点总结现代汉语（上册）期末复习重点总结《现代汉语（上册）》复习提纲第一章《绪论》重点知识：1.汉语：汉民族的语言。

2.现代汉语：现代汉民族所使用的语言。

3.现代汉民族共同语言：以北京语音为标准音，北方方言为基础方言，典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的普通话。

共同语：全体成员通用的语言。

北方方言作为官府的通用语言，被传播到了全国各地，发展成为“官话”；白话文学作品更多接受了北京话的影响。

语言三大属性：社会性、全民性、系统性。

4.文学语言：又称标准语，是现代汉民族语言中经过高度加工并符合语法规范的语言。

5.口语：人们在口头上应用的语言，具有口语的风格。

6.书面语：用文字写下来的语言，是以口语为基础形成的，但具有与口语不同的风格。

8.方言：民族语言的地方分支，是局部地区人们使用的语言。

9.基础方言：作为民族共同语基础的方言。

10.七大方言区：北方方言（北京话）吴方言（苏州话）湘方言（长沙话）赣方言（南昌话）客家方言（广东梅县话）闽方言（厦门话）粤方言（广州话）调类最多的方言是粤方言，和普通话差距最大的是闽粤方言，其次是吴方言，最小的是湘赣客家方言。

11.了解一下方言与共同语言的关系。

12.现代汉语的特点：（问答题可能会考）（一）语音方面：1）没有复辅音2）元音占优势3）音节整齐整洁4）有声调（二）词汇方面1）单音节语素多，双音节词占优势：目——眼睛，外交部长——外长2）构词广泛运用词根复合法：词根语素合成词多，如江河、山峰；词缀+词根语素合成词少，如石头、袜子。

3）同音语素多：yì有“亿、易、亦、意”等232个古今语素和字。

（三）语法方面：1）汉语表示语法意义的手段不大用时态，主要用语序和虚词；2）词，短语和句子的结构原则基本一致；3）词类和句法成分关系复杂；4）量词和语气词十分丰富。

第二章《语音》重点知识：1.语音的性质（即属性）：语音是人类说话的声音，是语义的表达形式（是语言的物质外壳），是人类通过发音器官来传递信息的声音。