【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】基础英语2012
2012年北京科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年北京科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．OECD正确答案：经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)2．CPI正确答案：居民消费价格指数(Consumer Price Index)3．ASEAN正确答案：东南亚国家联盟(Association of South-east Asian Nations)4．UN Security Council正确答案：联合国安理会5．weapons of massive destruction正确答案：大规模杀伤性武器6．nuclear proliferation正确答案：核扩散7．euro debt crisis正确答案：欧元债务危机汉译英8．人民币汇率机制正确答案：RMB exchange rate mechanism9．共同但有区别的责任原则正确答案：the principle of common but differentiated responsibility10．以人为本，全面协调可持续发展正确答案：people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development11．世界博览会正确答案：The World Expo12．宏观调控正确答案：macro-control13．实体经济正确答案：real economy14．《京都议定书》正确答案：Kyoto Protocol15．经济适用房正确答案：economically affordable house英汉互译英译汉16．Americans’ entrepreneurial self-esteem is now embodied by Apple, Google, Facebook and Amazon. These are indeed fabulously innovative companies with world-class business models. Yet one wonders if they are increasingly the exception, not the rule, and if the passing of Mr. Jobs is simply the most prominent example of a broader decline in American entrepreneurship. According to JPMorgan, employment at start-up companies regularly grew 1. 2m per quarter in the late 1990s. That has fallen to 700, 000 since the current recovery began.Entrepreneurship and innovation, of course, are not the same thing. Yet even if American innovation is fundamentally sound, there remains the more unsettling problem of how narrowly its fruits are shared. If you want to know why the Senate is on the verge of passing a bill punishing China for its trade practices, look no further than this fact: Apple, Google, Facebookand Amazon collectively employ just 113, 000 people, a third of GM’s payroll in 1980. Naturally, as Adam Smith pointed out long ago, the sole purpose of production is consumption, so one should not scoff at the benefits these companies create for Americans in their other role as consumers rather than workers. And in truth, technological advancement has probably done far more than trade to hollow out the middle class and widen inequality. Slapping China with punitive tariffs is more likely to trigger a trade war than restore millions of middle-class jobs.正确答案：现今，苹果、谷歌、脸谱和亚马逊几家企业代表着美国的创业自尊，它们确实拥有难以置信的自主创新能力，并有世界一流的商业模式。
2012年考研英语真题及答案1
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【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】微生物学B2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题======================================================================== =====================================试题编号：823 试题名称：微生物学B （共4 页）适用专业：生物化学与分子生物学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
======================================================================== =====================================一、名词解释（20分，每题2分）1. L型细菌：2. 启动子：3. 转座因子：4. 芽孢（内生孢子）：5. 真核微生物细胞的主要特征：6. 缩短微生物生长延迟期的方法：7. 病毒侵染细胞受体：8. 紫膜光合磷酸化：9. PCR的英文全称及反应步骤：10. 特异性免疫（获得性免疫）：二、填空题（30分，每空0.5分）1. 微生物包括：细胞结构不能独立生活的、；具原核细胞结构的和；具真核细胞结构的、和等。
1977年伍斯（Woese）利用建立分子进化树将生物分为3个域分别是、和。
2. 革兰氏阳性细菌细胞壁的主要成分为和，而革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁的主要成分则是，，和。
3. 微生物的糖酵解包括、、和 4种途径；固定二氧化碳卡尔文循环途径，可分为、和 3个阶段。
4. 次级代谢是微生物生长至或，以为前体，合成一些对微生物自身生命活动无物质的过程。
5. 病毒的复制过程依其发生时间顺序可分为以下、、、和 5个阶段。
6. 基因工程的基本过程是、、、和获得所需的或表达出产物。
7. 产能代谢中，微生物通过磷酸化和磷酸化将某种物质氧化而释放的能量出存在ATP等高能分子中；光合微生物则通过磷酸化将光能转变成为化学能储存在ATP中。
2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案)
2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案) Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. Atthe very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political---which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely tobe seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all means [B]at all costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage OneCome on---Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation andhalf forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join theClub, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force throughwhat she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the socialcure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safesex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Hercritiqueof the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers---teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Jointhe Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaringflaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for verylong. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that theLoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits---as well as negativeones---spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtleform of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see everyday.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectour peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacherwho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cureengineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing ourown friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful [B] desirable[C] profound [D] questionablePassage TwoA deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, amajor energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont lastweek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide bythe strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would notchallenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of adesperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s astunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernont. As a condition ofreceiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission fromstate regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiringthat any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simplydidn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’smanagement—especially after the company made misleading statements about thepipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last yearagainst allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatorypower over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure; the SupremeCourt has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, butlegal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far thosepowers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulationsthat could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, thatdebate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is alreadyso battered that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But thereshould be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth. Vowing to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3. Para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring. [D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Passage ThreeIn the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waitingto be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method tocarry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequentlyfollows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannotescape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interestinfluence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar tonewly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutinyand acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is thecredibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomesthe community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not thestarting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers makediscoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally,the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possiblyaccompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, theinteraction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into thecommunity’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete orincorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is alreadyknown and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newlypublished discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important andconvincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutationby future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeingwhat everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking whatnobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to beaccepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of themind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoningand each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B] has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B] discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Passsage FourIf the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably representcivil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in tenAmerican government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the numberof unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shutthings down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they aremostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have auniversity degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their tiesgo back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has longbeenassociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position tovotes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare ofthe Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget ispatrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA onprisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in theprivate one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians haverepeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modestbut adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Eventhough there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the mostimportant variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones andpromoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clampdown. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against ScottWalker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector sufferunder the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year areuniversity sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat paypackets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not rewardhigh achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A] often run against the current political system.[B] can change people’s political attitudes.[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D] are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A] disapproval. [B] appreciation.[C] tolerance. [D] indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET1.10 pointsThink of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window andrealize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than abrown-paper envelope, or your cell phone in the palm of your hand. Take a momentor two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)_____________________________________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place ofpraise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also treadwith caution. (42) ______________________________________.I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercialagendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority ofpeople who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significanceof what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds makenests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but thenturn around and use them to create superfluous material goods---paintings, sculptureand architecture and superfluous experiences---music, literature, religion andphilosophy. (43) ______________________________________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck indownload mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid ofproduction remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightlylarger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) _________________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after they have turned it on. (45)___________________________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture andultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires greatskills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a definingconstituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words andother media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickinessby amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium theyhad also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of peopleevery day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading---between passive consumption and active creation---whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we canonly beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to oneformat being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced byCD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium---television---and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, toencourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized thescientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all wesee. It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remainsa major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it: all humans sharecommon origins; it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also betraced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of humancourtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps theworld’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governedby universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared mightenable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits publishedonline today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland andhis colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previousattempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity thatdictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold theentire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it soquickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languagewhich are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammarshould show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or thepathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languagesare lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them anemail in thename of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name atthe end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.20 pointsSection I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.G46.—47.48.49.()50.( )Section III: Writing Part A (10 points)51. Dear international students, I am the chairman of the Students’Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would cometo our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of ouruniversity and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming. In order tomake all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’dbetter take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it isvery cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledgeabout Chinese culture for better understanding in class. I really hope you’ll find theseproposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming! Yours sincerely,。
2012年考研英语一真题原文与答案解析完整版
2021年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehave likepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationfor beingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakes itlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemis thatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_to thecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourt andpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics. Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompolitics preciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_ isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_to thecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon-Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,is whatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontends thatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheir livesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcurein action:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHaze setsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownas LoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthe lamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressurefor healthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.〞Dare different,pleasedon’tsmoke!〞pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamong teenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythat public-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.Jointhe Clubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialand biologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureas it’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywe R l a f g o e r v A e g r a y i n l o s n t g t h.e Hazefailed oncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesis limitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spread throughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:we unconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeer groupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthe troublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticnever reallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:inthereal world,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon-Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,is whatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontends thatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhich organizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheir livesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcurein action:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHaze setsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownas LoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthe lamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressurefor healthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.〞Dare different,pleasedon’tsmoke!〞pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamong teenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythat public-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.Jointhe Clubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialand biologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureas it’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailed oncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesis limitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spread throughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:we unconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeer groupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’a s k s l i k u e p t h h e e teacherwhobre troublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticnever reallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:inthereal world,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress----[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor’sview,R o s s e n b b o e o r k g f a i l s t’o[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobe observedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheir work.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousand----complicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelife experience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkour experiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error, andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewly stakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptanceto transformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhich theindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’a s n a y n t i y m o e n.e,anywhere, Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But, unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthe complexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsand reviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenew findingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthe newdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthe community,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthe scienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothe community’scredibdl e i s covery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocus onsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlereward accompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcredible discoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeand potentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequently provokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribed discoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.〞But thinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchange theirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedand appreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens〞toad i s-c a o v p e r o r y c e c s l a s i m t h a t c orrespondstowhat philosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether, challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.----[D]systematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivil servant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmerican governmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2021thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,more thanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’n t h g r.i v Fi i r s t,t heycanshutthings downwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica-’s e s c t p o u r b wl i o cr k e r s haveauniversitydegree.Third,they nowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty, asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband, oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublic PolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.T teachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupson healthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone. Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backpublic-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespecially pensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharter schools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyof evidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unions foughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.In WisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardline Republicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthen o r c m u s l t u o r f e inWestern civilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthe presidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankerspaypack’e tsf h a a t v eattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemfor America.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.[B]indirectlyaugmented.[C]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthep u-s b e l i c c t o r s ystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe mostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10 points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethat youareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope, oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels. Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursand visionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprinting press,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemail carrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthe modeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.The computeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrong commercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityof peoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhat theyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yet forthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareunique intheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluous materialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music, literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownload mode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,witha smallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifying thatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksof anyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof "stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureand ultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,but failingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[B]Applicationsliketumblr,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandother mediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing, entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalso managedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloading anduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeour collectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformat beingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television- andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,to encouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese. YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientific enterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmo andDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframe work.(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksa theoryofeverything-asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecominglessclear,however, thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmight entail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo. (47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseems reasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings. Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexual selection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiousc u s v t o e m n s h i a s t n o d r y e a r e governedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryor cognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetoday suppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsider theevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthat humansarebornwithaninnatelanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.A fewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage, whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredto representbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraintsGrayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthat betweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatterns oflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit. WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesof word-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthe structuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversalsSectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.Writethemanemailinthename oftheStudents’Unionto1)extendyourwelcomeand2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheend e“LiMing〞instead.Donotwritetheaddress(10points)PartB52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyour essayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)答案解析：1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是"__法官表现得像政治家"的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain"维持，保持"，其他显然语义不通。
【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】翻译硕士英语2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 211 试题名称：翻译硕士英语（共 11 页）适用专业：翻译（专业英语）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================= I.Vocabulary and Structure (30 points, 1 point each. 60 minutes) Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on your answer sheet.1.He was frustrated because, although he was adept at making lies sound _______,when telling the truth, he lacked the power to make himself believed.A.convincingB. plausibleC. trueD. logical2.The corporation expects only ______ increases in sales next year despite a yearlong effort to revive its retailing business.A.modestB. sequentialC. unquestionableD. exaggerated3.The mother said she would ______ her son washing the dishes if he could finishhis assignment before supper.A.let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out4.My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a 1923 Edison disc I ______ at agarage sale.A.trifled withB. scraped throughC. stumbled uponD. thirsted for5.While not ______ with the colorfully obvious forms of life that are found in atropical rain forest, the desert is host to a surprisingly large number of species.A.endowedB. teemingC. confrontedD. imbued6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend______ such short notice.A.toB. inC. withD. on7.The journalist deprecated the efforts of environmental protection to stopdeforestation, claiming that they had actually ______ the problem.A.initiatedB. indictedC. acceleratedD. alleviated8.I think your sister is old enough to know ______ to spend all her money on fancyclothes.A.other thanB. more thanC. rather thanD. better than9.The emotional outburst was quite unusual for him; he is typically one of the most______ individuals you could ever meet.A.stoicB. demonstrativeC. extrovertedD. inimical10.Despite her gregariousness, she seems to have been a woman who cherished her______ highly.A.integrityB. privacyC. friendshipsD. humility11.To those consumers who are more influenced by style than by performance, the______ value of the sports car outweighs its functional flaws.A.pragmaticB. utilitarianC. inexplicableD. aesthetic12.The defendant’s contrite behavior was not an act; he truly felt great ______ for thecrime of which he was accused.A.apprehensionB. indigenceC. remorseD. bliss13.The fact that even the most traditional European language has ______ such wordsas “e-mail” seems to indicate that no language is impervious to foreign influences.A.originatedB. prohibitedC. incorporatedD. recounted14.Despite the attempts to depict the stock market as driven by predictable financialprinciples, many investors believe that the price of any security is ______.A.valuableB. responsiveC. obscureD. capricious15.A student becomes a thinker only when he or she realizes that most so-called factsare merely ______ claims, each serving its purpose only temporarily.A.provisionalB. authoritativeC. dramaticD. pedantic16.She approached her homework assignments in such a (an) ______ way that it isdifficult to believe that she is at the top of her class.A.diligentB. laggardC. adeptD. fanatical17.Because the team had been eliminated from the playoffs, they played with ______in their final games, losing by an average of forty points per game.A.fortitudeB. resolutionC. vigorD. apathy18.Those who fear the influence of television deliberately ______ its persuasivepower, hoping that they might keep knowledge of its potential to effect socialchange from being widely disseminated.A.underplayB. promoteC. excuseD. laud19.As the employee’s motives were found to be ______, no disciplinary action willbe taken against him for the mistake.A.absurdB. benignC. gratuitousD. improvised20.To ______ people’s hunger for adventures, they came up with many high-techvideo games.A.harmonizeB. enhanceC. nullifyD. appease21.Theories ______ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminalbehavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds.A.actingB. centeringC. relyingD. commenting22.Once accepted as an incontrovertible truth, the theory that nine planets revolvearound our sun is now regarded by astronomers as ______.A.dubiousB. irrefutableC. universalD. conclusive23.Although based on an actual event, the film lacks verisimilitude: the directorshuffles events and ______ documentary truth for dramatic power.A.embracesB. exaggeratesC. substitutesD. sacrifices24.The ______ of the neighborhood is revealed by subtle practices, like the fact thatso many people in the community use the same hand gestures when speaking.A.adaptabilityB. diversityC. cohesivenessD. creativity25.Only if the number of applicants continues to ______ can the admissioncommittee justify offering more scholarships in order to increase the number of applicants.A.expandB. plummetC. mushroomD. burgeon26.She writes across generational lines, making the past so ______ that our belief thatthe present is the true focus of experience is undermined.plexB. vividC. mysteriousD. distant27.A common argument claims that in folk art, the artist’s subordination of technicalmastery to intense feeling ______ the direct communication of emotion to the viewer.A.facilitatesB. neutralizesC. impliesD. represses28.I don’t understand what you’re getting so ______ about. It’s really not a problem.A. worked outB. worked overC. worked upD. worked against29.The smile on the Monalisa has been the source of much ______ among arthistorians, who continue to interpret her expression in many different ways.A.assentB. deliberationC. concurrenceD. reconciliation30.The Prime Minister had vetoed the proposal in the past; thus, it came as a surpriseto the public when he ______ the same law in his most recent speech.A.denouncedB. initiatedC. articulatedD. sanctionedII.Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each. 60 minutes)Section IDirections: In this section there are three reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneLast week, The Washington Post ran a front-page story that said most stay-at-home moms aren’t S.U.V. —driving, daily yoga-doing, latte-drinking, upper-middle-class women who choose to leave their high-power careers to answer the call to motherhood. Instead, they are disproportionately low-income, non-college educated, young and Hispanic or foreign-born; in other words, they are women whose horizons are greatly limited and for whom the cost of child care, very often, makes work not a workable choice at all.These findings, drawn from a new report by the Census Bureau, really ought to lead us to reframe our public conversations about who mothers are and why they do what they do. It should lead us away from all the moralistic bombast about mothers’ “choices” and “priorities”. It should get us thinking less about choice, in f act, and make us focus more on contingencies —the objective conditions that drive women’s lives. And they should propel us to think about the choices that we as a society must make to guarantee that the best possible opportunities are available for all families.The basic finding of this latest report — that the more choices mothers have, the more likely they are to work —has been known, to anyone who’s taken the time to seriously look into the issue. Ever since 2003, when Lisa Belkin’s article in The Times magazine about highly privileged and ultra-high-achieving moms —“The Opt-Out Revolution” — was generalized by the news media to claim that mothers overall were choosing to leave the work force in droves, researchers have been revisiting the state of mothers’ employment and reaching very similar conclusions.In 2007, the sociologists David Cotter, Paula England and Joan Hermsen looked carefully at four decades of employment data and found that women with choices —those with college educations — were overwhelmingly choosing to stay in the work force. The only women “opting out” in any significant numbers were the very richest — those with husbands earning more than $125,000 a year — and the very poorest —those with husbands earning less than $23, 4000 a year. You might say that the movement of the richest women out of the workforce proves that women will, in the best of all possible worlds, go home. But these women often have husbands who, in order to earn those top salaries, work 70 or 80 hours a week and travel extensively; someone had to be home. Many left high-powered careers that made similar demands on their time.The alternative narrative — of constricted horizons, not choice — that might have emerged from recent research has never really made it into the mainstream. It just can’t, it seems, find a foothold.“The reason we keep getting this narrative is that there is this deep cultural ambivalence about mothers’ employment,” England told me this week. “On the one hand, people believe women should have equal opportunities, but on the other hand, we don’t envision men taking on more child care and housework and, unlike Europe, we don’t seem to be able to envision family-friendly work policies.”Why this matters — and why opening this topic up for discussion is important —is very clear: because our public policy continues to rest upon a fictitious idea, eternally recycled in the media, of mothers’ free choices, and not upon the constraints that truly drive their behavior. “If journalism repeate dly frames the wrong problem, then the folks who make public policy may very well deliver the wrong solution,” is how E. J. Graff, the associate director and senior researcher at Brandeis University’s Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism once put it in the Columbia Journalism Review, “If women are happily choosing to stay home with their babies, that’s private decision. But it’s a public policy issue if schools, jobs and other American institutions are structured in ways that make it frustratingly difficult, and sometimes impossible, for parents to manage both their jobs and family responsibilities.”1.What is the significance of the report run by the Census Bureau?A.It changes the images of what mothers are.B.The society should notice the importance of mothers’ choices.C.We need talk about what mothers should do rather than the choices they have.D.More attention should be paid to opportunities offered to change women’scurrent lives.2.The phrase “in droves” in Paragraph 3 means ______.A.under stimulationB.in groupsC.driven by conditionsD.none of the above3.The fourth paragraph claims that ______.A.the very richest prefer to opt out for the wealth they ownB.demands on time are the only reason for the poorest at homeC.financial affluence leads to the women’s “opting out”D.family responsibility forces women to stay at home4.According to the passage, ______ is the root cause of women staying at home.A.the mediaB. their own choiceC. the public policyD. school structure5.What is the best title for the passage?A.The Choice of Non-Working WomenB.The Opt-Out Revolution of WomenC.The Objective Condition of WomenD.Women in Employment MarketPassage TwoYou don’t have to be Julian Assange, the man behind WikiLeaks, to think that governments have a nasty habit of abusing their powers of secrecy. Or that, whether governments are corrupt and malign or merely negligent and incompetent, then sunlight is often the best disinfectant. One of the jobs of journalism is to make a grubby nuisance of itself by ferreting out the establishment’s half-truths and embarrassments. And one of the jobs of the courts is to police the press by protecting whistle-blowers while also punishing libel and treachery.But the most recent WikiLeaks dump of diplomatic cables has overturned that order in two ways. First by its sheer volume. When you have not just a handful of documents to release, but more than 250,000 emails seemingly touching on every file in the State Department, however dusty, you discredit not just one government official or one policy, but an entire way of going about diplomacy.It is too soon to know what effect the leak’s revelations will have. The newspapers have so far published the e-mails piecemeal, and a lot more are to come. Foreign-policy experts are right when they say they have learned little that is radically new. Revelations about the tireless nightlife of Italy’s aging prime minister will surprise no one. Given that hundreds of thousands of people had access to the cables, the sensitive stuff will already be in the hands of many a spy service.But the experts also miss a larger point: they themselves are part of the elite inner-circle that WikiLeaks wants to break open so that Everyman can judge for himself. Perhaps shattering all those taboos might do some good. The public airing of Arab leaders’ fears of an Iranian bomb might shake others’ complacency about the issue.But any gains will come at a high cost. In a world of WikiLeaks, diplomacy would no longer be possible. The secrecy that WikiLeaks despises is vital to all organizations, including government --- and especially in the realm of international relations. Those who pass information to American diplomats, out of self-interest, conviction or goodwill, will be less open now. Some of them, like the Iranian businessman fingered as a friend of America, could face reprisals.In the past, the rights and wrongs of all this could have been determined by public debate, the passage of some legislation and the courts. Not any longer. The second way in which WikiLeaks has overturned the old order is by being beyond jurisdiction.America can and will try to use its laws to protect its secrets. But even if it locks up Bradley Manning, the 23-year-old serviceman thought to be behind the leaks, and even if it captures Mr. Assange, the information is out, on a network of computers somewhere in cyberspace.In any case, there will be the other Mannings and other Assanges. You cannot uninvent the technology for copying a State Department’s worth of cables and carti ng them pretty much anywhere. The only remedy is to manage secrets better. The damage that America’s diplomatic service has suffered is partly the result of sloppy practices. It has now tightened access to the e-mails and the scope to copy them. Sensitive information will have to receive a higher classification.On reading diplomats’ dissembling, people may be tempted to sneer. In fact diplomacy’s never-ending private conversation ultimately helps see off war and strife. That conversation will continue. Too many people have too much to gain for it to stop. But it will be less rich, less clear and therefore probably less useful. WikiLeaks claims to want to make the world a better place. It will probably do the reverse.6.Which of the following statements can NOT be learned from the first paragraph?A.Few people think governments tend to abuse their powers of secrecy.B.Ordinary people generally approve of the transparency in the media.C.The journalism has the responsibility to make known the hidden truth.D.The judicature has the duty to maintain the security of the press.7.According to the passage, which is NOT the viewpoint of the author?A.WikiLeaks has released much more information than imagined.B.WikiLeaks has overstepped jurisdiction.C.WikiLeaks has changed the practice of diplomacy in the world.D.WikiLeaks has ushered in a new era in the press.8.Why did the author say in Paragraph 3 that “Italy’s aging prime minister willsurprise no one”?A.No one is interested in leaders’ affairs.B.There have been too many such revelations.C.People have already known the stuff.D.No one believes in the truth of this revelation.9.What is the way to prevent the leak of top secrets?A.To ban WikiLeaks.B.To raise the safety of secrets.C.To change the working environment and practice.D.To remind governments of the threat from WikiLeaks.10.What is the author’s attitude towards WikiLeaks?A.PositiveB. DisapprovalC. ObjectiveD. CynicalPassage ThreeTo many developers of technologies that affect public health or the environment, “risk communication” means persuading the public that the potential risks of such technologies are small and should be ignored. Those who communicate risks in this way seem to believe that lay people do not understand the actual nature of technological risk, and they can cite studies asserting that although people apparently ignore mundane hazards that pose significant danger, they get upset about exotic hazards that pose little chance of death or injury. Because some risk communicators take this pe rsuasive stance, many lay people see “risk communication” as a euphemism for brainwashing done by experts.Since, however, the goal of risk communication should be to enable people to make informed decisions about technological risks, a clear understanding about how the public perceives risk is needed. Lay people’s definitions of “risk” are more likely to reflect subjective ethical concerns than are experts’ definitions. Lay people, for example, tend to perceive a small risk to children as more significant than a large risk to consenting adults who benefit from the risk-cheating technology. However, if asked to rank hazards by the number of annual fatalities, without reference to ethical judgments, lay people provide quite reasonable estimates, demonstrating that they have substantial knowledge about many risks. Although some studies claim to demonstrate that lay people have inappropriate concerns about exotic hazards, these studies often use questionable methods, such as asking lay people to rank risks that are hard to compare. In contrast, a recent study showed that when lay people were given the necessary facts and time, they understood the specific risks of electromagnetic fields produced by high-voltage power transmission well enough to make informed decisions.Risk communication should therefore be based on the principle that people process new information in the context of their existing beliefs. If people know nothing about a topic, they will find messages about that topic incomprehensible. If they have erroneous beliefs, they are likely to misconstrue the messages. Thus, communicators need to know the nature and extent of recipients’ knowledge and beliefs in order to design messages that will not be dismissed or misinterpreted. This need was demonstr ated in a research project concerning the public’s level of knowledge about risks posed by the presence of radon in the home. Researchers used open-ended interviews and questionnaires to determine what information should be included in their brochure on ra don. Subjects who read the researchers’ brochure performed significantly better in understanding radon risks than did a control group who read a brochure that was written using a different approach by a government agency. Thus, careful preparation can help risk communicators to produce balanced material that tells people what they need to know to make decisions about technological risks.11.Which of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?A.Risk communicators are addressing the proliferation of complex technologiesthat have increasing impact on public health and safety.B.Risk communicators should assess lay people’s understanding of technologiesto give them the information they need to make reasonable decisions.C.Experts who want to communicate to the public about the possible risks ofcomplex technologies must simplify the message to make it understandable.y people can be unduly influenced by subjective concerns when makingdecisions about technological risks.12.The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that the primary purposeof risk communication should be to ______.A.explain rather than to persuadeB.promote rather than to justifyC.influence experts rather than to influence lay peopleD.allay people’s fears about mundane hazards rather than exotic hazards13.According to the passage, when risk communicators attempt to communicate withlay people who have mistaken ideas about a particular technology, the latter probably ______.A.only partially revise their ideas on the basis of the new informationB.ignore any communication about a technology they consider potentiallydangerousC.interpret the communication differently that the risk communicator hadintendedD.misunderstand the new information and distort it when communicating toother lay people14.It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be more likely than the riskcommunicators discussed in the first paragraph to emphasize ______.y people’s tendency to become alarmed about technologies they find strangey people’s tendency to compare risks experts would not think comparableC.the need for lay people to adopt scientists’ advice about technological riskD.the impact of lay people’s value systems on their perceptions of risk15.According to the passage, which one of the following about risk communicationdo many lay people believe?A.It focuses excessively on mundane hazards.B.It is a tool used to manipulate the public.C.It is a major cause of inaccuracies in public knowledge about science.D.It most often functions to help people make informed decisions.Section IIDirections: Read the following passage and then answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow the passage. Write your answers in thecorresponding space in your answer sheet.Passage FourIf you want to see what it takes to set up an entirely new financial center (and what is best avoided), head for Dubai. This tiny, sun-baked patch of sand in the midst of a war-torn and isolated region started with few advantages other than a long tradition as a hub for Middle Eastern trade routes.But over the past few years Dubai had built a new financial center from nothing. Dozens of the world’s leading financial institutions have opened offices in its new financial district, hoping to grab a portion of the $2 trillion-plus investment from the Gulf. Some say there is more hype than business, but few big firms are willing to risk missing out.Dealmaking in Dubai centers around The Gate, a cube-shaped structure at the heart of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). A brainchild of the ruling al-Maktoum family, the DIFC is a tax-free zone for wholesale financial services. Firms licensed for it are not approved to serve the local financial market. The DIFC aims to become the leading wholesale financial centre in the Gulf, offering one-stop shopping for everything from stocks to sukuk bonds, investment banking and insurance. In August the Dubai bourse made a bid for a big stake in OMX, a Scandinavian exchange operator that also sells trading technology to many of the world’s exchanges.Dubai may have generated the biggest splash thus far, but much of the Gulf region has seen a surge of activity in recent years. Record flows of petrodollars have enabled governments in the area to spend billions on infrastructure projects and development. Personal wealth too is growing rapidly.Qatar, Bahrain and Abu Dhabi also have big aspirations for their financial hubs, though they keep a lower profile than Dubai. They, too, are trying to learn from more established financial centers what they must do to achieve the magic mix of transparent regulation, good infrastructure and low or no taxes. Some of the fiercest competition between them is for talent. Most English-speaking professionals have to be imported.Each of the Gulf hubs, though, has its own distinct characteristics. Abu Dhabi is trying to present itself as a more cultured, less congested alternative to neighboring Dubai, and is building a huge Guggenheim museum. Energy-rich Qatar is an important hub for infrastructure finance, with ambitions to develop further business in wealth management, private equity, retail banking and insurance. Bahrain is well established in Islamic banking, but it is facing new competition from London, Kuala Lumpur and other hubs that have caught on to Islamic finance. “If you’ve got one string to your bow and suddenly someone takes it away, you’re in trouble,” says Stuart Pearce of the Qatar Financial Center about Bahrain.Saudi Arabia, by far the biggest economy in the Gulf, is creating a cluster of its own economic zones, including King Abdullah City, which is aimed at foreign investors seeking a presence in the country. Trying to cut down on the number of“Suitcase bankers” who fly in from nearby centers rather than live in th e country, the Saudis now require firms working with them to have local business licences. Yet the bulk of the region’s money is still flowing to established financial centre in Europe, America and other parts of Asia.The financial hubs there offer lessons for aspiring centers in other parts of the developing world. Building the confidence of financial markets takes more than new skyscrapers, tax breaks and incentives. The DIFC, for instance, initially suffered from suspicions of government meddling and from a high turnover among senior executives. Trading on its stockmarket remains thin, and the government seems unwilling to float its most successful companies there. Making the desert bloom was never easy.Questions:16.What does the “surge of activity in the Gulf region” in Paragraph 4 refer to?17.What is the purpose of discussing countries as Qatar and Bahrain in Paragraph 5and 6?18.What is the implication of Stuart Pearce’s comment in Paragraph 6?19.Whom does “suitcase bankers” in Paragraph 7 refer to?20.What is the main idea of the passage and what is the author’s attitude towards theissue under discussion?III.Writing ( 30 points. 60 minutes)Weibo, micro-blog or the Chinese Twitter, ranking as the most powerful media outlet in China, has experienced its boom in the last few years, with a dramatic increase of its registration and popularity. Millions of Chinese people, from governmental officials to celebrities, rush to launch their Weibo, sharing their lives with other people online.Write a composition of about 400 words about this phenomenon and your opinion about it.11。
2012年考研英语及答案解析1
2012年考研英语及答案解析12012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM)跨考英语教研室—杨凤芝Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be____ as im partial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law____ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions ____ they would be free to ____those in power and have no need to_____ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _____.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ______like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _____is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust.The justices must _____doubts about the court’s legitimacy by maki ng themselves _____to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing as law.1 A emphasize B maintain C modifyD recognize2 A when B best C beforeD unless3 A rendered B weakened C establishedD eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspectedD accepted5. A advanced B caught C boundD founded6. A resistant B subject C immuneD prone7. A resorts B sticks C leadsD applies8. A evade B raise C denyD settle9. A line B barrier C similarityD conflict10. A by B as C throughD towards11. A so B since C providedD though12. A serve B satisfy C upsetD replace13. A confirm B express C cultivateD offer14 A guarded B followed C studiedD tied15. A concepts B theories C divisionsD convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapesD controls17. A dismissed B released C rankedD distorted18. A suppress B exploit C addressD ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeableD accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a wordD as a resultSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 2TEXT2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive i n our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of therainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural tokids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26 By saying "it is ... The rainbow"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink _______.A should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB should not be associated with girls' innocenceC cannot explain girls' lack of imaginationD cannot influence girls' lives and interests27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A Colors are encoded in girls' DNAB Blue used to be regarded as the color for girlsC Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing gendersD White is preferred by babies28 The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by ________.[A] the marketing of products for children[B] the observation of children's nature[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________.A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothesB attach equal importance to different gendersC classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers' terms30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____.A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD well interpreted by psychological expertsText 331．32．33．34．35．Text 436．37．38．39．40．Part BDirections:For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:。
20002012年考研英语真题 答案 完美打印(2013考研必备)
2012考研英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet，in several instances，justices acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia，for example，appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least，the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions，the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and，_20_，convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message，half invitation and half forcing，is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking，drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club，Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure，in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg，the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize，offers a host of example of the social cure in action：In South Carolina，a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa，an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits，and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different，please don't smoke！” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers，who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers，so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure，Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. RageAgainst the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negativeones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure：we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain，however，is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside：in the real world，as in school，we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph，peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view，Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except，apparently ，when Entergy is involved. The company，a major energy supplier in New England，provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead，the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court，as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002，when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant，an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale，the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006，the state went a step further，requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then，too，the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments，or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents，including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage，raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior，the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation，and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure：whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power，legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly，there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word，that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States，including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely，the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application，it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement，Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4，Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view，the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done，facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science，discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective，but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience，what we think our experiences mean，and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation，error，and self-deception abound.Consequently，discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims，they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process，through which the individual researcher's me，here，now becomes the community's anyone，anywhere，anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal，not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public，the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But，unlike with mining claims，the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community，researchers make discoveries；editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process；other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes；and finally，the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community，the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First，scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search，not re-search. Not surprisingly，newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second，novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discov ery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end，credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together，challenge，revise，and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph，the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy？rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test？[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today，he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960，only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union；now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain，more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First，they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second，they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third，they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party，as its name implies，has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader，Ed Miliband，owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools，the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals，keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed，perhaps most egregiously in education，where charter schools，academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable，teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer，politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker，the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system，too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250，000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism，but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2？[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections：In the following text，some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45，choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying，higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop，thinner than a brown-paper envelope，or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses，warriors，entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press，studio and theatre，paintbrush and gallery，piano and radio，the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device，the first media machine that serves as the mode of production，means of distribution，site of reception，and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer，we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First，most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second，the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download，but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part，the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings，sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music，literature，religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines，most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media，a pyramid of production remains，with a small number of people uploading material，a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content，and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading？My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course，it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills，but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like ，which allow users to combine pictures，words and other media in creative ways and then share them，have the potential to add stickiness by amusing，entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century，much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow，to encourage thoughtful downloading and，even more importantly，meaningful uploading.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle，a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways，this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics，one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme，and seeks a theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear，however，that such a theory would be a simplification，given the dimensions and universes that it might entail，nonetheless，unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here，Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection，perhaps the world's languages，music，social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That，at least，is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and hiscolleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky，who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language，which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second，by Joshua Greenberg，takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2，000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis，suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions：Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions：write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning，and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G46.在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。
2012年考研英语（一）真题及答案详解
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes s impartial judgments. Part of the problem is it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ athat the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. emselves _19_ to the The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making thcode of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore 19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.ǁ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!ǁ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. mous influence on our behavior. An There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enoremerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors 22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements 23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect 24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is [A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionable Text 2 A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its It’s a stunning move.Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.o live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee Either Entergy never really intended twhat would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V e rmont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 26. The phrase ―reneging onǁ(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming. [C] dishonoring. [D] securing. 27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federal legislature. [C] acquire an extension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant. 28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness. [C] financial goals. [D] business vision 29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues . [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied. [C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.ǁ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility ―happensǁ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.ǁ31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity. 32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires [A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts. [C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation. 33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public. [B]has been examined by the scientific community. [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. rgyi would most likely agree that 34. Albert Szent-Györ gyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges. [B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test? [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery. [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. Text 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of Califo rnia points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloadedǁ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of teachers’ unions have evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. 36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. [B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. [C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership. [D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists. 37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? [A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions. [B] Education is required for public-sector union membership. [C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions. [D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions. 38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is [A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented. [C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted. 39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions [A]often run against the current political system. [B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms. [D]are dominant in the government. -sector system is one of 40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public[A]disapproval. [B]appreciation. [C]tolerance. [D]indifference. Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra HEET1.(10 choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER Spoints) Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) k in download For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stucmode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere. [A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity. [B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others. [C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. [D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. [E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading. [G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans —acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few are born with an innate languagegenerative rules are then suffi cient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals [NxtPage] Section III Writing Part A 51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and 2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Mingǁ instead.Do not write the address(10 points) Part B 52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是―_ _法官表现得像政治家ǁ的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain―维持，保持ǁ，其他显然语义不通。
北京科技大学综合英语2012年考研专业课初试真题
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题================================================================================================= ============试题编号： 874 试题名称：综合英语（共 7 页）适用专业：外国语言学与应用语言学英语语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
================================================================================================= ============说明： This paper covers FOUR subjects: (1) A Survey of Great Britain and the United States, (2) British Literature, (3) American Literature, and (4)General Linguistics. You have 180 minutes to complete the whole paper.Please time your pace well.Part I. Survey of Great Britain and the United States (30 points)I. Fill in the blanks:Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished sentence or question four suggested choices marked A, B, C, and D are given. Choose the ONE that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of your choice in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet after the numbers. (10 points)1. Thanksgiving Day is a historical, national and religious holiday that began with the pilgrims. The first was celebrated by the English settlers in __________ on December 13, 1621.A. Plymouth, MassachusettsB. VirginiaC. James TownD. California2. In the early 1960s hope had run high among millions of Americans. Kennedy’s call for a ___________ had inspired many Americans to work to wipe out poverty and end segregation and voting rights abuses,A. New DealB. the Civil Rights ActC. New FrontierD. the Law on Poverty3. Britain is one of the world’s major centers for theatre, and it has some world-famous contemporary playwrights like ____________ whose representative plays include The Caretaker and The Homecoming.A. Tom StoppardB. Harold PinterC. Arnold WeskerD. David Hare4. ___________ is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church, and it is not free to change its form of worship without the consent of Parliament.A. Christian churchB. The Church of IrelandC. Catholic churchD. The Church of England5. The post-war years were not peaceful to England. When Nasser, the Egyptian president, nationalized the Suez Canal in__________, British and French forces invaded Egypt. The action was widely condemned at home and abroad.A. 1960B. 1956C. 1945D. 19326. Under ________, the feudal system in England was established. One feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.A. King EdwardB. King AlfredC. Roman conquestD. William the conqueror7. The three conditions on which the Sino-US diplomatic relation was established are: the U.S.A must withdraw its troops from Taiwan and the Taiwan Straits, end diplomatic relations with Taiwan and cancel ___________.A. the Taiwan Relations ActB. the Mutual Defence TreatyC. American allianceD. Shanghai Communique8. The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was originally in the form of __________, which had little in common with the later officially adopted constitution in 1787.A. Common SenseB. Continental CongressC. the Articles of ConfederationD. Declaration of Independence9. During the last decades of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, some American writers in their works reported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums. They called themselves naturalists, and _______ who was famous for Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy, was one of the representatives.A. Theodore DreiserB. Jack LondonC. Richard WrightD. Ernest Hemingway10. The 18th century was an age of Enlightenment in America. _________ was aspokesman of it: people still believed that God was the center of the world, but they began to see the importance of man, of reason and order.A. Thomas JeffersonB. Lord CornwallisC. Benjamin FranklinD. George WashingtonII. Answer the following questions in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.(20 points, 5 for each)1. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain?2. What do you know about James Joyce and his works?3. What were the causes of New Conservatism that led to the election of RonaldReagan as the president?4. Who were the first Americans? How was America discovered by Europeans inthe 15th century?Part II. British Literature (30 points)I. Fill in the blanks:write your answers on your Answer Sheet after the numbers. (8 points)1. The shift in English literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. One is __________, the French philosopher who is generally regarded as the father of romanticism. Another two are Edmund Burke and Thomas Painer.2. Except for Satan in Paradise lost, the revengeful Heathcliff in __________ has no equal in English literature. His intense love for Catherine and his relentless revenge on his enemy mark him a unique figure.3. In the first two books of ________ the Christian God is described by Satan and his followers as a tyrant, while on the other hand all the fallen angels in council voice unanimously their determination to fight for their freedom and their will to defy tyranny and plot revenge.4. The title of Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyan’s ________, in which the protagonist Christian passes a Vanity Fair, where all sorts of vanity are sold.5. Although the novel was the predominating genre of literature in the _______age, there were still some prominent romantic poets like Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning.6. The works by the Bronte sisters are marked by a new concept of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings. In Jane Eyre, it is Jane’s rebelliousness, her dislike for servility, and her insistence on _______ that make the book unique.7. As the last important novelist of the Victorian age, Hardy was ______ in his view of life. His philosophy was that every thing in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is hostile towards human beings’ desire for joy.8. In the last thirty year of the 16th century there was a flourishing of drama which England had never seen before. Several predecessors to Shakespeare were called University Wits, among whom the most prominent was Christopher Marlowe, who was famous for ____________.II. Identify the title of the work of the following excerpts: write the titles of the works on your Answer Sheet. (10 points)1. Earth has not anything to show more fair:Dull would he be of soul who could pass byA sight so touching in its majesty…2. Jimmy: God, how I hate Sundays! It’s always so depressing, always the same. Wenever seem to get any further, do we? Always the same ritual. Reading thepapers, drinking tea, ironing. A few more hours, and another week gone. 3. The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece!Where burning Sappho loved and sung,Where grew the arts of war and peace,Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung!4. Old Mrs. Linton paid us several visits, to be sure, and set things to rights, and scolded and ordered us all; and when Catherine was convalescent, she insisted on conveying her to Thrushcross Grange: for which deliverance we were very grateful.5. To record of Mr Dombey that he was not in his way affected by this news (his wife is dying), would be to do him an injustice. He was not a man of whom it could properly be said that he was ever startled, or shocked ….6. On nothing per annum, then, and during a course of some two of three years, of which we can afford to give but a very brief history, Crawley and his wife lived very happily and comfortably at Paris. It was in this period that he quitted the Guards, and sold out of the army.7. Go, and catch a falling star,Get with child a mandrake root,Tell me, where all past years are,Or who cleft the Devil’s foot…8. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.9. I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children. Infant’s flesh will be in season throughout the year....10. She speaks, yet she says nothing. What of that?Her eye discourses: I will answer it.I am too bold, ‘tis not me she speaks.III. Answer the question concerning the following paragraph from The Merchant of Venice: write your answers on your Answer Sheet. (12 points)The quality of mercy is not strain’d,It droppeth as the gentle rain from heavenUpon the place beneath: it is twice bless’d;It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes:‘Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomesThe throned monarch better than his crown;His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,The attribute to awe and majesty,Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kingsBut mercy is above this sceptral sway:It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,And earthly power doth then show likest God’sWhen mercy seasons justice.Question: Paraphrase the lines above. (Pay special attention to the words and phrases underlined.)Part III. American Literature (30 points)I. Fill in the blanks:write your answers on your Answer Sheet after the numbers.(10 points)1. Culminated around the 1840s, from Jefferson’s death in 1826 to the Civil War in 1861, was the age of the literary giants. They developed the new national literature of America founded by__________ and______________.2. With open, fluid and long lines sweeping across the pages, ______ wrote in his poems about all kinds of things, the ants, leaves, our hearing and even breathing, expressing his love of life and philosophy about life particularly in the image of grass.3. Name two fiction writers in the first part of 19th c American literature:____________, ___________.4. The 1920s was another golden age of American literature, which boasted of a number of great writers. Among them, ________ is regarded as the spokesman of the Lost Generation; ____________ as an active participant of the Jazz Age, and ____________ as a representative of the Harlem renaissance.5. With _________ as his representative work, and depicting sympathetically about the poor, oppressed California farmers, migrants, and laborers, John Steinbeck is recognized as the foremost writer of the Great Depression in America.6. The 1960s are remembered as a time of widespread social disturbances in America. In the South, ________ organized the black Civil Rights Movement, demanding fully equal treatment for blacks under the law.II. Identify the title of the work of the following excerpts: write the titles of the works on your Answer Sheet. (8 points)1. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But ifa man would be alone, let him look at the stars.2. And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;3. A child said what is grass? fetching it to me with full hands,How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven.4. A Slave Warehouse! Perhaps some of my readers conjure up horrible visions ofsuch a place. They fancy some foul, obscure den, some horrible Tartarus“informis, ingens, cui lumen ademptum.” But no, innocent friend! In these days men have learned the art of sinning expertly and genteelly ….5. “Miss Watson your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville and Mr. Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send.”6. When Caroline Meeber boarded the afternoon train for Chicago, her total outfit consisted of a small trunk,…It was in August, 1889. She was eighteen years of age, bright, timid, and full of illusions of ignorance and youth.7. Down, down, he swam till his arms and legs grew tired and hardly moved… This hurt was not death, was the thought that oscillated through his reeling consciousness. Death did not hurt. It was life, the pangs of life, this awful, suffocating feeling; it was the last blow life could deal him.8. My long two-pointed ladder’s sticking through a treeToward heaven still,And there’s a barrel that I didn’t fillBeside it, and there may be two or threeApples I didn’t pick upon some bough.III. Essay questions: write your answers on your Answer Sheet. (12 points)Read the except from Hemingway’s “In Another Country”, a story about the First World War, and then answer the questions.We all had the same medals…. The boys at first were very polite about my medals and asked me what I had done to get them. I showed them the papers …. After that their manner changed a little toward me, although I was their friend against outsiders. I was a friend, but I was never really one of them after they had read the citations, because it had been different with them and they had done very different things to get their medals. I had been wounded, it was true; but we all knew that being wounded, after all, was really an accident. I was never ashamed of the ribbons, though, and sometimes, after the cocktail hour, I would imagine myself having done all the things they had done to get their medals; but walking home at night through the empty streets with the cold wind and all the shops closed, trying to keep near the street lights, I knew that Ì would never have done such things, and I was very much afraid to die, and often lay in bed at night by myself, afraid to die and wondering how I would be when back to the front again.The three with the medals were like hunting-hawks; and I was not a hawk, although I might seem a hawk to those who had never hunted; they, the three, knew better and so we drifted apart.Questions:1. What kind of writer is Hemingway?2. How different are the metals of the boys and the narrator? And what differentcourage is depicted in the paragraph here through the images of the three boys and the speaker? How can you understand the image of hawks in the secondparagraph?Part IV General Linguistics (60 points)Part I Define the following linguistic terms in your own words (20 points, 4 points each).1.Metalanguage2.Allophones3.Inflection4.The referential theory5.The illocutionary actPart II Finish the following according to the requirements for each (15 points, 5 points each):1.What is macrolinguistics? List no less than three branches of macrolinguistics anddefine them briefly.2. Discuss the difference between DEEP and SURFACE structures.3. What is the difference between sense and reference? Use specific examples toillustrate three kinds of sense relations.Part III Provide as much information as you know about each of the following topics (25 points, 12.5 points each).1.What are the central notions Halliday’s systemic functional grammar?2. What is the theory of conversational implicature? Discuss the characteristics ofimplicature.。
2012考研真题
2012考研真题2012年考研真题一、2012年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案Text 1An analyst asked the other day why anyone bothers to buy first-class tickets on short airplane flightsin the U.S. In fact, why does anyone buy a first-class ticket on a long flight either? For many years, the airlines have been blurring, or at least lowering, what passengers can expect in first class, so that while the name may carry prestige, the reality is much less impressive.So why do people keep paying for it? The best reason is simply that they are either spending someone else's money or such a small part of their total income that they consider it an acceptable luxury. On short flights, many of the people in first class are on free tickets -- businessmen and women who fly so often that they have accumulated thousands of miles, enough for a free ticket, given as a bonus by the airlines itself or by the credit card company that has given them a special flying credit card. They choose first class not because it is so good, but because it is free.Some short flights may attract wealthy touristson vacation, people who might be flying for the sheer fun of it and who have a large enough vacation budget not to be concerned about the cost of the ticket. But most vacationers are just as interested in getting the best deal and a cheap airfare, as anyone else.The same reasoning applies to long-haul flights. There are plenty of wealthy people and entrepreneursfor whom the cost of a first-class ticket is no object. But there are not enough of them to keep all the airline’s first class cabins full.So the airlines have been pulling the plug onwhat they offer in first class. They have reduced the number of flights on which first class is available.They have changed the rules to make it harder to accumulate frequent flyer miles. This means that even frequent flyer "won't be getting as many free flights as they used to, leaving fewer first-class seats for those who are willing to pay for them and for those who have been lucky enough to be given a free ticketby their company. Many airlines have also made it cheaper for business or first class passengers to buya discounted economy class ticket and upgrade to business or first class. Fewer people are as willingas once they were to pay the full price for first.People have various reasons for paying more and some of us are just hooked on the ego-gratification ofturning left at the top of the aircraft's stairs instead of right. But many people who fly first class with any regularity simply do so to be comfortable -- more comfortable, certainly, then they would be in the seat in the back of the plane. Most of us are not rich, but most of us care a great deal about how we get to the places that we fly to, and we are willing to pay a bit more.21. The primary reason that people fly firstclass is that_____.A) the cost is an acceptable luxury to themB) they are reimbursed for the difference in fareC) it is more comfortable than flying in economyD) it is the only way they can accumulate miles for free flight22. The phrase "pull the plug" (Line 1, Paragraph4) most probably means "______".A) lower the fare ofB) cancel the flights toC) increase the attraction ofD) discontinue the service of23. The airlines have reduced the availability of first class seats in order to_____.A) boost the sales of business class and economy class ticketsB) attract more wealthy people and touristsC) discourage mileage accumulation among frequentflyersD) cut down the cost of providing first class services24. According to the last paragraph, one reason why people fly first class is that they_____.A) want to satisfy their egoB) want to enjoy special servicesC) have the money to afford the fareD) care about the places they fly to21. 【答案】A) the cost is an acceptable luxuryto them【解析】细节理解题。
【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】法语(二外)2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：246试题名称：法语二外（共7页）适用专业：外国语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================I.Choisissez le mot de chaque groupe qui se prononce différemment:(10’:1*10)1. A.en B.cent C.examen D.entrer2. A.ancien B.année C.dans D.plante3. A.car B.ces C.Caen D.cou4. A.dinde B.dent C.pain D.Reims5. A.Gare B.Guy C.Glace D.Geai6. A.jeu B.Europe C.jeudi D.heure7. A.respect B.direct C.intact D.indirect8. A.moins B.moine C.coin D.soin9. A.chien B.chat C.Christine D.Chine10.A.achetez B.vendredi C.mener D.leverII.Choisissez la bonne réponse:(15’:0.5*30)1.Voici barbe grise.A.de laB.unD.une2.Il n’y a pas ascenseur dans ce bâtiment,c’est ennuyeux.A.de l’B.d’C.duD./3.On arriveàtout de la patience.A.malgréB.avecC.sansD.par4.Les Français sont fiers leur cuisine.A.àB.deC.enD.sur5.Ma petite,tu es encore jeune comprendre cela.A.assez;pourB.tellement;queC.si;pourD.trop;pour6.Marie a eu répéter,personne ne voulait l’entendre.A.beauB.belleC.bonneD.bien7.Je voudrais passer mes vacances France,pas Japon.A.en;enB.au;enC.en;auD.au;au8.Les voitures viennent de les côtés.A.tousB.toutesC.mesD.ces9.Appelez-dans une heures.A.luiB.leurC.toiD.moi10.Ces pommes coûtent10yuans kilo.A.parB.chaqueC.unD.le11.–Oùsont mes clés?-sont dans votre sac.A.Les tiennesB.Les tiensC.Les miennesD.Les vôtres12.Elles portent des robes.A.bleues clairesB.bleus clairsC.bleue claireD.bleu clair13.Le français est la langue officielle dans bien pays africains.A.lesB.desC.deD.du14.Elles sont parties pour la France une belle matinée d’été.A.dansB.enC.sousD.par15.Elles de gros mots.A.se sont ditB.se sont ditsC.se sont ditesD.se sont dite16.Je n’ai pas puàsa proposition,et j’y suis alléavec lui.A.résisterB.refuserC.lutterD.vaincre17.Beijing est130km Tianjin.A.à;àB.à;deC.de;àD.de...de18.En français,1200s’écrit.A.un mille deux centle deux centC.un mille deux centsle deux cents19.Le petit Jean prie ses parents lui donner de l’argent de poche.A.à;deB.à;àC./;deD./;à20.Elle habite près.A.toutB.touteC.tousD.toutes21.Il vit dans la solitude,coupéreste du monde.A.leB.duC.auD.à22.Il essaie de se passer tabac.A.leB.duC.auD.des23.Tu sais la vérité?Dis.A.-le-moi.B.-moi-la.C.-la-moi.D.-me-la.24.Elle a reportévous l’affenction qu’elle avait pour lui.A.àB.versC.surD.pour25.Ecrivez-moi au cas oùil ne pas.A.venaitB.viendraitC.viendraD.est venu26.,ils feront du sport.A.TravailléB.Ayant travailléC.TravaillantD.Travaillants27.Il y a toujours des choses qui sont facile dire,mais difficile faire.A.de;deB.à;deC.à;àD.de;à28.Le professeur fait chanter une chanson.A.leC.lesD.me29.Le film a fini un happy ending.A.dansB.parC.aprèsD.pour30.Il faut travailler possible.A.le meilleurB.le mieuxC.bienD.mieuxIII.Mettez un pronom convenable entre les parenthèses:(10’:1*10)A la maison,un couple:-on va au cinéma,tu es prête,on1va?-Ah non!Ce n’est pas possible,j’ai oubliéde23dire,mais j’ai un autre rendez-vous.-Commentça?mais on est d’accord pourça,tu45avais promis.-J’ai complètement oubliéde67parler,mais ce soir c’est l’anniversaire de maman et je veux dîner avec maman.-Tu devais89prévenir au moins.-Ne10fâche pas,chéri.On part ensemble?-Et ben,d’accord.IV.Mettez un pronom relatif convenable,s’il y a lieu,avec une préposition convenable:(10’: 1*10)1.Je vais lui offrir cette veste1elle aime tant.2.J’ai connu Marie au club2je vais souvent.3.L’association3je fais partie s’occupe de cette sorte de chose.4.Mes parents veulent toujours tout savoir sur les copains4je sors,les gens__5_je téléphone ou6je vais.5.Les machines__7__ils se servent sont produites en Chine.6.Les chemins__8__il a fallu passer sont trèsétroits.7.Voici des difficultés__9__ils ne sont pas préparées.8.J’ai visitébeaucoup de villes,__10New York.plétez les verbes au temps et au mode convenables:(15’:1*15)1.Hier,elle1(entrer)dans un immeuble sans ascenseur.Sur la gauche,elle2(voir)un escalier.Elle le3(monter)jusqu’au4eétage.Elle4(suivre)un couloir et 5(s’arrêter)devant le numéro501.2.Au Sud-Est,l’Italie et la Suisse6(séparer)de la France par les Alpes.3.Demain on7(commencer)dès que vous8(arriver).4.Lundi dernier,si Marie9(partir)un peu plus tôt,elle10(ne pas manquer)le métro.5.Tous les gens veulent que leurs enfants11(être)plus heureux qu’eux.Maisàl’heure actuelle,on pense généralement que l’avenir12(ne pas devenir)rose pour tout le monde. On a peur que les crises mondiales13(ne plus en finir)et que la dure concurrence internationale14(faire)beaucoup de mal au monde du travail.Les parents souhaitent qu’on15(se comprendre)bien entre parents et enfants. compréhensionécrite:(15’:1*15)Texte1:JardinsParis a peu d’espaces verts.Mais tu auras un grand plaisir de te promener dans le jardin des Plantes,près de la gare d’Austerlitz,le jardin du Luxembourg,proche du boulevard Saint-Michel, le jardin des Tuilleries.Si tu te promènesàpied tu découvriras de nombreux petits jardins,on les appelle squares.Depuis ces dernières années,Paris a beaucoup investi dans l’environnement.Chaque année la fête des jardins de Paris t’inviteàsortir etàvisiter les jardins.On organise beaucoup d’activités.Questions:1.D’après cet article,Paris a.A.peu d’espaces de couleurs multiples.B.peu de verdure.C.peu d’espaces de constructionécologique.D.peu de couleur verte.2.Paris a connu un essor pour l’environnement,parce que.A.Paris a détruit de vieilles maisons.B.Paris a beaucoup investi pour construire des jardins.C.Paris a diminuéla circulation de voitures.D.Paris a trouvéune technologie de pointe.3.Le jardin du Luxembourg se trouve.A.en Belgique.B.loin du Quartier Latin.C.non loin du Boulevard Saint-Michel.D.près du jardin des Plantes.4.Qu’est-ce que c’est qu’une squareàParis?A.Un parc naturel.B.Une place.C.Un petit jardin.D.Un centre d’activités.5.D’après cet article,la presse sembleêtreA.favorableàParis.B.peu amicaleàParis.C.fâchée contre Paris.D.indifférente envers Paris.Texte2:Les distractions d’AmpèreAmpère est connu par ses distractions.Elles sont restées célèbres.Un matin,en allantàson cours,il trouva sur sa route un petit caillou qui semblait intéressant.Il se baissa pour le ramasser et l’examina longuement.Toutàcoup il pensaàson cours et sortit sa montre de sa poche,il vit qu’il allaitêtre en retard,il accéléra son pas et jeta ce qu’il croyaitêtre le caillou.Erreur de distractions! Le caillou fut mis soigneusement dans sa poche alors que sa montre tomba dans la Seine. Questions:6.Ampère est.A.unécrivain.B.un professeur anglais.C.un homme politique.D.un physicien français.7.Il est.A.un distrait dans la vie quotidienne.B.un homme soigneux dans tous les domaines.C.un grand paresseux.D.un homme maladroit.8.Il ramassa un petit caillou sur la route de son cours.A.parce que ce caillou est un objet de grande valeur.B.parce qu’il est amateur de caillou.C.pour s’amuser.D.parce qu’il le trouvait intéressant.9.Il accéléra le pas et jeta le caillou.A.parce qu’il pensaàson cours toutàcoup.B.parce qu’il voulait se promener en bateau sur la Seine.C.parce qu’il oublia sa montre chez lui.D.parce qu’il voulaitêtreàl’heure au rendez-vous.10.Il jeta sa montre dans la Seine.A.parce qu’il voulait acheter une nouvelle montre.B.parce que sa montreétait en panne.C.parce qu’il préférait le caillou.D.parce qu’il la croyaitêtre le caillou.Texte3:Les fêtes en FranceLa France est un pays de tradition catholique,oùles cérémonies religieuses ont eu une grande importance dans la vie plupart des fêtes sont d’origine chrétienne.Bien que la religion soit moins pratiquée aujourd’hui,lesétapes de la vie sont encore marquées par le baptême,la première communion et le mariage.Le mariage civilàla mairie est le seul légal et doit précéder le mariage religieux s’il y en a un.Beaucoup de Français estiment encore que le mariage religieux est nécessaire pour donneràl’événement sa solennitéet son caractère de fête.L’enterrement religieux resteégalement très fréquent.Certaines fêtes d’origine catholique,bien qu’elles aient en grande partie perdu leur caractère religieux,sont devenues des jours de congélégal.Ils permettentàla plupart des Français,comme les autres jours fériés,de prolonger les weekends.Et ils leur permettent même de faire le pont,si le jour fériétombe un mardi ou un jeudi.Dans ce cas,en effet,il est rare qu’on travaille le lundi ou le vendredi,selon le cas.Noël est certainement la fête familialeàlaquelle les Français restent le plus attachés.C’est l’occasion d’offrir des cadeauxàsa famille etàses amis.Avec la sociétéde consommation,ces cadeaux sont de plus en plus nombreux et de plus en plus couteux.Incités par la publicité,des foules de gens remplissent les magasins qui réalisent pendant cette saison les plus grandes ventes de l’année.Questions:11.«Bien que la religion soit moins pratiquée aujourrd’hui...»,dans cette phrase,«pratiquer la religion»veut dire:A.l’exercerB.en observer les ritesC.l’établirD.l’opérer12.En france,A.on peut se marieràl’église ouàla mairie.B.on doit se marier seulementàla mairie.C.on doit se marier seulementàl’église.D.on doit se marieràla mairie,ensuite on peut se marieràl’église.13.Les Français restent bien attachés au Noël,A.parce que c’est la fête familiale.B.parce qu’on peut se reposer un peu.C.parce qu’il y a le Père Noël.D.parce que c’est une fête religieuse.14.Indiquez la phrase qui n’est pas exprimée dans le texte:A.Les Français font le pont pour prolonger les weekends.B.Beaucoup de gens vont au magasin pour acheter des cadeauxàla fin de l’année.C.Un mariageàl’église est souvent nécessaire pour la plupart des Français.D.Le divorce,que condamne le catholicisme,est légal en France depuis1884.15.Parmi les fêtes suivantes,laquelle n’est pas une fête religieuse? Toussaint.B.Le14juillet. Pentecôte.D.L’ascension.VII.Traduisez le passage suivant:(10’)Certaines fêtes d’origine catholique,bien qu’elles aient en grande partie perdu leur caractère religieux,sont devenues des jours de congélégal.Ils permettentàla plupart des Français,comme les autres jours fériés,de prolonger les weekends.Et ils leur permettent même de faire le pont,si le jour fériétombe un mardi ou un jeudi.Dans ce cas,en effet,il est rare qu’on travaille le lundi ou le vendredi,selon le cas.VIII.Thème:(15’:3*5)1.虽然我是学英语的，但我还是渴望有机会去法国呆上几年。
【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】基础日语2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 611 试题名称：基础日语（共 9 页）适用专业：日语语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================= 一、語彙（１点×３０＝３０点）問題１：次の文の下線をつけた言葉はどのように読みますか。
その読み方をそれぞれのA、B、C、Dから一つ選びなさい。
（１点×１０＝１０点）１、あの人は穏やかでいい人だが、融通のきかないところがある。
今回のことについても、もう少し柔軟に考えてくれるといいのだが。
（１）穏やかA、おだやかB、さわやかC、なごやかD、ゆるやか（２）融通A、かくずうB、かくつうC、ゆうずうD、ゆうつう（３）柔軟A、しゅうけつB、じゅうけつC、しゅうなんD、じゅうなん２、全力を尽くして自己の記録を挑むことに意義がある。
（１）全力A、せんりょくB、ぜんりきC、ぜんりょくD、せんりき（２）挑むA、いどむB、つかむC、はげむD、はばむ（３）意義A、いいB、いぎC、いじD、いみ３、その僧は、さまざまな寺を巡りながら、自分に妥協ぜず辛抱強く修行を続けた。
（１）巡りA、さわりB、たどりC、まわりD、めぐり（２）妥協A、じゃきょうB、じゅきょうC、だきょうD、どきょう（３）辛抱A、じぼうB、じぽうC、しんぽうD、しんぼう（４）修行A、しゅうきょうB、しゅぎょうC、しゅこうD、しゅうこう問題２：次の文の下線をつけた言葉はどの漢字を書きますか。
【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】综合日语2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=========================================================================================================试题编号： 873 试题名称：综合日语（共 6 页）适用专业：日语语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
==========================================================================================================この試験は、「日本語学」（60点）「日本文学」（60点）及び「日本文化」（30点）の３部分から構成されている。
満点は150点となり、試験時間は3時間である。
すべての問題は日本語で答え、その答えは答案用紙に記入せよ。
第一部分日本語学（60点）１．例のように、Ａ－Ｄの中に、＜＞内に示した観点から見れば他の選択肢と性質が異なるものが一つある。
次の（１）～（10）について、それぞれ一つずつ選べ。
（2点×10＝20点）例：＜表記＞Ａ．大学Ｂ．掃除Ｃ．野菜Ｄ．メガネ答え：Ｄ（１）＜造語法＞Ａ．学割Ｂ．卒論Ｃ．短大Ｄ．複雑（２）＜品詞（下線部）＞Ａ．ある日Ｂ．眠る女Ｃ．去る５月Ｄ．いわゆる志士（３）＜複合格助辞「への」の意味用法＞Ａ．異文化への理解Ｂ．首相への批判Ｃ．提案への賛成Ｄ．取引先への接待（４）＜動詞の種類＞Ａ．起きるＢ．飽きるＣ．走るＤ．着る（５）＜連語の種類＞Ａ．泡を食うＢ．年を食うＣ．晩飯を食うＤ．道草を食う（６）＜アスペクト的な意味＞Ａ．母は料理を作っている。
Ｂ．雤が降っている。
Ｃ．赤ちゃんは寝ている。
Ｄ．彼は小説を20冊以上書いている。
（７）＜形容詞の種類＞Ａ．四川料理は辛い。
Ｂ．新しいパソコンがほしい。
2012年6月研究生学位英语真题及答案
2012-6 研究生学位英语考试试题Part One：ListeningPart Two：Vocabulary1．Please do not be ____ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention. A disregarded B distorted C irritated D intervened 2. Craig assured his boss that he would ____ all his energies in doing this new job. A call forth B call at C call on D call off 3. Too much ____ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body. A disclosure B exhibition C contact D exposure 4. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth. A dim B blank C faint D vain 5. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind. A incompatible B incredible C indefinite D indispensable 6. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ____ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A indistinctly B separately C irrelevantly D independently 7. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ____ her laughter. A hold back B hold on C hold out D hold up 8. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ____ attitude toward customers. A impartial B mild C hostile D opposing 9. I ____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column. A express B confess C verify D acknowledge 10. It is strictly ____ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few. A secured B forbidden C regulated D determined 11. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ____ again next spring. A assembly B session C conference D convention 12. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ____ the birth of Jesus Christ. A in accordance with B in terms of C in favor of D in honor of 13. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ____ to carrying out the plan. A obliged B committed C engaged D resolved 14. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ____ as well as we had hopedA came off B went off C brought out D make out 1 2 15. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ____ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand. A improve B enhance C guarantee D gear 16. He left early on the ____ that he had a bad toothache and had to see the dentist. A prescription B pretext C knowledge D precondition 17. 17. The The The new new new edition edition edition of of of the the the encyclopedia encyclopedia encyclopedia ____ ____ ____ many many many improvements, improvements, improvements, which which which is is is the the the result result result of of of the the persistent effort of all the compilers. A embedded B embodied C enchanted D enclosed 18. The boys and girls ____ together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs. A reversed B clapped C clustered D contracted 19. The new underground railway will ____ the journey to all parts of the city. A consume B eliminate C formulate D facilitate 20. 20. The The The speaker speaker speaker attracted attracted attracted the the the audience audience audience at at at the the the very very very beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the lecture lecture lecture by by by giving giving giving a a a ____ ____ description of his personal experience. A global B gracious C graphic D prescriptive Part Three ：Reading Passage one The potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic teaching tools is so great that it is fasci n ating to visualize “the school of tomorrow”.nating to visualize “the school of tomorrow”.Televised Televised lessons lessons lessons will will will originate originate originate from from from a a a central central central building building building having having having perhaps perhaps perhaps four four four or or or five five five master master studios. The lessons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country. After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for the all-all-important “follow important “follow-up” period. The students will ask troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through discussion. The teacher in the classroom will have additional electronic tools. On the teacher’s desk, the traditional bright red apple will have been replaced by a multiple —control panel and magnetic tape players. The tape machines will run prerecorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones. The les sons will be specifically geared to the students’ levels of ability. For instance, which the class as as a a a whole whole whole studies studies studies history, history, history, each each each student student student will will will receive receive receive an an an individual individual individual history history history lesson, lesson, lesson, directed directed directed to to to his his particular level of ability. Should Should questions questions questions arise, arise, arise, the the the students students students will will will be be be able able able to to to talk talk talk directly directly directly to to to the the the teacher teacher teacher on on on individual individual “intercoms” without disturbing the rest of the class. In this way, the teacher will be able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time. 1.This article is mainly about_______. A. television B. electronics C. the schools of the future D. communication 2. Closed-circuit television will probably carry lessons to_____. A. a single classroom B. one school 3 C. all the classrooms in the world D. all the classrooms in a city or country 3. In the schools of tomorrow, the teacher’s desk will____. A. contain electronic equipment B. actually be a television set C. no longer exist D. look like an isolation booth4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will 4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will_____. A. all study different subjects at the same time B. study at different levels within a subject at the same time C. not study D. not have to read books5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to 5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to_____. A. teach more than one class at the same time B. retire C. teach only a small number of pupils D. rely on TV stations only Passage Two ：Industrial Psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction. The The selection selection selection of of of workers workers workers for for for particular particular particular jobs jobs jobs is is is essentially essentially essentially a a a problem problem problem of of of discovering discovering discovering the the the special special aptitudes and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates candidates have have have such such such aptitudes aptitudes aptitudes and and and characteristics. characteristics. characteristics. The The The development development development of of of tests tests tests of of of this this this kind kind kind has has has long long been a field of psychological research. Once Once the the the worker worker worker is is is on on on the the the job job job and and and has has has been been been trained, trained, trained, the the the fundamental fundamental fundamental aim aim aim of of of the the the industrial industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist's function, therefore, differs from that that of of of the the the so-called so-called so-called efficiency efficiency efficiency expert, expert, expert, who who who places places places primary primary primary emphasis emphasis emphasis on on on increased increased increased production. production. Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motions required to do the job, the equipment used, and the conditions conditions under which the job is under which the job is performed. performed. After After After making making making such such such a a a study, study, study, the the the industrial industrial industrial psychologist psychologist psychologist often often often determines determines determines that that that the the the job job job in in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working conditions, or a combination of several of these methods. Industrial Industrial psychologists psychologists psychologists have have have also also also studied studied studied the the the effects effects effects of of of fatigue fatigue fatigue on on on workers workers workers to to to determine determine determine the the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of of Welsh. Welsh. Welsh. Road Road Road signs signs signs and and and official official official public public public documents documents documents are are are written written written in in in both both both Welsh Welsh Welsh and and and English, English, English, and and schoolchildren schoolchildren are are are required required required to to to learn learn learn both both both languages. languages. languages. Welsh Welsh Welsh is is is now now now one one one of of of the the the most most most successful successful successful of of Europe’s Europe’s regional regional regional languages, languages, languages, spoken spoken spoken by by by m m ore ore than than than a a a half-half-half-million million million of of of the the the country’s country’s country’s three three three million million 5 people. The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The The partial partial partial transfer transfer transfer of of of legislative legislative legislative powers powers powers from from from Westminster, Westminster, implemented implemented by by by Tony Tony Tony Blair, Blair, Blair, was was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union. The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from from Westminster or the European Union is Westminster or the European Union is spent. spent. It It It cannot, cannot, cannot, unlike its counterpart in unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact enact laws. laws. laws. But But But now now now that that that it it it is is is here, here, here, the the the Welsh Welsh Welsh are are are growing growing growing to to to like like like their their their Assembly. Assembly. Assembly. Many Many Many people people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of of a a a new new new debating debating debating chamber, chamber, chamber, one one one of of of many many many new new new buildings buildings buildings that that that are are are transforming transforming transforming Cardiff Cardiff Cardiff from from from a a decaying decaying seaport seaport seaport into into into a a a Baltimore-style Baltimore-style Baltimore-style waterfront waterfront waterfront city. city. city. Meanwhile Meanwhile Meanwhile a a a grant grant grant of of of nearly nearly nearly two two two million million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living. Newspapers Newspapers and and and magazines magazines magazines are are are filled filled filled with with with stories stories stories about about about great great great Welsh Welsh Welsh men men men and and and women, women, women, boosting boosting self-esteem. self-esteem. To To To familiar familiar familiar faces faces faces such such such as as as Dylan Dylan Dylan Thomas Thomas Thomas and and and Richard Richard Richard Burton Burton Burton have have have been been been added added added new new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, Cymru, which which which means means means “land “land “land of of of compatriots,” compatriots,” compatriots,” is is is the the the Welsh Welsh Welsh name name name for for for Wales. Wales. Wales. The The The red red red dragon, dragon, dragon, the the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere - on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers. “Until very recent times most Welsh p eople had this feeling of being people had this feeling of being second second--class class citizens,” said citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with with a group of a group of young people in Llanelli, Llanelli, an industrial town in an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands. “There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his his Welshness Welshness Welshness as as as in in in his his his membership membership membership in in in the English-speaking, the English-speaking, global global youth youth youth culture culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibi possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. lity unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to A. maintain the present status among the nations. B. reduce legislative powers of England. C. create a better state of equality among the nations. D. grant more say to all the nations in the union. 12. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist. B. conventional. C. feudal. D. political 13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT A. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body. D. status of the national language. 14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language. B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation. D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight. 15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is A. people’s mentality. B. pop culture. C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people. 7 Niel Bohr loved contradiction. He would not tolerate the idea that quantum mechanics might some some day day day supersede supersede supersede classical classical classical physics. physics. physics. For For For Bohr, Bohr, Bohr, classical classical classical physics physics physics had had had to to to remain remain remain in in in permanent permanent contradiction to quantum mechanics and the tension between them retained as a part of science. In the same way, the impacts of science, politics, and art must remain independent. We must learn to live with contradictions, because they lead to deeper and more effective understanding. The same applies to uncertainty. According According to to to Heisenberg’s Heisenberg’s Heisenberg’s un un uncertainty certainty certainty principle, principle, principle, only only only probabilistic probabilistic probabilistic predictions predictions predictions can can can be be be made made about the future. Furthermore, small events can have important consequences. An everyday example is weather forecasting. It is fairly successful for predictions up to 5 days ahead, but if you double that period the predictions are no longer accurate. It is not clear whether long-range predictions are forever excluded, but the example does illustrate that small causes can have significant effects. This situation has an obvious analogy in free will. In a completely deterministic world, what we know know as as as free free free will will will in in in humans humans humans is is is reduced reduced reduced to to to a a a mere mere mere illusion. illusion. illusion. I I I may may may not not not know know know that that that my my my actions actions actions are are predetermined predetermined in in in some some some complicated complicated complicated configuration configuration configuration of of of my my my molecules, molecules, molecules, and and and that that that my my my decisions decisions decisions are are nothing nothing more more more than than than the the the realization realization realization of of of what what what has has has been been been inherent inherent inherent in in in the the the configuration configuration configuration of of of electrons. electrons. According to quantum mechanics, we cannot exclude the possibility that free will is a part of the process by which the future is created. We can think about the creation of the world as incomplete and human beings, indeed all living beings, as making choices left open to probability. One may argue that this notion is fantastic. Indeed, Einstein firmly believed in causality, and rejected the relevant part of quantum mechanics. (His famous statement is is that, that, that, while while while God God God can can can rule rule rule the the the world world world by by by any any any set set set of of of laws, laws, laws, “God “God “God does does does not not not play play play dice dice dice with with with the the universe.”)Attempts universe.”)Attempts have have have been been been made made made to to to add add add laws laws laws to to to quantum quantum quantum mechanics mechanics mechanics to to to eliminate eliminate eliminate uncertainty. uncertainty. Such Such attempts attempts attempts have have have not not not only only only been been been unsuccessful, unsuccessful, unsuccessful, they they they have have have not not not even even even appeared appeared appeared to to to lead lead lead to to to any any interesting results. Questions:16.According to the author, what do science, politics and art each try to explain? 17.What is the strong contradiction mentioned in the second paragraph? 18.What is the author’s attitude toward contradiction? 19.How would the author face uncertainty? 20.What is the main idea of the passage? Passage Five ：I I am am am afraid afraid afraid to to to sleep. sleep. sleep. I I I have have have been been been afraid afraid afraid to to to sleep sleep sleep for for for the the the last last last few few few weeks. weeks. weeks. I I I am am am so so so tired tired tired that, that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair. I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to 8 my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She low ered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well). I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink pink and and and green green green silk. silk. silk. They They They were were were very very very pretty. pretty. pretty. I I I decided decided decided to to to buy buy buy one one one of of of those those those skirts, skirts, skirts, and and and I I I began began began to to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness. She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to to say say say in in in her her her language, language, language, although although although they they they were were were mostly mostly mostly numbers, numbers, numbers, and and and she she she saw saw saw that that that I I I understood understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; price; then, then, then, immediately, immediately, immediately, we we we made made made another another another offer offer offer and and and then then then another another another shake shake shake of of of the the the head. head. head. She She She was was was so so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy. The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wa nted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy. I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me! There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could m ake up for all the months that I didn’t cry.Questions:21. When the author met the woman in the market, what was the woman doing? 22. How can you describe bargaining in Laos? 23. According to the author, why did the woman accept the last offer? 24. Why did the author finally decide to buy three skirts? 25. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again? Part Four：Translation 1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrates on US high technology exports. China has correctly complained in the past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and major increases in technology 9 transfers transfers have have have taken taken taken place place place as as as the the the result. result. result. However, However, some some items items items continue continue continue to to to be be be subject subject subject to to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because the US Government Government submits many items submits many items to COCOM(巴黎统筹委员会) for approval. There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM. 2. Good manners are necessary because we are judged by our manners. Our manners not only show what kind of education we have received and what our social position is, but they also tend to show what our nature is. A person with good manners is always an agreeable companion, because he always thinks of others and shows respect for others. 3. 3. Individualism Individualism Individualism and and and collectivism collectivism collectivism have have have permeated permeated permeated every every every aspect aspect aspect of of of Eastern Eastern Eastern and and and Western Western Western culture, culture, influencing American and and Chinese Chinese Chinese economics, economics, politics, morals and and values, values, values, and and and especially especially communication patterns. This is important, for research has proved that the number one cause of failure in international business and relations is not economics or even business but cross-cultural communication. 4. It is known to all that knowledge is power. Young people without knowledge cannot expect to become become assets assets assets to to to society. society. society. In order to In order to acquire profound knowledge, they strive to study well in school in the first place. This does not mean that knowledge only consists in books. In most cases, the knowledge from books is no substitute for the knowledge derived from social practices. For this obvious reason, young people should also regard it as indispensable to their acquirement of knowledge to learn earnestly from the experienced people and from society as well. In short, the rightly motivated young people are advised to insist on obtaining knowledge from all kinds of sources. 5. 今天，环境问题变得越来越严重了。
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北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 618 试题名称：基础英语（共 10 页）适用专业：外国语言文学（包括外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效;请用蓝色或黑色钢笔或签字笔答题。
=============================================================================================================Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. No one appreciated his work during his lifetime, but it is clear that he was a great artist.A. in the aftermathB. by the timeC. in retrospectD. in this eventuality2. He was facing charges on forgery in a court of law but he hired a good attorney to .A. get offB. get throughC. get byD. get away3. The campers their tent in a sheltered valley.A. establishedB. installedC. pitchedD. fixed4. This is work. It calls for a good eye and a steady hand.A. preciseB. precisionC. exactD. exactness5. I’m rather concerned how he will take his school.A. onB. upC. offD. to6. I don’t doubt the plan will be well received.A. thatB. whichC. ifD. whether7. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event is equal to the probability that it will not occur.A. occurringB. occurredC. occursD. occur8. We will not be held responsible for any damage which results rough handling.A. fromB. offC. inD. to9. Now a single cell phone is able to store a large of information about an individual life.A. dealB. numberC. amountD. account10. The long service of decades of the to-be-retired with the company was a present each from the President.A. confirmed byB. recorded inC. acknowledged withD. appreciated for11. Buildings in the southeast of the UK are going to have to be constructed those in Scotland if the report findings are correct.A. asB. likeC. likelyD. are like12. We cannot see any possibility of business your price is on the high side of theprevailing market trend.A. whichB. sinceC. thatD. though13. If out successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city.A. carriedB. is carriedC. having been carriedD. to carry14. We are conscious of the extent work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and empty life.A. to whichB. in whichC. at whichD. by which15. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important of American life.A. fashionsB. frontiersC. facetsD. formatsSection BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence. From the four choices given, choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16. So engrossed in his efforts would Gaugin become that he barely noticed the passing of time.A. delighted inB. frustrated byC. expanded byD. involved in17. Rain abates in the fall throughout most of the Appalachian Mountain region.A. poursB. accumulatesC. lessensD. evaporates18. When a hurricane is about to occur, the National Weather Bureau issues a warning.A. adjacentB. giganticC. perilousD. imminent19. Relaxation therapy teaches one not to fret over small problems.A. worry aboutB. get involved inC. get angry aboutD. look for20. Mark Anthony’s eulogy of Caesar at his funeral is memorably recorded in a play by Shakespeare.A. prayerB. praiseC. biographyD. denunciation21. We regret being unable to entertain your request for providing free boarding to 15 sportsmen for two weeks.A. receiveB. complyC. coincideD. consider22. The ancient Jewish people regarded themselves as the salt of the earth, the chosen few by God to rule the world.A. outcastB. eliteC. nomadD. disciple23. Soon comics were so prevalent as to attract the attention of serious critics.A. successfulB. prosperousC. widespreadD. persuasive24. The progress of civilization itself can be measured by its range of mathematics.A. consideredB. decidedC. assessedD. found out25. The artist spent years on his monumental painting, which covered the whole roof of the church, the biggest in the country.A. archaicB. sentimentalC. outstandingD. entireSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered sets of words. Choose the setof words for the blanks that best fit the meaning of the sentence.26. To list Reilly’s achievements in a fragmentary way is , for it distracts our attention from the themes of her work.A. unproductive … disparateB. misleading … integratingC. pragmatic … comprehensiveD. logical … important27. That many of the important laws of science were discovered during experiments designedto other phenomena suggests that experimental results are the of inevitable natural forces rather than of planning.A. analyze … foundationsB. disprove … predecessorsC. alter … adjunctsD. illuminate … consequence28. The availability of oxygen is an essential for animal life, while carbon dioxide is equally for plant life.A. choice … optionalB. duplication … selectiveC. conversion … exchangeableD. condition … necessary29. Old beliefs die hard: even when jobs became , the long-standing fear that unemployment could return at a moment’s notice .A. vacant … perishedB. easier … changedC. plentiful … persistedD. protected … subsided30. Politeness is not a attribute of human behavior, but rather a central virtue, one whose very existence is increasingly being by the faddish requirement to ―speak one’s mind.‖A. superficial … threatenedB. pervasive … undercutC. worthless … forestalledD. precious … affectedPart ⅡProofreading and error correction (20 minutes, 20 points, 2 points each) Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧‖ sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1. anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2. neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. 3. exhibitThe Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the averagechange over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a marketbasket of consumer good and services. The CPI affects nearly all 1.Americans because of the many ways which it is used. Its three major 2.uses are: Firstly, as an economic indicator, the CPI is the most widelyused measurement of inflation and is sometimes viewed as an indicator 3.of the effectiveness of government economic policy. It providesinformations about price changes in the nation’s economy to 4.government, business, labor, and other private citizens, and is used bythem as a guide to make economic decisions. Secondly, as a deflator 5.of other economic series. The CPI and its components are used toadjusting other economic series for price changes and to translate 6.these series into inflation-free dollars. An interesting example ofthese is the use of the CPI as a deflator of the value of the consumer’s 7.dollar to find its purchasing power. The purchasing power ofthe consumer’s dollar measures the change in the value to the consumerof goods and services that a dollar will buy at different dates.By other words, as prices increase, the purchasing power of the 8.consumer’s dollar declines. Third, as a means of adjusting dollar 9.values. The CPI is often used to adjust consumer’s income payments; 10.to adjust income eligibility levels for government assistance;and to automatically provide cost-of-living wage adjustments tomillions of American workers.Part III Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 40 points, 2 points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage One―What does the middleman do but add to the price of goods in the shops?‖ Such remarks are aimed at the intermediate operations between manufactures and final customers. This practice usually attracts a lot of attention from the public and the press and the operation most talked about is what is often called wholesaling.The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in smaller parcels to retailers, and for this service his selling price to the retailer is raised several percent higher. But his job is made more difficult by retail demand not necessarily running level with manufacturers’production. Because he adjusts or regulates the flow of goods by holding stock until required, he frees the manufacturer, to some extent, from the effect on production of changing demand and having to bear the whole risk.The manufacturer can then keep up a steady production flow, and the retailer has no need to hold heavy stocks, who can call on the wholesaler for supplies any time. This wholesale function is like that of a valve in a water pipe. The middleman also bears part of the risk that would otherwise fall on the manufacturer and also the retailer.The wholesaler provides a purely commercial service, for which he is too well rewarded. But the point that is missed by many people is that the wholesaler is not just someone adding to the cost of goods. It is true one could eliminate the wholesaler but one would still be left with hisfunction: that of making sure that goods find their way to the people who want them.1. ―Middleman‖ in the passage almost equals to all the following in meaning except .A. go-betweenB. intermediaryC. manufacturerD. wholesaler2. The wholesaler obtains higher selling prices for .A. small parcels he sellsB. goods he buys in bulkC. the service he providesD. the information he offers3. A middleman’s work may become difficult because .A. manufactures run their production on a much higher levelB. market demand may not be the same as industrial productionC. retailers are not necessary in running their retailing businessD. retailers demand lower levels than those demanded by manufacturers4. What function of the wholesaler is compared to a valve?A. Controlling the flow of goods.B. Pushing up demand from retailers.C. Bearing part of the risk for manufacturers.D. Selling goods to retailers.5. The author quite possibly believes that the function of the wholesaler is .A. good but too costlyB. necessary but harmfulC. removable but necessaryD. acceptable but unnecessaryPassage TwoEvery group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of ―backward‖languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in ―backward‖languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (―this‖ and ―that‖ ) . But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.6. Every group of human beings has .A. its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of lifeB. an extremely complex and delicate languageC. its own elegant music, literature, and other artsD. the process of growing crops or raising animals7. To the professional linguists, .A. there is no intrinsic superiority of culturesB. there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languagesC. all languages came from grunts and groansD. all languages are most severe and standard8. According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to .A. do more activitiesB. learn about a new cultureC. meet more peopleD. need more names9. The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward ―backward‖ languages is .A. restrainedB. subjectiveC. objectiveD. resolute10. This passage is on the whole .A. narrativeB. instructiveC. prescriptiveD. argumentativePassage ThreeIs test anxiety destructive? Can we make test anxiety work for us? The answer to both of these questions is yes. Test anxiety often interferes with student performance but this same test anxiety, if channeled correctly, can help improve performance.In order to lessen the destructive elements of test anxiety, the approach should be to develop improved confidence and knowledge. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability to succeed will increase. As your confidence increases, your anxiety will go down, allowing your knowledge to come through more efficiently. The way you prepare for a test can reduce anxiety during the test.You will be surprised how confident you will feel if you know the material. Studies of memory show if you want to be able to recall information from text or lecture you have to review that material several times. It is important to know your own abilities and operate accordingly. If you know that you learn best by listening, prepare a tape of significant material and listen to the tape.Study partners or study groups are often useful for self-testing. Experience in stressful situations tends to lessen anxiety in those situations. One way to help yourself retrieve material is through the use of mnemonic codes. Learn a code that lets you remember complex material. Developing an outline for an essay question that you know will be on the test or memorizing a formula are forms of code development.Students are often frustrated by the sheer volume of material that has to be studied in college. Many instructors conduct reviews, give hints, identify what is important to study, use handouts or overhead transparency outlines. These materials should be at the top of your study list. If the instructor took the time to identify them, you should assume that they will play an important part of the test. While knowledge acquired during test preparation can help reduce anxiety, it is another thing to take the test itself. Following are a few suggestions to help reduce anxiety during the test.When I arrive at a test, I often find students flipping test pages at the last minute trying to cram it all in at the end. You would be better off trying to relax, meditating a little, and clearing your mind to allow yourself the ability to concentrate on the question that are coming.As soon as the instructor gives you the signal to start, dump out formulas, codes, outlines from your memory onto the test answer sheets so that you will not have to worry about whether you will remember the codes long enough until you get to the appropriate test question.You can build your confidence if you go through the test and answer all of the questions that you know first. Go back and work on those questions that need greater analysis, or that need to be worked out or need to be guessed at and your anxiety will not kick in until later in the test.For those of you whose anxiety increases as study and preparation increase, your goal should be to start concentrating on things that take your mind off the test, i.e., television, books, hobbies, movies, etc. Meditation and aerobic exercise have proven to be very useful methods for reducing undesirable effects of stress.The solution to reducing the destructive influences of stress is to plan to study. Map out a schedule of when you will study each day. Identify the specific topics that you will study each day. Identify the areas of the material that you have had problems with and study those. Your plan should include reading the text material, reviewing notes and homework assignments, identifying the material that needs further explanation, developing codes for memory material and testing yourself. Once you have studied adequately, your confidence will be fairly high, your knowledge will be satisfactory to do well on the test and the stomach butterflies will help you focus on the task at hand.I’d wish you good luck on finals, but you and I both know that the more effectively you study, the luckier you will get.11. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned as a good side of the test anxiety?A. It can help improve performance if channeled correctly.B. It motivates us to study and prepare for exam.C. It can help us to concentrate.D. It can always ensure a good score in the test.12. Which of the following test preparation ways cannot help one reduce anxiety during the test?A. You should know your own abilities and operate accordingly and learn as much as you can.B. Study partners or study groups are useful for self-testing.C. You can retrieve materials by using mnemonic codes.D. You should pay more attention to the materials identified by the teacher.13. What should be at the top of your study list when you prepare a test?A. The most complex materials.B. The questions asked by students.C. The materials reviewed and hints given by the teacher.D. The materials mastered by most students.14. The suggestions to help reduce anxiety during the test are .A. relaxing, mnemonic codes and easy questions firstB. relaxing, dumping and easy questions firstC. relaxing, easy questions first and extreme anxietyD. aerobic exercise, relax and dumping15. According to the passage, useful means for reducing undesirable effects of stress are .A. knowledge and confidenceB. learning ability and instructor’s hintsC. meditation and aerobic exerciseD. rest and meditationPassage FourNo revolutions in technology have as visibly marked the human condition as those in transport. Moving goods and people, they have opened continents, transformed living standards, spread diseases, fashions and folk around the world. Yet technologies to transport ideas and information across long distances have arguably achieved even more: they have spread knowledge, the basis of economic growth.The most basic of all these, the written word, was already ancient by 1000. By then China had, in basic form, the printing press, using carved woodblocks. But the key to its future, movable metal type, was four centuries away. The Chinese were hampered by their thousands of ideograms. Even so, they quite soon invented the primitive movable type, made of clay, and by the 13th century they had the movable wooden type. But the real secret was the use of an easily cast metal.When it came, Europe –aided by simple Western alphabets –leapt forward with it. One reason why Asia’s civilizations, in 1000 far ahead of Europe’s, then fell behind was that they lacked the technology to reproduce and diffuse ideas. On Johannes Gutenberg’s invention in the 1440s were built not just the Reformation and the Enlightenment, but Europe’s agricultural and industrial revolutions too.Yet information technology on its own would not have got far. Literally: better transport technology too was needed. That was not lacking, but there the big change came much later: it was railways and steamships that first allowed the speedy, widespread dissemination of news and ideas over long distances. And both technologies in turn required people and organizations to develop their use. They got them: for individual communication. The postal service: for wider publics, the publishing industry.Throughout the 19th century, the postal service formed the bedrock of national and international communications. Crucial to its growth had been the introduction of the stamp, combined with a low price, and payment by the sender. Britain put all three of these ideas into effect in 1840.By then, the world’s mail was taking off. It changed the world. Merchants in America’s eastern cities used it to gather information, enraging far-off cotton growers and farmers, who found that the New Yorkers knew more about crop prices than they did. In the American debate about slavery, it offered abolitionists a low-cost way to spread their views, just as later technologies have cut the cost and widened the scope of political lobbying. The post helped too to integrate the American nation, tying the newly opened west to the settled east.Everywhere, its development drove and was driven by those of transport. In Britain, travelers rode by mail coach to posting inns. In America, the post subsidized road-building. Indeed, argues Dan Schiller, a professor of communications at the University of California, it was the connection between the post, transport and national integration that ensured that the mail remained a public enterprise even in the United States, its first and only government-run communications medium, and until at least the 1870s, the biggest organization in the land.The change has not only been one of speed and distance, though, but of audience. About 200 years ago, a man’s words could reach no further than his voice, not just in range but in whom they reached. But, for some purposes, efficient communication is mass communication, regular, cheap,quick and reliable. When it became possible, it transformed the world.16. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Transporting goods and people is the most important technology in the history of mankind.B. Technology in transporting goods and people has changed human conditions more than anything else.C. Technology in spreading information has changed human conditions more than transportation technology.D. Technology in spreading information can’t change the ec onomic development of society.17. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention probably refers to .A. printing technologyB. transportation technologyC. the Reformation and the EnlightenmentD. industrial revolution18. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the postal service?A. American abortionists were not happy about it.B. The stamp was invented in Britain.C. It helped the independence of America.D. In the 1840s it was the major means of national communications in Britain.19. In the United States, the postal service belongs to .A. a private companyB. the governmentC. road-building enterprisesD. national integration20. Which of the following statements is NOT true about mass communication?A. It can reach no further than human voice.B. It can reach a large audience.C. It is rapid and efficient.D. It can be trusted.Part ⅣTranslation (40 minutes, 30 points, 15 points each)Directions: There are two passages here. Put the underlined part in the first one into Chinese and the underlined part in the second one into English.[1] It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is something that can hold many of the society’s disparate elements together, but it is not an exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of society seem to fly apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fantasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social, which society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work for themselves, but partly for their families; husbands and wives are often ambitious for each other, but harbor some of their most ardent ambitions for their children. Yet to have a family nowadays —with birth control readily available, and inflation a good economic argument against having children — is nearly an expression of ambition in itself. Finally, though ambition was once the domain chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times, increasingly become the domain of the middle class. Ambition and futurity —a sense of building for tomorrow —are inextricable. Working, saving, planning —these, the daily aspects of ambition —have alwaysbeen the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against ambition is not incidentally an attack on the middle class and what it stands for.[2] 世界是千变万化的，疑问是层出不穷的，答案是丰富多彩的，对问题评述的标准不同，答案就不同。