第四章 货币的时间价值

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第四章 货币时间价值

第四章 货币时间价值

某人拟购房,开发商提出两种方案 一是现在一次性支付80万元 另一方案是5年后支付100万元 若目前银行利率是7%,应如何付款

三、年金终值和现值的计算
年金:一定期限内一系列相等金额的收付款项。
后付年金
先付年金
延期年金
永续年金
1.后付年金(普通年金)
Ordinary annuity
一定时期内,每期期末有等 额收付款项的年金。
V0 A ( PVIFA,n1 1) i
n期后付年金和先付年金现值比较
相同点: n期后付年金和n期先付
年金付款次数相同 不同点: •付款时间不同 •n期后付年金现值比n期先付年金 现值多计算一期利息(或多贴现一 期)
3.延期年金
(deferred annuity)
——现值
在最初若干期(m)没有收付款项的 情况下,后面若干期(n)有等额的系列收 付款项。
后付年金终值 后付年金现值
后付年金终值
是一定时期内每期期末等额
收付款项的复利终值之和。
推广到n项:
FVAn A(1 i) 0 A(1 i)1 A(1 i) 2 ...
A(1 i) n2 A(1 i) n1
A (1 i ) t 1
t 1 n
年金终值
是一定时期内每期期末等额 收付款项的复利终值之和。
FVAn A FVIFAi, n
FVAn:Annuity future value A: Annuity 年金数额 i:Interest rate n:Number
利息率 计息期数 年金终值
FVIFAi, n
可通过查年金终值系数表求得
后付年金现值
一定时期内,每期期末等额系 列收付款项的复利现值之和。

第四章货币的时间价值说课讲解

第四章货币的时间价值说课讲解
=1.0824-1 =8.24%
❖二 年金终值
❖ 年金:是指相隔期相等的系列等额收付款。
❖ (一)普通年金:年金最基本形式,是指从第一 期起,在一定时期内每期期末等额首付的系列款 项,又称为后付年金。

普通年金终值是指普通年金最后一次收付
一 复利终值
❖例 现在将1000元存入银行,利息率为6%,1 年复利1次,5年后的复利终值是多少?
❖ 【正确答案】 ❖ F5=P*(1+i)n=1000*(1+6%)5
=1000*(F/P,6%,5)=1000*1.3382 ------复利终值系数 =1338.2
❖例 某人将10000元存入银行,年利率2%,求 10年后的终值,已知复利终值系数(F/P, 2%,10)=1.2190
❖ 【正确答案】 ❖ F10=p*(1+r/m)mn=1000*(1+3%)1
0 =1000*(F/P,3%,10)=1000*1.3310 ❖ =1331
❖例 本金1 000元,投资5年,年利率8%,每季 度复利一次,求实际利率。
❖1+i=(1+ 8% /4 )4 ❖i =(1+8%/4)4-1
利息计算方法
(1)单利:只对本
金计算利息。 . (2)复利:不仅要对 本金计算利息,而且 对前期的利息也要计 算利息。(即利上加 利或利滚利)
第一节总结
❖ 1、货币时间价值的概念 ❖ 2、货币时间价值的表示方法 ❖ 3、几组相关的概念
终值和现值 单利和复利
第二节 终值
❖ 复利的力量
彼得·米尼德于1626年从印 第安人手中仅以24美元就买下了 57.91平方公里的曼哈顿。这24 美元的投资,如果用复利计算, 到2006年,即380年之后,价格 非常惊人:

财务管理 第04章 姚海鑫 课后答案

财务管理 第04章 姚海鑫 课后答案

财务管理第04章姚海鑫课后答案(总7页)--本页仅作预览文档封面,使用时请删除本页--第四章 货币时间价值第一节 学习要点及难点本章的学习重点和难点主要包括:货币的时间价值、复利计算、年金计算、普通年金、先付年金、递延年金、永续年金、 增长年金、永续增长年金。

1.货币时间价值的涵义货币的时间价值是指一定量货币在不同的时间具有不同的价值。

货币具有时间价值,反映了货币的稀缺性和机会成本的价值观念。

2.货币时间价值的计算在货币时间价值的计算中,有单利法和复利法两种。

单利法是指只对本金计算利息,而不将以前计算期的利息累加到本金中,即利息不再生息的一种货币时间价值计算方法。

复利法是指每经过一个计息期,要将所生利息加入本金再计算利息,逐期滚算,俗称“利滚利”。

这里所说的计息期是指相邻两次计息的时间间隔,如年、月、日等。

财务管理中的筹资、投资等决策都是建立在复利基础上的。

复利现值(1)nFV PV i =+ 复利终值FV =1)n PV i ⨯+(其中,PV :现值;i :利息率;n :计算利息的年数;FV :n 年年末的终值。

名义利率与实际利率之间的关系是: (1)1m r i m=+-其中,r 为名义利率;m 为每年复利次数;i 为实际利率。

在给定复利终值及现值的情况下,可以计算利率和期限:复利利率的计算公式:1(/)11n i FV PV =-= 期限的计算公式:ln(/)ln(1)FV PV n i =+ 另外,使资金倍增所要求的利率(i )与投资期数(n )之间的关系,可用i ×n ≈72近似地表示。

这是一个非常有用的经验公式,称为72法则。

其中,i 为不带百分号的年利率。

3.年金的计算一定时间内每期相等金额的收付款项,称为年金。

年金按现金流量发生时点的不同,分为普通年金、先付年金、递延年金和永续年金。

这些年金现值的计算,具有重要的现实意义。

(1)普通年金又称为后付年金,是指其系列收付款项发生在每期期末。

《金融学》答案第四章 货币的时间价值与现金流贴现分析

《金融学》答案第四章 货币的时间价值与现金流贴现分析

CHAPTER 4THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSISObjectives∙To explain the concepts of compounding and discounting, future value and present value.∙To show how these concepts are applied to making financial decisions.Outline4.1Compounding4.2The Frequency of Compounding4.3Present Value and Discounting4.4Alternative Discounted Cash Flow Decision Rules4.5Multiple Cash Flows4.6Annuities4.7Perpetual Annuities4.8Loan Amortization4.9Exchange Rates and Time Value of Money4.10Inflation and Discounted Cash Flow Analysis4.11Taxes and Investment DecisionsSummary∙Compounding is the process of going from present value (PV) to future value (FV). The future value of $1 earning interest at rate i per period for n periods is (1+i)n.∙Discounting is finding the present value of some future amount. The present value of $1 discounted at rate i per period for n periods is 1/(1+i)n.∙One can make financial decisions by comparing the present values of streams of expected future cash flows resulting from alternative courses of action. The present value of cash inflows less the present value of cash outflows is called net present value (NPV). If a course of action has a positive NPV, it is worth undertaking.∙In any time value of money calculation, the cash flows and the interest rate must be denominated in the same currency.∙Never use a nominal interest rate when discounting real cash flows or a real interest rate when discounting nominal cash flows.How to Do TVM Calculations in MS ExcelAssume you have the following cash flows set up in a spreadsheet:A B1t CF20-1003150426053706NPV7IRRMove the cursor to cell B6 in the spreadsheet. Click the function wizard f x in the tool bar and when a menu appears, select financial and then NPV. Then follow the instructions for inputting the discount rate and cash flows. You can input the column of cash flows by selecting and moving it with your mouse. Ultimately cell B6should contain the following:=NPV(0.1,B3:B5)+B2The first variable in parenthesis is the discount rate. Make sure to input the discount rate as a decimal fraction (i.e., 10% is .1). Note that the NPV function in Excel treats the cash flows as occurring at the end of each period, and therefore the initial cash flow of 100 in cell B2 is added after the closing parenthesis. When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be $47.63.Now move the cursor to cell B7to compute IRR. This time select IRR from the list of financial functions appearing in the menu. Ultimately cell B7 should contain the following:=IRR(B2:B5)When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be 34%.Your spreadsheet should look like this when you have finished:A B1t CF20-1003150426053706NPV47.637IRR34%Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1.If you invest $1000 today at an interest rate of 10% per year, how much will you have 20 years from now,assuming no withdrawals in the interim?2. a. If you invest $100 every year for the next 20 years, starting one year from today and you earninterest of 10% per year, how much will you have at the end of the 20 years?b.How much must you invest each year if you want to have $50,000 at the end of the 20 years?3.What is the present value of the following cash flows at an interest rate of 10% per year?a.$100 received five years from now.b.$100 received 60 years from now.c.$100 received each year beginning one year from now and ending 10 years from now.d.$100 received each year for 10 years beginning now.e.$100 each year beginning one year from now and continuing forever.e.PV = $100 = $1,000.104.You want to establish a “wasting” fund which will provide you with $1000 per year for four years, at which time the fund will be exhausted. How much must you put in the fund now if you can earn 10% interest per year?SOLUTION:5.You take a one-year installment loan of $1000 at an interest rate of 12% per year (1% per month) to be repaid in 12 equal monthly payments.a.What is the monthly payment?b.What is the total amount of interest paid over the 12-month term of the loan?SOLUTION:b. 12 x $88.85 - $1,000 = $66.206.You are taking out a $100,000 mortgage loan to be repaid over 25 years in 300 monthly payments.a.If the interest rate is 16% per year what is the amount of the monthly payment?b.If you can only afford to pay $1000 per month, how large a loan could you take?c.If you can afford to pay $1500 per month and need to borrow $100,000, how many months would it taketo pay off the mortgage?d.If you can pay $1500 per month, need to borrow $100,000, and want a 25 year mortgage, what is thehighest interest rate you can pay?SOLUTION:a.Note: Do not round off the interest rate when computing the monthly rate or you will not get the same answerreported here. Divide 16 by 12 and then press the i key.b.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.c.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.7.In 1626 Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $24 worth of trinkets. If the tribe had taken cash instead and invested it to earn 6% per year compounded annually, how much would the Indians have had in 1986, 360 years later?SOLUTION:8.You win a $1 million lottery which pays you $50,000 per year for 20 years, beginning one year from now. How much is your prize really worth assuming an interest rate of 8% per year?SOLUTION:9.Your great-aunt left you $20,000 when she died. You can invest the money to earn 12% per year. If you spend $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?SOLUTION:10.You borrow $100,000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 10.5%. What is the monthly payment? If you must pay two points up front, meaning that you only get $98,000 from the bank, what is the true APR on the mortgage loan?SOLUTION:If you must pay 2 points up front, the bank is in effect lending you only $98,000. Keying in 98000 as PV and computing i, we get:11.Suppose that the mortgage loan described in question 10 is a one-year adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), which means that the 10.5% interest applies for only the first year. If the interest rate goes up to 12% in the second year of the loan, what will your new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:Step 2 is to compute the new monthly payment at an interest rate of 1% per month:12.You just received a gift of $500 from your grandmother and you are thinking about saving this money for graduation which is four years away. You have your choice between Bank A which is paying 7% for one-year deposits and Bank B which is paying 6% on one-year deposits. Each bank compounds interest annually. What is the future value of your savings one year from today if you save your money in Bank A? Bank B? Which is the better decision? What savings decision will most individuals make? What likely reaction will Bank B have? SOLUTION:$500 x (1.07) = $535Formula:$500 x (1.06) = $530a.You will decide to save your money in Bank A because you will have more money at the end of the year. Youmade an extra $5 because of your savings decision. That is an increase in value of 1%. Because interestcompounded only once per year and your money was left in the account for only one year, the increase in value is strictly due to the 1% difference in interest rates.b.Most individuals will make the same decision and eventually Bank B will have to raise its rates. However, it isalso possible that Bank A is paying a high rate just to attract depositors even though this rate is not profitable for the bank. Eventually Bank A will have to lower its rate to Bank B’s rate in order to make money.13.Sue Consultant has just been given a bonus of $2,500 by her employer. She is thinking about using the money to start saving for the future. She can invest to earn an annual rate of interest of 10%.a.According to the Rule of 72, approximately how long will it take for Sue to increase her wealth to $5,000?b.Exactly how long does it actually take?SOLUTION:a.According to the Rule of 72: n = 72/10 = 7.2 yearsIt will take approximately 7.2 years for Sue’s $2,500 to double to $5,000 at 10% interest.b.At 10% interestFormula:$2,500 x (1.10)n = $5,000Hence, (1.10)n = 2.0n log 1.10 = log 2.0n = .693147 = 7.27 Years.095310rry’s bank account has a “floating” interest rate on certain deposits. Every year the interest rate is adjusted. Larry deposited $20,000 three years ago, when interest rates were 7% (annual compounding). Last year the rate was only 6%, and this year the rate fell again to 5%. How much will be in his account at the end of this year?SOLUTION:$20,000 x 1.07 x 1.06 x 1.05 = $23,818.2015.You have your choice between investing in a bank savings account which pays 8% compounded annually (BankAnnual) and one which pays 7.5% compounded daily (BankDaily).a.Based on effective annual rates, which bank would you prefer?b.Suppose BankAnnual is only offering one-year Certificates of Deposit and if you withdraw your moneyearly you lose all interest. How would you evaluate this additional piece of information when making your decision?SOLUTION:a.Effective Annual Rate: BankAnnual = 8%.Effective Annual Rate BankDaily = [1 + .075]365 - 1 = .07788 = 7.788%365Based on effective annual rates, you would prefer BankAnnual (you will earn more money.)b.If BankAnnual’s 8% annual return is conditioned upon leaving the money in for one full year, I would need tobe sure that I did not need my money within the one year period. If I were unsure of when I might need the money, it might be safer to go for BankDaily. The option to withdraw my money whenever I might need it will cost me the potential difference in interest:FV (BankAnnual) = $1,000 x 1.08 = $1,080FV (BankDaily) = $1,000 x 1.07788 = $1,077.88Difference = $2.12.16.What are the effective annual rates of the following:a.12% APR compounded monthly?b.10% APR compounded annually?c.6% APR compounded daily?SOLUTION:Effective Annual Rate (EFF) = [1 + APR] m - 1ma.(1 + .12)12 - 1 = .1268 = 12.68%12b.(1 + .10)- 1 = .10 = 10%1c.(1 + .06)365 - 1 = .0618 = 6.18%36517.Harry promises that an investment in his firm will double in six years. Interest is assumed to be paid quarterly and reinvested. What effective annual yield does this represent?EAR=(1.029302)4-1=12.25%18.Suppose you know that you will need $2,500 two years from now in order to make a down payment on a car.a.BankOne is offering 4% interest (compounded annually) for two-year accounts, and BankTwo is offering4.5% (compounded annually) for two-year accounts. If you know you need $2,500 two years from today,how much will you need to invest in BankOne to reach your goal? Alternatively, how much will you need to invest in BankTwo? Which Bank account do you prefer?b.Now suppose you do not need the money for three years, how much will you need to deposit today inBankOne? BankTwo?SOLUTION:PV = $2,500= $2,311.39(1.04)2PV = $2,500= $2,289.32(1.045)2You would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 two years from today.b.PV = $2,500= $2,222.49(1.04)3PV = $2,500= $2,190.74(1.045)3Again, you would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 three years from today.19.Lucky Lynn has a choice between receiving $1,000 from her great-uncle one year from today or $900 from her great-aunt today. She believes she could invest the $900 at a one-year return of 12%.a.What is the future value of the gift from her great-uncle upon receipt? From her great-aunt?b.Which gift should she choose?c.How does your answer change if you believed she could invest the $900 from her great-aunt at only 10%?At what rate is she indifferent?SOLUTION:a. Future Value of gift from great-uncle is simply equal to what she will receive one year from today ($1000). Sheearns no interest as she doesn’t receive the money until next year.b. Future Value of gift from great-aunt: $900 x (1.12) = $1,008.c. She should choose the gift from her great-aunt because it has future value of $1008 one year from today. Thegift from her great-uncle has a future value of $1,000. This assumes that she will able to earn 12% interest on the $900 deposited at the bank today.d. If she could invest the money at only 10%, the future value of her investment from her great-aunt would only be$990: $900 x (1.10) = $990. Therefore she would choose the $1,000 one year from today. Lucky Lynn would be indifferent at an annual interest rate of 11.11%:$1000 = $900 or (1+i) = 1,000 = 1.1111(1+i)900i = .1111 = 11.11%20.As manager of short-term projects, you are trying to decide whether or not to invest in a short-term project that pays one cash flow of $1,000 one year from today. The total cost of the project is $950. Your alternative investment is to deposit the money in a one-year bank Certificate of Deposit which will pay 4% compounded annually.a.Assuming the cash flow of $1,000 is guaranteed (there is no risk you will not receive it) what would be alogical discount rate to use to determine the present value of the cash flows of the project?b.What is the present value of the project if you discount the cash flow at 4% per year? What is the netpresent value of that investment? Should you invest in the project?c.What would you do if the bank increases its quoted rate on one-year CDs to 5.5%?d.At what bank one-year CD rate would you be indifferent between the two investments?SOLUTION:a.Because alternative investments are earning 4%, a logical choice would be to discount the project’s cash flowsat 4%. This is because 4% can be considered as your opportunity cost for taking the project; hence, it is your cost of funds.b.Present Value of Project Cash Flows:PV = $1,000= $961.54(1.04)The net present value of the project = $961.54 - $950 (cost) = $11.54The net present value is positive so you should go ahead and invest in the project.c.If the bank increased its one-year CD rate to 5.5%, then the present value changes to:PV = $1,000= $947.87(1.055)Now the net present value is negative: $947.87 - $950 = - $2.13. Therefore you would not want to invest in the project.d.You would be indifferent between the two investments when the bank is paying the following one-year interestrate:$1,000 = $950 hence i = 5.26%(1+i)21.Calculate the net present value of the following cash flows: you invest $2,000 today and receive $200 one year from now, $800 two years from now, and $1,000 a year for 10 years starting four years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 8%.SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator:22.Your cousin has asked for your advice on whether or not to buy a bond for $995 which will make one payment of $1,200 five years from today or invest in a local bank account.a.What is the internal rate of return on the bond’s cash flows? What additional information do you need tomake a choice?b.What advice would you give her if you learned the bank is paying 3.5% per year for five years(compounded annually?)c.How would your advice change if the bank were paying 5% annually for five years? If the price of thebond were $900 and the bank pays 5% annually?SOLUTION:a.$995 x (1+i)5 = $1,200.(1+i)5 = $1,200$995Take 5th root of both sides:(1+i) =1.0382i = .0382 = 3.82%In order to make a choice, you need to know what interest rate is being offered by the local bank.b.Upon learning that the bank is paying 3.5%, you would tell her to choose the bond because it is earning a higherrate of return of 3.82% .c.If the bank were paying 5% per year, you would tell her to deposit her money in the bank. She would earn ahigher rate of return.5.92% is higher than the rate the bank is paying (5%); hence, she should choose to buy the bond.23.You and your sister have just inherited $300 and a US savings bond from your great-grandfather who had left them in a safe deposit box. Because you are the oldest, you get to choose whether you want the cash or the bond. The bond has only four years left to maturity at which time it will pay the holder $500.a.If you took the $300 today and invested it at an interest rate 6% per year, how long (in years) would ittake for your $300 to grow to $500? (Hint: you want to solve for n or number of periods. Given these circumstances, which are you going to choose?b.Would your answer change if you could invest the $300 at 10% per year? At 15% per year? What otherDecision Rules could you use to analyze this decision?SOLUTION:a.$300 x (1.06)n = $500(1.06)n = 1.6667n log 1.06 = log 1.6667n = .510845 = 8.77 Years.0582689You would choose the bond because it will increase in value to $500 in 4 years. If you tookthe $300 today, it would take more than 8 years to grow to $500.b.You could also analyze this decision by computing the NPV of the bond investment at the different interest rates:In the calculations of the NPV, $300 can be considered your “cost” for acquiring the bond since you will give up $300 in cash by choosing the bond. Note that the first two interest rates give positive NPVs for the bond, i.e. you should go for the bond, while the last NPV is negative, hence choose the cash instead. These results confirm the previous method’s results.24.Suppose you have three personal loans outstanding to your friend Elizabeth. A payment of $1,000 is due today, a $500 payment is due one year from now and a $250 payment is due two years from now. You would like to consolidate the three loans into one, with 36 equal monthly payments, beginning one month from today. Assume the agreed interest rate is 8% (effective annual rate) per year.a.What is the annual percentage rate you will be paying?b.How large will the new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:a.To find the APR, you must first compute the monthly interest rate that corresponds to an effective annual rate of8% and then multiply it by 12:1.08 = (1+ i)12Take 12th root of both sides:1.006434 = 1+ ii = .006434 or .6434% per monthOr using the financial calculator:b.The method is to first compute the PV of the 3 loans and then compute a 36 month annuity payment with thesame PV. Most financial calculators have keys which allow you to enter several cash flows at once. This approach will give the user the PV of the 3 loans.Note: The APR used to discount the cash flows is the effective rate in this case, because this method is assuming annual compounding.25.As CEO of ToysRFun, you are offered the chance to participate, without initial charge, in a project that produces cash flows of $5,000 at the end of the first period, $4,000 at the end of the next period and a loss of $11,000 at the end of the third and final year.a.What is the net present value if the relevant discount rate (the company’s cost of capital) is 10%?b.Would you accept the offer?c.What is the internal rate of return? Can you explain why you would reject a project which has aninternal rate of return greater than its cost of capital?SOLUTION:At 10% discount rate:Net Present Value = - 0 + $5,000 + $4,000 - $11,000 = - 413.22(1.10)(1.10)2 (1.10)3c.This example is a project with cash flows that begin positive and then turn negative--it is like a loan. The 13.6% IRR is therefore like an interest rate on that loan. The opportunity to take a loan at 13.6% when the cost of capital is only 10% is not worthwhile.26.You must pay a creditor $6,000 one year from now, $5,000 two years from now, $4,000 three years from now, $2,000 four years from now, and a final $1,000 five years from now. You would like to restructure the loan into five equal annual payments due at the end of each year. If the agreed interest rate is 6% compounded annually, what is the payment?SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do the first step of this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator. To find the present value of the current loan payments:27.Find the future value of the following ordinary annuities (payments begin one year from today and all interest rates compound annually):a.$100 per year for 10 years at 9%.b.$500 per year for 8 years at 15%.c.$800 per year for 20 years at 7%.d.$1,000 per year for 5 years at 0%.e.Now find the present values of the annuities in a-d.f.What is the relationship between present values and future values?SOLUTION:Future Value of Annuity:e.f.The relationship between present value and future value is the following:FV = PV x (1+i)n28.Suppose you will need $50,000 ten years from now. You plan to make seven equal annual deposits beginning three years from today in an account that yields 11% compounded annually. How large should the annual deposit be?SOLUTION:You will be making 7 payments beginning 3 years from today. So, we need to find the value of an immediate annuity with 7 payments whose FV is $50,000:29.Suppose an investment offers $100 per year for five years at 5% beginning one year from today.a.What is the present value? How does the present value calculation change if one additional payment isadded today?b.What is the future value of this ordinary annuity? How does the future value change if one additionalpayment is added today?SOLUTION:$100 x [(1.05)5] - 1 = $552.56.05If you were to add one additional payment of $100 today, the future value would increase by:$100 x (1.05)5 = $127.63. Total future value = $552.56 + $127.63 = $680.19.Another way to do it would be to use the BGN mode for 5 payments of $100 at 5%, find the future value of that, and then add $100. The same $680.19 is obtained.30.You are buying a $20,000 car. The dealer offers you two alternatives: (1) pay the full $20,000 purchase price and finance it with a loan at 4.0% APR over 3 years or (2) receive $1,500 cash back and finance the rest at a bank rate of 9.5% APR. Both loans have monthly payments over three years. Which should you choose? SOLUTION:31.You are looking to buy a sports car costing $23,000. One dealer is offering a special reduced financing rate of 2.9% APR on new car purchases for three year loans, with monthly payments. A second dealer is offering a cash rebate. Any customer taking the cash rebate would of course be ineligible for the special loan rate and would have to borrow the balance of the purchase price from the local bank at the 9%annual rate. How large must the cash rebate be on this $23,000 car to entice a customer away from the dealer who is offering the special 2.9% financing?SOLUTION:of the 2.9% financing.32.Show proof that investing $475.48 today at 10% allows you to withdraw $150 at the end of each of the next 4 years and have nothing remaining.SOLUTION:You deposit $475.48 and earn 10% interest after one year. Then you withdraw $150. The table shows what happensAnother way to do it is simply to compute the PV of the $150 annual withdrawals at 10% : it turns out to be exactly $475.48, hence both amounts are equal.33.As a pension manager, you are considering investing in a preferred stock which pays $5,000,000 per year forever beginning one year from now. If your alternative investment choice is yielding 10% per year, what is the present value of this investment? What is the highest price you would be willing to pay for this investment? If you paid this price, what would be the dividend yield on this investment?SOLUTION:Present Value of Investment:PV = $5,000,000 = $50,000,000.10Highest price you would be willing to pay is $50,000,000.Dividend yield = $5,000,000 = 10%.$50,000,00034. A new lottery game offers a choice for the grand prize winner. You can receive either a lump sum of $1,000,000 immediately or a perpetuity of $100,000 per year forever, with the first payment today. (If you die, your estate will still continue to receive payments). If the relevant interest rate is 9.5% compounded annually, what is the difference in value between the two prizes?SOLUTION:The present value of the perpetuity assuming that payments begin at the end of the year is:$100,000/.095 = $1,052,631.58If the payments begin immediately, you need to add the first payment. $100,000 + 1,052,632 = $1,152,632.So the annuity has a PV which is greater than the lump sum by $152,632.35.Find the future value of a $1,000 lump sum investment under the following compounding assumptions:a.7% compounded annually for 10 yearsb.7% compounded semiannually for 10 yearsc.7% compounded monthly for 10 yearsd.7% compounded daily for 10 yearse.7% compounded continuously for 10 yearsa.$1,000 x (1.07)10 = $1,967.15b.$1,000 x (1.035)20 = $1,989.79c.$1,000 x (1.0058)120 = $2,009.66d.$1,000 x (1.0019178)3650 = $2,013.62e.$1,000 x e.07x10 = $2,013.7536.Sammy Jo charged $1,000 worth of merchandise one year ago on her MasterCard which has a stated interest rate of 18% APR compounded monthly. She made 12 regular monthly payments of $50, at the end of each month, and refrained from using the card for the past year. How much does she still owe? SOLUTION:Sammy Jo has taken a $1,000 loan at 1.5% per month and is paying it off in monthly installments of $50. We could work out the amortization schedule to find out how much she still owes after 12 payments, but a shortcut on the financial calculator is to solve for FV as follows:37.Suppose you are considering borrowing $120,000 to finance your dream house. The annual percentage rate is 9% and payments are made monthly,a.If the mortgage has a 30 year amortization schedule, what are the monthly payments?b.What effective annual rate would you be paying?c.How do your answers to parts a and b change if the loan amortizes over 15 years rather than 30?EFF = [1 + .09]1238.Suppose last year you took out the loan described in problem #37a. Now interest rates have declined to 8% per year. Assume there will be no refinancing fees.a.What is the remaining balance of your current mortgage after 12 payments?b.What would be your payment if you refinanced your mortgage at the lower rate for 29 years? SOLUTION:Exchange Rates and the Time Value of Money39.The exchange rate between the pound sterling and the dollar is currently $1.50 per pound, the dollar interest rate is 7% per year, and the pound interest rate is 9% per year. You have $100,000 in a one-year account that allows you to choose between either currency, and it pays the corresponding interest rate.a.If you expect the dollar/pound exchange rate to be $1.40 per pound a year from now and are indifferentto risk, which currency should you choose?b.What is the “break-even” value of the dollar/pound exchange rate one year from now?SOLUTION:a.You could invest $1 today in dollar-denominated bonds and have $1.07 one year from now. Or you couldconvert the dollar today into 2/3 (i.e., 1/1.5) of a pound and invest in pound-denominated bonds to have .726667(i.e., 2/3 x 1.09) pounds one year from now. At an exchange rate of $1.4 per pound, this would yield 0.726667(1.4) = $1.017 (this is lower than $1.07), so you would choose the dollar currency.b.For you to break-even the .726667 pounds would have to be worth $1.07 one year from now, so the break-evenexchange rate is $1.07/.726667 or $1.4725 per pound. So for exchange rates lower than $1.4725 per pound one year from now, the dollar currency will give a better return.。

证券投资实务(第二版)课件第四章 证券投资收益PPT

证券投资实务(第二版)课件第四章 证券投资收益PPT

证券估值分析
24
二、股票价值的估算 股票的定价方法有许多种,如CAPM、EBIT乘数法、销售量乘数法、股息折现模型、经济 价值增长法等等,这些方法都从不同的角度探讨了股票的定价问题。 (一)股利折现定价模型 在任何资产的价值是其将会带来的现金流量 CFt的现值,如果折现率是r,则资产的价值计 算的图形及公式:
货币时间价值
7
(三)复利终值计算 在以复利计息的方式下,终值的计算公式为: FV=PV × (1+r)t 其中,FV是终值,PV是现值,r是利率,t是期数。
货币时间价值
8
(三)复利终值计算
例题4-2:陈先生现在有一笔资金1 000元,银行的1年期定期储蓄存款的利率为2%,按复利计算,存期为3年。 那么他在第3年末总共可以得到多少本息呢? 陈先生手里的1 000元现金是现值,采取的是2%的复利年利率,存期为3年,因此这笔钱在第一年末的终值即为 本息和为: 1 000+1 000×2%=1 020(元)相等于1 000×(1+0.02)=1 020(元) 第二年末的终值: 1 020+1 020×2%=1 040. 40(元)相等于1 000×(1+0.02)2=1 040.4(元) 以此类推,第三年末的终值: 1 040. 40+1 040. 40×2%=1 061.21(元)相等于1 000×(1+2%)3=1 061.21(元) 反之,如果陈先生想在三年后有1 061.21元收入,如果按照复利的投资方法,他现在应该存多少钱进入银行? 这就是从终值进行折现到现值的计算,即 PV= FV/(1+r)t=1 000(元)
货币时间价值
16
(五)年金
5.计算窍门 除了掌握用公式去计算货币的时间价值,还能够学会快速查找各类系数表格、运用网络计算器把复杂的计算过程简单化。 (1)系数表 我们同样可以使用年金系数表快速来解决复杂计算。

货币时间价值概述4

货币时间价值概述4
即给定利率10%的情况下,今天的100元在 1年后值110元。
多个期间投资
例:假设你在利率为10%的储蓄帐户 上投资100元,2年后将得到多少钱?
问题分解:1年后获得110元,再将110元留在 银行,2年后获得110×(1+10%)=121元。 121元:
—100元,原始本金 —10元,第1年利息 —10元,第2年利息 —1元,第1年利息在第2年赚的利息
➢ 工具:时间轴
➢ 关键:现金流发生时,记录在时间轴上。 ➢ 时间轴
➢ 一种方法
➢ 第一笔100元以8%利率存1年,FV=108 ➢ 第二笔208元以8%利率存1年,FV= 224.64
➢ 时间轴表示
时间(年)
➢ 另一种方法
➢ 第一笔100元以8%利率存2年,FV=116.64 ➢ 第二笔100元以8%利率存1年,FV=108 ➢ 总的FV=224.64
现值系数表
➢ 注意:期限越长,现值会下降,如果 时间足够长,PV——0。在同一给定 期限内,折现率越高现值就越低。
作业
假如你打算5年后买辆8万元的家用轿车, 你现在手中有4万元,有一种投资工具其 回报率如果为10%,你现在的钱够吗?如 果不够,有什么办法?
其他内容
➢ 确定折现率 ➢ 确定期限数
多重现金流的现值
明年你准备上大学,四年里每年将支付 10000元学费,假如一项投资的报酬率为 10%,你现在必须投资多少?
➢ 一种方法
➢ 第4笔现金流10000元以10%折现,PV=9090.91 ➢ 第3笔现金流19090.91元以10%折现,PV=17355.37 ➢ 第2笔现金流27355.37元以10%折现,PV=24868.52 ➢ 第1笔现金流34868.52元以10%折现,PV=31698.65

MBA财务管理讲稿4.5.6章

MBA财务管理讲稿4.5.6章
1000×12% 1120 P = 1000 = ∑ + b 1 收益率 t (1+ 赎 ) 回收益 )5 率 t =1 ( + 赎回
5
经计算,赎回收益率为13.82% 经计算,赎回收益率为13.82%。
表面上看投资者似乎从债券赎回中获得了好处,其实不然。 每年从 债券收到120元利息的投资者,现在将收到一笔1 120元的新款项, 债券收到120元利息的投资者,现在将收到一笔1 120元的新款项, 假设将这笔款项按现在的市场利率8%进行剩余年份的投资,每年 假设将这笔款项按现在的市场利率8%进行剩余年份的投资,每年 的现金流量就会从120元降到89.6元(1120×8%),每年将减少 的现金流量就会从120元降到89.6元(1120×8%),每年将减少 收入30.4元(120-89.6)。虽然投资者可以在赎回日收到1 收入30.4元(120-89.6)。虽然投资者可以在赎回日收到1 120 元,但投资者减少的收入现值约为260元(30.4×(P/A,8%,15)), 元,但投资者减少的收入现值约为260元(30.4×(P/A,8%,15)), 超出了赎回溢价120元(1 120- 000)的现值81.67元 超出了赎回溢价120元(1 120-1 000)的现值81.67元 (120×(P/F,8%, 5)),因此债券赎回会使投资者蒙受损失。 120× 5)),因此债券赎回会使投资者蒙受损失。
(2)乘数估价法 又称相对估价法。主要是通过拟估价公司的某一变量乘以价格 又称相对估价法。主要是通过拟估价公司的某一变量乘以价格 乘数来进行估价。确定适当的变量和乘数是其应用的关键。实务中, 乘数是指股价与财务报表上某一指标的比值,常用的报表指标有每 股收益、息税折旧摊销前收益、销售收入、账面价值和现金流量等, 利用它们可分别得到价格收益乘数、销售收入乘数等。

货币的时间价值概述

货币的时间价值概述

货币的时间价值概述货币的时间价值概述引言货币的时间价值是指货币在不同时间点上的价值不同。

由于时间的流逝和不确定性的存在,人们普遍认同拥有货币的好处比将来某个时间点拥有同等金额的货币更有价值。

货币的时间价值在金融领域具有重要意义,对投资决策、贷款利率、退休规划等方面都有重要影响。

本文旨在对货币的时间价值进行概述,包括时间价值的概念、原因、计算方法以及影响因素等。

一、时间价值的概念时间价值是指货币的价值随着时间的推移而变化。

这种变化主要源于以下几个方面:1. 通货膨胀:通货膨胀是指货币的购买力下降。

随着时间的推移,同等金额的货币在购买力上会相对减少,即货币的价值降低。

2. 机会成本:拥有货币可以为人们提供许多机会,例如投资、消费等。

因此,人们宁愿用当前的货币购买力来享受或投资,而不是将来某个时间点的货币。

3. 风险:未来的事情是不确定的,存在风险。

人们倾向于将风险越早承担,因此他们会降低对未来货币的价值。

二、时间价值的计算方法货币的时间价值可以通过利用复利公式来计算,常用的计算方法有:1. 未来价值(FV):未来价值是指将现金流量从现在延续到未来某一时点后的价值。

计算公式为FV = PV(1 + r)^n,其中FV是未来价值,PV是现值,r是利率,n是时间。

2. 现值(PV):现值是指未来现金流量的现在价值,即将未来的价值贴现回现在。

计算公式为PV = FV / (1+r)^n,其中PV是现值,FV是未来价值,r是利率,n是时间。

3. 年金(Annuity):年金是指在一定时间内以相等间隔支付或收取的一系列现金流量。

计算公式为PV = PMT * [1 -(1+r)^-n]/r,其中PV是现值,PMT是每期支付或收取的金额,r是利率,n是时间。

三、影响货币时间价值的因素货币的时间价值受到多个因素的影响,包括以下几个方面:1. 利率:利率是衡量货币时间价值的关键因素。

利率越高,当前的货币就越有价值,因为它可以获得更高的回报。

价值评估基础 PPT

价值评估基础 PPT
【例题5•计算题】某项永久性奖学金,每年计划颁发50000元奖金。若年复利率为8%, 该奖学金的本金应为多少? 【答案】 永续年金现值=A/i=50000/8%=625000(元) ③非标准永续年金 【例题6·计算题】某公司预计最近两年不发放股利,预计从第三年开始每年年末支付 每股0.5元的股利,假设折现率为10%,则现值为多少? 【答案】 P=(0.5/10%)×(P/F,10%,2)=4.132(元)
第一节 货币的时间价值
第一节 货币的时间价值
【例题4•单选题】有一项年金,前3年无流入,后5年每年年初流入500万元,假设年利 率为10%,其现值为( )万元。 A.1994.59 B.1566.36 C.1813.48 D.1423.21 【答案】B (5)永续年金 ①终值:没有 ②现值:
第一节 货币的时间价值
i=7.93%
第一节 货币的时间价值
(二)年内计息多次时 【例题11·计算题】A公司平价发行一种一年期,票面利率为6%,每年付息一次,到期还 本的债券;B公司平价发行一种一年期,票面利率为6%,每半年付息一次,到期还本的 债券。 【答案】
1.报价利率、计息期利率和有效年利率(2013年单选题)
第一节 货币的时间价值
第二节 风险与报酬
第二节 风险与报酬
一、风险的含义
二、单项投资的风险和报酬 (一)风险的衡量方法 1.利用概率分布图 概率(Pi):概率是用来表示 随机事件发生可能性大小的数值。
第二节 风险与报酬
2.利用数理统计指标(方差、标准差、变异系数)
第二节 风险与报酬
(1)有概率情况下的风险衡量
【教材例4-9】ABC公司有两个投资机会,A投资机会是一个高科技项目,该领域竞争 很激烈,如果经济发展迅速并且该项目搞得好,取得较大市场占有率,利润会很大。

第四章货币的时间价值详解

第四章货币的时间价值详解

下图是香港恒生指数从1975-2005年的历史数据
长线投资回报稳定
• 投资15年的表现:
• 1975 – 1989 年平均回报 16% • 增长 9 倍
• 1980 – 1994 年平均回报 21% • 增长 17 倍
• 1985 – 1999 年平均回报 18% • 增长 12 倍
• 1990 – 2005 年平均回报 12% • 增长 6 倍
4.1 货币的时间价值
公司理财的一个基本原则就是:今天的1美 元比明天的1美元值钱。
• 货币的时间价值:指当前所持有的一定量 货币比未来获得的等量货币具有更高的价 值。 思考:为什么货币有时间价值?
注意:由于货币具有时间价值,不同时期 的现金流就不能简单地相加。这就是说, 为了比较两个不同时间实现的现金流的大 小,必须将它们换算到同一个时点。
终值(Future Value):一定数额的资金 在未来某个时刻的价值。
现值(Present Value):与终值相反,指 的是为了实现将来某个终值而现在需要投 入的资金量。
4.2 单利与复利
• 将现值转换成终值可以采用两种方法:
1. 单利
每期的利息不计入下一期的本金,即
• 例:某政府按面值发行5年面值为100 元国债,票面利率为5%,按单利计息, 每年付息一次,A投资者购买了这种债 券,计算其本利和。
FV PV (1 r)t 2 1 (1 r)8 r 9.05%
财富翻一番 72法则
每年投资回报增幅
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
计算方式
72/5 72/10 72/15 72/20 72/25 72/30 72/35
多少时间增值一倍
14.4年 7.2年 4.8年 3.6年 2.88年 2.4年 2.04年

《金融学》答案第四章 货币的时间价值与现金流贴现分析

《金融学》答案第四章 货币的时间价值与现金流贴现分析

CHAPTER 4THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY AND DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSISObjectives•To explain the concepts of compounding and discounting, future value and present value.•To show how these concepts are applied to making financial decisions.Outline4.1 Compounding4.2 The Frequency of Compounding4.3 Present Value and Discounting4.4 Alternative Discounted Cash Flow Decision Rules4.5 Multiple Cash Flows4.6 Annuities4.7 Perpetual Annuities4.8 Loan Amortization4.9 Exchange Rates and Time Value of Money4.10 Inflation and Discounted Cash Flow Analysis4.11 Taxes and Investment DecisionsSummary•Compounding is the process of going from present value (PV) to future value (FV). The future value of $1 earning interest at rate i per period for n periods is (1+i)n.•Discounting is finding the present value of some future amount. The present value of $1 discounted at rate i per period for n periods is 1/(1+i)n.•One can make financial decisions by comparing the present values of streams of expected future cash flows resulting from alternative courses of action. The present value of cash inflows less the present value of cash outflows is called net present value (NPV). If a course of action has a positive NPV, it is worth undertaking. •In any time value of money calculation, the cash flows and the interest rate must be denominated in the same currency.•Never use a nominal interest rate when discounting real cash flows or a real interest rate when discounting nominal cash flows.How to Do TVM Calculations in MS ExcelAssume you have the following cash flows set up in a spreadsheet:Move the cursor to cell B6 in the spreadsheet. Click the function wizard f x in the tool bar and when a menu appears, select financial and then NPV. Then follow the instructions for inputting the discount rate and cash flows. You can input the column of cash flows by selecting and moving it with your mouse. Ultimately cell B6should contain the following:=NPV(0.1,B3:B5)+B2The first variable in parenthesis is the discount rate. Make sure to input the discount rate as a decimal fraction (i.e., 10% is .1). Note that the NPV function in Excel treats the cash flows as occurring at the end of each period, and therefore the initial cash flow of 100 in cell B2 is added after the closing parenthesis. When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be $47.63.Now move the cursor to cell B7to compute IRR. This time select IRR from the list of financial functions appearing in the menu. Ultimately cell B7 should contain the following:=IRR(B2:B5)When you hit the ENTER key, the result should be 34%.Your spreadsheet should look like this when you have finished:Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1. If you invest $1000 today at an interest rate of 10% per year, how much will you have 20 years from now,assuming no withdrawals in the interim?2. a. If you invest $100 every year for the next 20 years, starting one year from today and you earninterest of 10% per year, how much will you have at the end of the 20 years?b. How much must you invest each year if you want to have $50,000 at the end of the 20 years?3. What is the present value of the following cash flows at an interest rate of 10% per year?a. $100 received five years from now.b. $100 received 60 years from now.c. $100 received each year beginning one year from now and ending 10 years from now.d. $100 received each year for 10 years beginning now.e. $100 each year beginning one year from now and continuing forever.e. PV = $100 = $1,000.104. You want to establish a “wasting” fund which will provide you with $1000 per year for four years, at which time the fund will be exhausted. How much must you put in the fund now if you can earn 10% interest per year?SOLUTION:5. You take a one-year installment loan of $1000 at an interest rate of 12% per year (1% per month) to be repaid in 12 equal monthly payments.a. What is the monthly payment?b. What is the total amount of interest paid over the 12-month term of the loan?SOLUTION:b. 12 x $88.85 - $1,000 = $66.206. You are taking out a $100,000 mortgage loan to be repaid over 25 years in 300 monthly payments.a.If the interest rate is 16% per year what is the amount of the monthly payment?b.If you can only afford to pay $1000 per month, how large a loan could you take?c.If you can afford to pay $1500 per month and need to borrow $100,000, how many months would it taketo pay off the mortgage?d.If you can pay $1500 per month, need to borrow $100,000, and want a 25 year mortgage, what is thehighest interest rate you can pay?SOLUTION:a.Note: Do not round off the interest rate when computing the monthly rate or you will not get the same answerreported here. Divide 16 by 12 and then press the i key.b.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.c.Note: You must input PMT and PV with opposite signs.7. In 1626 Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $24 worth of trinkets. If the tribe had taken cash instead and invested it to earn 6% per year compounded annually, how much would the Indians have had in 1986, 360 years later?SOLUTION:8. You win a $1 million lottery which pays you $50,000 per year for 20 years, beginning one year from now. How much is your prize really worth assuming an interest rate of 8% per year?SOLUTION:9. Your great-aunt left you $20,000 when she died. You can invest the money to earn 12% per year. If you spend $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?SOLUTION:10. You borrow $100,000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 10.5%. What is the monthly payment? If you must pay two points up front, meaning that you only get $98,000 from the bank, what is the true APR on the mortgage loan?SOLUTION:If you must pay 2 points up front, the bank is in effect lending you only $98,000. Keying in 98000 as PV and computing i, we get:11. Suppose that the mortgage loan described in question 10 is a one-year adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), which means that the 10.5% interest applies for only the first year. If the interest rate goes up to 12% in the second year of the loan, what will your new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:Step 2 is to compute the new monthly payment at an interest rate of 1% per month:12. You just received a gift of $500 from your grandmother and you are thinking about saving this money for graduation which is four years away. You have your choice between Bank A which is paying 7% for one-year deposits and Bank B which is paying 6% on one-year deposits. Each bank compounds interest annually. What is the future value of your savings one year from today if you save your money in Bank A? Bank B? Which is the better decision? What savings decision will most individuals make? What likely reaction will Bank B have? SOLUTION:$500 x (1.07) = $535Formula:$500 x (1.06) = $530a.You will decide to save your money in Bank A because you will have more money at the end of the year. Youmade an extra $5 because of your savings decision. That is an increase in value of 1%. Because interestcompounded only once per year and your money was left in the account for only one year, the increase in value is strictly due to the 1% difference in interest rates.b.Most individuals will make the same decision and eventually Bank B will have to raise its rates. However, it isalso possible that Bank A is paying a high rate just to attract depositors even though this rate is not profitable for the bank. Eventually Bank A will have to lower its rate to Bank B’s rate in order to make money.13.Sue Consultant has just been given a bonus of $2,500 by her employer. She is thinking about using the money to start saving for the future. She can invest to earn an annual rate of interest of 10%.a.According to the Rule of 72, approximately how long will it take for Sue to increase her wealth to $5,000?b.Exactly how long does it actually take?SOLUTION:a.According to the Rule of 72: n = 72/10 = 7.2 yearsIt will take approximately 7.2 years for Sue’s $2,500 to double to $5,000 at 10% interest.b.At 10% interestn i PV FV PMTSolve10 - $2,500 $5,0007.27 YearsFormula:$2,500 x (1.10)n = $5,000Hence, (1.10)n = 2.0n log 1.10 = log 2.0n = .693147 = 7.27 Years.095310rry’s bank account has a “floating” interest rate on certai n deposits. Every year the interest rate is adjusted. Larry deposited $20,000 three years ago, when interest rates were 7% (annual compounding). Last year the rate was only 6%, and this year the rate fell again to 5%. How much will be in his account at the end of this year?SOLUTION:$20,000 x 1.07 x 1.06 x 1.05 = $23,818.2015.You have your choice between investing in a bank savings account which pays 8% compounded annually (BankAnnual) and one which pays 7.5% compounded daily (BankDaily).a.Based on effective annual rates, which bank would you prefer?b.Suppose BankAnnual is only offering one-year Certificates of Deposit and if you withdraw your moneyearly you lose all interest. How would you evaluate this additional piece of information when making your decision?SOLUTION:a.Effective Annual Rate: BankAnnual = 8%.Effective Annual Rate BankDaily = [1 + .075]365 - 1 = .07788 = 7.788%365Based on effective annual rates, you would prefer BankAnnual (you will earn more money.)b.If BankAnnual’s 8% annual return is conditioned upon leaving the money in for one full year, I would need tobe sure that I did not need my money within the one year period. If I were unsure of when I might need the money, it might be safer to go for BankDaily. The option to withdraw my money whenever I might need it will cost me the potential difference in interest:FV (BankAnnual) = $1,000 x 1.08 = $1,080FV (BankDaily) = $1,000 x 1.07788 = $1,077.88Difference = $2.12.16.What are the effective annual rates of the following:a.12% APR compounded monthly?b.10% APR compounded annually?c.6% APR compounded daily?SOLUTION:Effective Annual Rate (EFF) = [1 + APR] m - 1ma.(1 + .12)12 - 1 = .1268 = 12.68%12b.(1 + .10)- 1 = .10 = 10%1c.(1 + .06)365 - 1 = .0618 = 6.18%36517.Harry promises that an investment in his firm will double in six years. Interest is assumed to be paid quarterly and reinvested. What effective annual yield does this represent?EAR=(1.029302)4-1=12.25%18.Suppose you know that you will need $2,500 two years from now in order to make a down payment on a car.a.BankOne is offering 4% interest (compounded annually) for two-year accounts, and BankTwo is offering4.5% (compounded annually) for two-year accounts. If you know you need $2,500 two years from today,how much will you need to invest in BankOne to reach your goal? Alternatively, how much will you need to invest in BankTwo? Which Bank account do you prefer?b.Now suppose you do not need the money for three years, how much will you need to deposit today inBankOne? BankTwo?SOLUTION:PV = $2,500 = $2,311.39(1.04)2PV = $2,500 = $2,289.32(1.045)2You would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 two years from today.b.PV = $2,500 = $2,222.49(1.04)3PV = $2,500 = $2,190.74(1.045)3Again, you would prefer BankTwo because you earn more; therefore, you can deposit fewer dollars today in order to reach your goal of $2,500 three years from today.19.Lucky Lynn has a choice between receiving $1,000 from her great-uncle one year from today or $900 from her great-aunt today. She believes she could invest the $900 at a one-year return of 12%.a.What is the future value of the gift from her great-uncle upon receipt? From her great-aunt?b.Which gift should she choose?c.How does your answer change if you believed she could invest the $900 from her great-aunt at only 10%?At what rate is she indifferent?SOLUTION:a. Future Value of gift from great-uncle is simply equal to what she will receive one year from today ($1000). Sheearns no interest as she doesn’t receive the money until next year.b. Future Value of gift from great-aunt: $900 x (1.12) = $1,008.c. She should choose the gift from her great-aunt because it has future value of $1008 one year from today. Thegift from her great-uncle has a future value of $1,000. This assumes that she will able to earn 12% interest on the $900 deposited at the bank today.d. If she could invest the money at only 10%, the future value of her investment from her great-aunt would only be$990: $900 x (1.10) = $990. Therefore she would choose the $1,000 one year from today. Lucky Lynn would be indifferent at an annual interest rate of 11.11%:$1000 = $900 or (1+i) = 1,000 = 1.1111(1+i) 900i = .1111 = 11.11%20.As manager of short-term projects, you are trying to decide whether or not to invest in a short-term project that pays one cash flow of $1,000 one year from today. The total cost of the project is $950. Your alternative investment is to deposit the money in a one-year bank Certificate of Deposit which will pay 4% compounded annually.a.Assuming the cash flow of $1,000 is guaranteed (there is no risk you will not receive it) what would be alogical discount rate to use to determine the present value of the cash flows of the project?b.What is the present value of the project if you discount the cash flow at 4% per year? What is the netpresent value of that investment? Should you invest in the project?c.What would you do if the bank increases its quoted rate on one-year CDs to 5.5%?d.At what bank one-year CD rate would you be indifferent between the two investments?SOLUTION:a.Because alternative investments are earning 4%, a logical choice would be to discount the project’s cash flowsat 4%. This is because 4% can be considered as your opportunity cost for taking the project; hence, it is your cost of funds.b.Present Value of Project Cash Flows:PV = $1,000 = $961.54(1.04)The net present value of the project = $961.54 - $950 (cost) = $11.54The net present value is positive so you should go ahead and invest in the project.c.If the bank increased its one-year CD rate to 5.5%, then the present value changes to:PV = $1,000 = $947.87(1.055)Now the net present value is negative: $947.87 - $950 = - $2.13. Therefore you would not want to invest in the project.d.You would be indifferent between the two investments when the bank is paying the following one-year interestrate:$1,000 = $950 hence i = 5.26%(1+i)21.Calculate the net present value of the following cash flows: you invest $2,000 today and receive $200 one year from now, $800 two years from now, and $1,000 a year for 10 years starting four years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 8%.SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator:22.Your cousin has asked for your advice on whether or not to buy a bond for $995 which will make one payment of $1,200 five years from today or invest in a local bank account.a.What is the internal rate of return on the bond’s cash flows? What additional information do you need tomake a choice?b.What advice would you give her if you learned the bank is paying 3.5% per year for five years(compounded annually?)c.How would your advice change if the bank were paying 5% annually for five years? If the price of thebond were $900 and the bank pays 5% annually?SOLUTION:a.$995 x (1+i)5 = $1,200.(1+i)5 = $1,200$995Take 5th root of both sides:(1+i) =1.0382i = .0382 = 3.82%In order to make a choice, you need to know what interest rate is being offered by the local bank.b.Upon learning that the bank is paying 3.5%, you would tell her to choose the bond because it is earning a higherrate of return of 3.82% .c.If the bank were paying 5% per year, you would tell her to deposit her money in the bank. She would earn ahigher rate of return.5.92% is higher than the rate the bank is paying (5%); hence, she should choose to buy the bond.23.You and your sister have just inherited $300 and a US savings bond from your great-grandfather who had left them in a safe deposit box. Because you are the oldest, you get to choose whether you want the cash or the bond. The bond has only four years left to maturity at which time it will pay the holder $500.a.If you took the $300 today and invested it at an interest rate 6% per year, how long (in years) would ittake for your $300 to grow to $500? (Hint: you want to solve for n or number of periods. Given these circumstances, which are you going to choose?b.Would your answer change if you could invest the $300 at 10% per year? At 15% per year? What otherDecision Rules could you use to analyze this decision?SOLUTION:a.$300 x (1.06)n = $500(1.06)n = 1.6667n log 1.06 = log 1.6667n = .510845 = 8.77 Years.0582689You would choose the bond because it will increase in value to $500 in 4 years. If you tookthe $300 today, it would take more than 8 years to grow to $500.b.You could also analyze this decision by computing the NPV of the bond investment at the different interest rates:In the calculations of the NPV, $300 can be considered your “cost” for acquiring the bond since you will give up $300 in cash by choosing the bond. Note that the first two interest rates give positive NPVs for the bond, i.e. you should go for the bond, while the last NPV is negative, hence choose the cash instead. These results confirm the previous method’s results.24.Suppose you have three personal loans outstanding to your friend Elizabeth. A payment of $1,000 is due today, a $500 payment is due one year from now and a $250 payment is due two years from now. You would like to consolidate the three loans into one, with 36 equal monthly payments, beginning one month from today. Assume the agreed interest rate is 8% (effective annual rate) per year.a.What is the annual percentage rate you will be paying?b.How large will the new monthly payment be?SOLUTION:a.To find the APR, you must first compute the monthly interest rate that corresponds to an effective annual rate of8% and then multiply it by 12:1.08 = (1+ i)12Take 12th root of both sides:1.006434 = 1+ ii = .006434 or .6434% per monthOr using the financial calculator:b.The method is to first compute the PV of the 3 loans and then compute a 36 month annuity payment with thesame PV. Most financial calculators have keys which allow you to enter several cash flows at once. This approach will give the user the PV of the 3 loans.Note: The APR used to discount the cash flows is the effective rate in this case, because this method is assuming annual compounding.25.As CEO of ToysRFun, you are offered the chance to participate, without initial charge, in a project that produces cash flows of $5,000 at the end of the first period, $4,000 at the end of the next period and a loss of $11,000 at the end of the third and final year.a.What is the net present value if the relevant discount rate (the company’s cost o f capital) is 10%?b.Would you accept the offer?c.What is the internal rate of return? Can you explain why you would reject a project which has aninternal rate of return greater than its cost of capital?SOLUTION:At 10% discount rate:Net Present Value = - 0 + $5,000 + $4,000 - $11,000 = - 413.22(1.10) (1.10)2 (1.10)3c.This example is a project with cash flows that begin positive and then turn negative--it is like a loan. The 13.6% IRR is therefore like an interest rate on that loan. The opportunity to take a loan at 13.6% when the cost of capital is only 10% is not worthwhile.26.You must pay a creditor $6,000 one year from now, $5,000 two years from now, $4,000 three years from now, $2,000 four years from now, and a final $1,000 five years from now. You would like to restructure the loan into five equal annual payments due at the end of each year. If the agreed interest rate is 6% compounded annually, what is the payment?SOLUTION:Since there are a number of different cash flows, it is easiest to do the first step of this problem using cash flow keys on the calculator. To find the present value of the current loan payments:27.Find the future value of the following ordinary annuities (payments begin one year from today and all interest rates compound annually):a.$100 per year for 10 years at 9%.b.$500 per year for 8 years at 15%.c.$800 per year for 20 years at 7%.d.$1,000 per year for 5 years at 0%.e.Now find the present values of the annuities in a-d.f.What is the relationship between present values and future values?SOLUTION:Future Value of Annuity:e.f.The relationship between present value and future value is the following:nbeginning three years from today in an account that yields 11% compounded annually. How large should the annual deposit be?SOLUTION:You will be making 7 payments beginning 3 years from today. So, we need to find the value of an immediate annuity with 7 payments whose FV is $50,000:29.Suppose an investment offers $100 per year for five years at 5% beginning one year from today.a.What is the present value? How does the present value calculation change if one additional payment isadded today?b.What is the future value of this ordinary annuity? How does the future value change if one additionalpayment is added today?SOLUTION:$100 x [(1.05)5] - 1 = $552.56.05If you were to add one additional payment of $100 today, the future value would increase by:$100 x (1.05)5 = $127.63. Total future value = $552.56 + $127.63 = $680.19.Another way to do it would be to use the BGN mode for 5 payments of $100 at 5%, find the future value of that, and then add $100. The same $680.19 is obtained.30.You are buying a $20,000 car. The dealer offers you two alternatives: (1) pay the full $20,000 purchase price and finance it with a loan at 4.0% APR over 3 years or (2) receive $1,500 cash back and finance the rest at a bank rate of 9.5% APR. Both loans have monthly payments over three years. Which should you choose? SOLUTION:31.You are looking to buy a sports car costing $23,000. One dealer is offering a special reduced financing rate of 2.9% APR on new car purchases for three year loans, with monthly payments. A second dealer is offering a cash rebate. Any customer taking the cash rebate would of course be ineligible for the special loan rate and would have to borrow the balance of the purchase price from the local bank at the 9%annual rate. How large must the cash rebate be on this $23,000 car to entice a customer away from the dealer who is offering the special 2.9% financing?SOLUTION:of the 2.9% financing.32.Show proof that investing $475.48 today at 10% allows you to withdraw $150 at the end of each of the next 4 years and have nothing remaining.SOLUTION:You deposit $475.48 and earn 10% interest after one year. Then you withdraw $150. The table shows what happensAnother way to do it is simply to compute the PV of the $150 annual withdrawals at 10% : it turns out to be exactly $475.48, hence both amounts are equal.33.As a pension manager, you are considering investing in a preferred stock which pays $5,000,000 per year forever beginning one year from now. If your alternative investment choice is yielding 10% per year, what is the present value of this investment? What is the highest price you would be willing to pay for this investment? If you paid this price, what would be the dividend yield on this investment?SOLUTION:Present Value of Investment:PV = $5,000,000 = $50,000,000.10Highest price you would be willing to pay is $50,000,000.Dividend yield = $5,000,000 = 10%.$50,000,00034. A new lottery game offers a choice for the grand prize winner. You can receive either a lump sum of $1,000,000 immediately or a perpetuity of $100,000 per year forever, with the first payment today. (If you die, your estate will still continue to receive payments). If the relevant interest rate is 9.5% compounded annually, what is the difference in value between the two prizes?SOLUTION:The present value of the perpetuity assuming that payments begin at the end of the year is:$100,000/.095 = $1,052,631.58If the payments begin immediately, you need to add the first payment. $100,000 + 1,052,632 = $1,152,632.So the annuity has a PV which is greater than the lump sum by $152,632.35.Find the future value of a $1,000 lump sum investment under the following compounding assumptions:a.7% compounded annually for 10 yearsb.7% compounded semiannually for 10 yearsc.7% compounded monthly for 10 yearsd.7% compounded daily for 10 yearse.7% compounded continuously for 10 yearsa.$1,000 x (1.07)10 = $1,967.15b.$1,000 x (1.035)20 = $1,989.79c.$1,000 x (1.0058)120 = $2,009.66d.$1,000 x (1.0019178)3650 = $2,013.62e.$1,000 x e.07x10 = $2,013.7536.Sammy Jo charged $1,000 worth of merchandise one year ago on her MasterCard which has a stated interest rate of 18% APR compounded monthly. She made 12 regular monthly payments of $50, at the end of each month, and refrained from using the card for the past year. How much does she still owe? SOLUTION:Sammy Jo has taken a $1,000 loan at 1.5% per month and is paying it off in monthly installments of $50. We could work out the amortization schedule to find out how much she still owes after 12 payments, but a shortcut on the financial calculator is to solve for FV as follows:37.Suppose you are considering borrowing $120,000 to finance your dream house. The annual percentage rate is 9% and payments are made monthly,a.If the mortgage has a 30 year amortization schedule, what are the monthly payments?b.What effective annual rate would you be paying?c.How do your answers to parts a and b change if the loan amortizes over 15 years rather than 30?EFF = [1 + .09]1238.Suppose last year you took out the loan described in problem #37a. Now interest rates have declined to 8% per year. Assume there will be no refinancing fees.a.What is the remaining balance of your current mortgage after 12 payments?b.What would be your payment if you refinanced your mortgage at the lower rate for 29 years? SOLUTION:Exchange Rates and the Time Value of Money39.The exchange rate between the pound sterling and the dollar is currently $1.50 per pound, the dollar interest rate is 7% per year, and the pound interest rate is 9% per year. You have $100,000 in a one-year account that allows you to choose between either currency, and it pays the corresponding interest rate.a.If you expect the dollar/pound exchange rate to be $1.40 per pound a year from now and are indifferentto risk, which currency should you choose?b.What is the “break-even” value of the dollar/pound exchange rate one year from now?SOLUTION:a.You could invest $1 today in dollar-denominated bonds and have $1.07 one year from now. Or you couldconvert the dollar today into 2/3 (i.e., 1/1.5) of a pound and invest in pound-denominated bonds to have .726667(i.e., 2/3 x 1.09) pounds one year from now. At an exchange rate of $1.4 per pound, this would yield 0.726667(1.4) = $1.017 (this is lower than $1.07), so you would choose the dollar currency.b.For you to break-even the .726667 pounds would have to be worth $1.07 one year from now, so the break-evenexchange rate is $1.07/.726667 or $1.4725 per pound. So for exchange rates lower than $1.4725 per pound one year from now, the dollar currency will give a better return.。

货币的时间价值

货币的时间价值

年金(Annuity): ): 指一定时期内每次等额收付的系列款项, 指一定时期内每次等额收付的系列款项, 通常记作A。 通常记作 。 年金的形式包括:保险费,养老金,折旧, 年金的形式包括:保险费,养老金,折旧, 租金,等额分期收付款, 租金,等额分期收付款,零存整取或整存零 取储蓄、分期支付的债券利息等。 取储蓄、分期支付的债券利息等。 年金按其每次收付款项发生的时点不同, 年金按其每次收付款项发生的时点不同, 可以分为普通年金、预付年金、递延年金、 可以分为普通年金、预付年金、递延年金、 永续年金等类型。 永续年金等类型。我们只介绍普通年金和预 付年金两种。 付年金两种。
7
复利 复利俗称“利滚利”,即在每一计息期后, 复利俗称“利滚利” 即在每一计息期后, 再将利息加入本金一起计算利息。 再将利息加入本金一起计算利息。计算资金 的时间价值一般都是按复利来计算。 的时间价值一般都是按复利来计算。 按上例,采用复利计算息, 例:按上例,采用复利计算息,则:
1年后的本利和 年后的本利和=100×(1+10%)=110元 × 元 年后的本利和 2年后的本利和 年后的本利和=110×(1+10%) 年后的本利和 × =100×(1+10%)2=121元 元 × 3年后的本利和 年后的本利和=121×(1+10%) 年后的本利和 × =100×(1+10)3=133.1元 × 元
F=A×(F/A,I,n) ×
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例1:张某每年年末存入银行 000元,年利率 :张某每年年末存入银行2 元 7%,5年后的本利和是多少? 年后的本利和是多少? , 年后的本利和是多少
(1 + 7%)5 − 1 F = 2000 × = 2000 × (F / A,7%,5) = 2000 × 5.751 = 11502(元) 7%

第四章货币时间价值(6).

第四章货币时间价值(6).
解答:当年利率为8%时,100每9年翻一倍,45年后,它 将翻5翻,终值约为3200美元:100 ×25=3200(美元)
毕业48年后,你收到一封母 校的来信,告知你没有付清 最后一学期的学费10 000元, 学校按照6%的年利率加收利 息,学校希望你能在不久的 毕业班48年聚会时付清。作 为一个忠实的、有地位的校 友,你觉得有义务付清,那 么你到底欠学校多少呢?
FV=PV*FVIFi,n =PV*FVIF8%,5=10 000×1.469 =14 690 I=14 690-10 000=4 690
(二)复利终值与现值
(4)复利现值 (5)现值的计算公式:
如何推导 复利现计 算公式?
(6)其中,
为现值系数
(7)复利现值系数表
CASE:
若计划在3年以后得到20 000元,年利息率8%, 复利计息,则现在应存金额多少?
1.普通年金的终值和现值
思考:某公司拟购置一项设备,目 前有A、B两种可供选择。A设备的 价格比B设备高50000元,但每年可 节约维修费10000元。假设A设备的 经济寿命为6年,利率为8%,问该 公司应选择哪一种设备?
答案: PVA6 =A·PVIFA8%,6 =10000×4.623=46230<50000
(一)时间价值的概念——现象
明明只贷款 50万元,为 什么要我还 贷85万啊?
太不公平 啊!
为什么?
一、货币时间价值
(一)时间价值的概念——现象
今天的一元钱与一年后的一元钱相等吗?
想想
如果一年后的1元变为1.1元,这0.1元代表的是什么?
货币时间价值的表面上现象是:即使在没有任何风险和通货 膨胀的情形下,今天的1元钱价值也大于1年后1元钱的价值。 思考:货币真的会自然“增值”吗?

货币的时间价值

货币的时间价值

货币的时间价值(现值和终值)货币具有时间价值,最浅显的说明是过去的10块钱往往远远大于现在的10块钱,直接原因是通货膨胀。

百度上讲:货币时间价值是指货币随着时间的推移而发生的增值,也称为资金时间价值。

那么货币的时间价值是怎么产生的呢?MBA百科上有如下解释:1、货币时间价值是资源稀缺性的体现经济和社会的发展要消耗社会资源,现有的社会资源构成现存社会财富,利用这些社会资源创造出来的将来物质和文化产品构成了将来的社会财富,由于社会资源具有稀缺性特征,又能够带来更多社会产品,所以现在物品的效用要高于未来物品的效用。

在货币经济条件下,货币是商品的价值体现,现在的货币用于支配现在的商品,将来的货币用于支配将来的商品,所以现在货币的价值自然高于未来货币的价值。

市场利息率是对平均经济增长和社会资源稀缺性的反映,也是衡量货币时间价值的标准。

2、货币时间价值是信用货币制度下,流通中货币的固有特征在目前的信用货币制度下,流通中的货币是由中央银行基础货币和商业银行体系派生存款共同构成,由于信用货币有增加的趋势,所以货币贬值、通货膨胀成为一种普遍现象,现有货币也总是在价值上高于未来货币。

市场利息率是可贷资金状况和通货膨胀水平的反映,反映了货币价值随时间的推移而不断降低的程度。

3、货币时间价值是人们认知心理的反映由于人在认识上的局限性,人们总是对现存事物的感知能力较强,而对未来事物的认识较模糊,结果人们存在一种普遍的心理就是比较重视现在而忽视未来,现在的货币能够支配现在商品满足人们现实需要,而将来货币只能支配将来商品满足人们将来不确定需要,所以现在单位货币价值要高于未来单位货币的价值,为使人们放弃现在货币及其价值,必须付出一定代价,利息率便是这一代价。

这段话总体上有些长,理解上也有些费劲,我们大可以舍去中间环节,将理由归结到最后一点:利(息)率。

换句话说货币的时间价值可以能过利率现计算2013年的100块钱相当于2023年的多少钱,更进一步可以通过贷款100万20年期的本金和过款利息数确认现在的100万相当于2023年的多少。

货币的时间价值

货币的时间价值

第二节
• 补充:
求解变量
计算终值:FV 计算现值:PV
贴现现金流量估价
输入函数
=FV(rate,Nper,Pmt,PV,type) =PV(rate,Nper,Pmt,FV,type)
计算每期等额现金流量:PMT =PMT(rate,Nper,PV,FV,type) 计算期数:n 计算利率或折现率:r =Nper(rate,Pmt,PV,FV,type) =Rate(Nper,Pmt,PV,FV,Type)
第一节
• 计息方法:
货币时间价值
–单利:是指利息是由本金单独和利率计算,而 单利: 单利 各期所得的利息不再计息。 –复利:复利不同于单利,它是指在一定期间按 复利: 复利 一定利率将本金所生利息加入本金再计利息。 即“利滚利”。
第一节
• 单利终值
货币时间价值
F=P(1+i×n) 例:现在假若你有10000元,以定期的形式存入银 行5年,银行给你的年利率5%,则你5年后银行 应返还给你多少? F=P(1+i*n)=10000(1+5%×5)=12500元。
i 1 A = F = F ( F / A, i, n) n (1 + i) −1 = 10000* (1 / 6.105) = 1638
第二节
贴现现金流量估价
• 普通年金现值的计算 普通年金现值的计算是已知年金、利率和期数,求 年金现值的计算,其计算公式为:
–现值:6年分期购物,每年初支付200元,设银行利率 为10%,该项分期付款相当于一次现金支付的购价是 多少?
P = A' [(P / A, i, n −1) +1] = 200(3.791+1) = 958.20

货币时间价值

货币时间价值
互逆
(二)复利计算
1、复利计算:是指在规定的期限内,不仅本金计算利息, 而获得的利息在下期转为本金,与原来的本金一起计算利息 的一种计息方法。(本能生利,利再生利) 2、复利终值:就是一定数量的本金,在一定的利率下, 按照复利的方法,计算出若干时期以后的本金和利息之和。 设企业年初存入银行P元资金,存入期限n年,存款利率为 i, 则: 第一年末复利终值=P+P×i=P(1+i) 第二年末复利终值=P(1+i)+ P(1+i)×i= P(1+i)2 …. 第n年末复利终值=P(1+i)n-1+ P(1+i)n-1×i= P(1+i)n
(三)年金的计算
1、年金概述 ①年金定义 年金是指在相同的时间间隔期内,收到或支付同等数
额的款项。(满足“两个”相等即可----间隔期相等;金额 相等) 在实际工作中,分期收付款、分期偿还贷款、发放养 老金、分期支付工程款、零存整取等,就属于年金收付形 式。
②年金的种类
年金
普通年金
即付年金
递延年金
(1 i) 1 Fn A i
n
年金终值系数,记作
(F/A,i,n)
3、普通年金现值
①普通年金现值的定义
普通年金现值,是指在一定时期内,每期期末等额收、 付的年金的复利现值之和。 ②普通年金现值的计算:
设: Pn——普通年金现值
A——每期年金 i——利率 n——期数
故而:复利终值的计算 F= P(1+i)n 其中:F——复利终值;
P——本金 i——利率
n——期数
(1+i)n ——复利终值系数,记作(F/P,i,n) 3、复利现值

金融学讲义(四)

金融学讲义(四)
货币的时间价值:指当前所持有的一定量 货币的时间价值: 货币比未来获得的等量货币具有更高的价 货币比未来获得 的等量货币具有更高的价 值。 原因: 原因: (1)货币可用于投资,获得利息。 )货币可用于投资,获得利息。 (2)货币的购买力会因通货膨胀的影响而 ) 改变。 改变。 (3)未来的预期收入具有不确定性。 )未来的预期收入具有不确定性。
几个结论: 几个结论: 投资于净现值为正的项目 接受那些投资回报率大于资金的机会成本 的项目 选择回收期最短的投资项目 当对几个不同的投资项目进行选择时, 当对几个不同的投资项目进行选择时 , 选 最高的项目。 择NPV最高的项目。 最高的项目 例1:项目投资 : 如现在你有机会投资10000美元购买一块 如现在你有机会投资 美元购买一块 土地,你确信5年后这块地会值 年后这块地会值20000美元, 美元, 土地,你确信 年后这块地会值 美元 假如这笔钱如存在银行每年能获得8%的利 假如这笔钱如存在银行每年能获得 的利 问这块地是否值得投资? 息,问这块地是否值得投资?
在计算任一项投资的NPV时,采用资金的机会成 在计算任一项投资的 时 市场资本报酬率)作为贴现率。 本(市场资本报酬率)作为贴现率。 美元的5年期储蓄公债销售价为 例:如100美元的 年期储蓄公债销售价为 美元 美元的 年期储蓄公债销售价为75美元 在其他可供选择的投资方案中, ,在其他可供选择的投资方案中,最好的方案是年 利率为8%的银行存款,这项投资是否值得? 的银行存款, 利率为 的银行存款 这项投资是否值得? 5 PV = 100/1.08 = 68.06 NPV = 68.06 – 75 = – 6.94(结论不值得投资) (结论不值得投资) 75美元投资于储蓄公债, 5年后得到 美元投资于储蓄公债, 年后得到 年后得到100美元的 美元投资于储蓄公债 美元的 实际利率? 实际利率? 5 75 = 100/(1 + i) ( ) 1/5 i = (100/75) – 1 = 5.92 % ) 5.92 % 称为储蓄公债的到期收益率(IRR)— 称为储蓄公债的到期收益率( ) 为零的利率, 使NPV为零的利率,或说是使未来现金流入的现值 为零的利率 等于现金流出现值的贴现率。 等于现金流出现值的贴现率。

财务管理4

财务管理4

第四章财务估价第一节货币的时间价值一、货币的时间价值的含义货币的时间价值,是指货币经历一定时间的投资和再投资所增加的价值,也称为资金的时间价值。

二、资金时间价值的基本计算(一)利息的两种计算方法单利:只对本金计算利息。

(各期利息是一样的)复利:不仅要对本金计算利息,而且要对前期的利息也要计算利息。

(各期利息不是一样的)(二)一次性款项终值与现值的计算1.复利终值:例:某人拟购房,开发商提出两种方案,一是现在一次性付80万元;另一方案是5年后付100万元若目前的银行贷款利率是7%,应如何付款?复利计算的一般公式:S=P(1+i)n,其中的(1+i)n被称为复利终值系数或1元的复利终值,用符号(S/P,i,n)表示。

方案一的终值:S5=800000(1+7%)5=1122080或S5=800000(S/P,7%,5)=1122080 方案二的终值:S5=10000002.复利现值:P=S×(1+i)-n其中(1+i)-n称为复利现值系数,用符号(P/S,i,n)表示。

前例:某人拟购房,开发商提出两种方案,一是现在一次性付80万元,另一方案是5年后付100万元若目前的银行贷款利率是7%,应如何付款?方案2的现值:P=1000000×(1+ 7%)-5或=1000000(P/S,7%,5)=7130003.系数间的关系:复利现值系数(P/S,i,n)与复利终值系数(S/P,i,n)互为倒数(三)年金1.含义:年金是指等额、定期的系列收支。

例如,分期付款赊购、分期偿还贷款、发放养老金、分期支付工程款、每年相同的销售收入等,都属于年金收付形式。

2.种类:普通年金:从第一期开始每期期末收款、付款的年金。

预付年金:从第一期开始每期期初收款、付款的年金。

递延年金:在第二期或第二期以后收付的年金。

永续年金:无限期的普通年金。

3.普通年金终值与现值的计算(1)普通年金终值例:某人拟购房,开发商提出两种方案,一是5年后付120万元,另一方案是从现在起每年末付20元,连续5年,若目前的银行存款利率是7%,应如何付款式中:被称为年金终值系数,用符号(S/A,i,n)表示。

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1983年1月至2008年12月
练习
如果一项投资能获得每年8%的复 利,那么本金为1000元的投资者 至少需要等多少年(取近似值)才 能增长2倍? A) 9 B) 14 C) 22 D) 25
4.3 贴现
贴现(discounting):将终值换算成现值的 过程 贴现系数(discount factor):在将来某特定时点 获取的1美元的现值。 1 t 贴现系数= (1 r) 其中r是贴现率,是指计算未来现金流量现 值时使用的利率,也叫利率下限(hurdle rate) 或者资本机会成本(opportunity cost of capital)。 这所以叫机会成本,是因为它是一种丧失的收 益,因为对此项目进行了投资,就不可能再对 证券进行投资,就丧失了证券投资的收益。
练习:一次付清与分期付款
• 假设汽车商给您两种选择:一次性支付 15500美元购买一辆新车,或者是分期付款, 首付8000美元,然后在接下来的两年内每 年支付4000美元。假设现在进行无风险投 资可赚取的利息是8%,你会选择哪种方案 购车呢?
2. 多期现金流终值的计算
FVn Ct (1 r )
4.4 多期现金流的PV和FV的计算
• 案例:仍沿用上章的案例,只不过你得到一些不利消息。 建筑商告诉你,办公大楼1年建不成,需要2年。另外随 着时间的推移,还要发生如下支出: 1)当前投资100000美元(另外,价值50000美元的土地也 必须现在就支付现金); 2)1年后100000美元的建设费用; 3)第2年末,楼房交付使用时要交100000美元的最终付款。 不过你的房地产顾问认为完工后楼盘的价值仍然可以达到 400000美元。
按照现金流量发生的不同情况,年金 可分为普通年金、预付年金、增长年 金和永续年金等形式。
1. 普通年金
普通年金又称后付年金,是指一定时期每期 期末等额的现金流量。 普通年金现值的计算公式为:
1 1 PV C[ ] t r r (1 r )
式中中括号部分为年金系数,即从第1年开始 连续t年内每年年末支付1美元的年金现值。
t 0 n n t
例:假设你现在拥有一个本金为1000元 的账户,你在第一年末会收到1500元, 在第二年末会收到2000元。假设你这 个账户每年能获得5%的收益率,那么 从现在开始三年后你的账户的本利和 一共是多少?
4.5 多期现金流的一些简便计 算—年金的计算
定义:年金(annuity)是指未来一系 列的、持续一段时间的、等间隔(一 般指一年)发生的现金流量。
每年等额现金流的计算
• 在年金现值公式中,如果给定现金流量的现
值和贴现率,就可以计算每年等额的现金流 量C,即:
PV C 1 1 [ ] t r r (1 r )
• 例:假设你刚刚从银行获得了250000美元 的房屋抵押贷款。银行要求你在未来30年内 按年等额偿还,假设年利率为12%,则抵押 贷款每年偿还额是多少? • PV=抵押贷款每年偿还额×30年期年金现值 系数=250000美元 • 抵押贷款每年偿还额=250000/8.055=31037 美元
4.6 债券与普通股的价值
4.6.1 债券的价值
4.6.1.1 相关概念
债券:是依照法定程序发行,约定在一定期 限内还本付息的有价证券。 面值:在债券到期日向债券持有者支付的金 额。 息票利率:年利息收入与债券面值之比率
72/25 72/30 72/35
多少时间增值一倍 14.4年 7.2年 4.8年 3.6年
2.88年 2.4年 2.04年
下图是香港恒生指数从1975-2005年的历史数据
长线投资回报稳定
• 投资15年的表现:
• 1975 – 1989 年平均回报 16% • 增长 9 倍 • 1980 – 1994 年平均回报 21% • 增长 17 倍 • 1985 – 1999 年平均回报 18% • 增长 12 倍 • 1990 – 2005 年平均回报 12% • 增长 6 倍
复利计算的终值
7000 6000
FV of $100
利率
0% 5% 10% 15%
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
0 2 4 6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Number of Years
30
股神巴菲特为什么这样富有?
【投资】
• 他以100美金起家 • 2006年6月,他拥有440亿美元的资产 • 41年,年复息回报率达21.4%
注意:此处公式的推导运用到等比 数列的求和公式
a1 (1 q n ) • 当q≠1时, S n 1 q
1 1 • 此处首项是 1 r ,公比是 1 r
练习:分期付款计划
• ABC公司以分期付款方式向XYZ公司出售一 台大型设备。合同规定XYZ公司在10年内每 半年支付5000元欠款。ABC公司为马上取得 现金,将合同向银行折现。假设银行愿意 以14%的名义利率、每半年计息一次的方式 对合同金额进行折现。问ABC公司将获得多 少现金?
第四章 货币的时间价值
案例:你会选择哪个薪酬方案?
• 假设你去见工 • 老板对你说:有两个发工资的方案供你挑选 第一个是 “你帮我做30个月我每个月给你5万元” 第二个是 “你帮我做30个月我第一个月给你1毛钱,第2 个月给2毛钱,第三个月4毛钱,第四个月8毛 钱„„如此每个月倍增”
请问你会选那个方案?
请问你是否还应该进行这项投资?
1. 多期现金流的现值计算
• 注意:资产现值的一个优点是它们都是以 当前的货币单位计量的,因此可以累加。
C3 C1 C2 PV 2 3 1 r1 (1 r2 ) (1 r3 ) Ct n ( 1 r ) t 1 t
n
• PV是现值,Ct是t时期的现金流,rt是t时期 的贴现率。
多期现金流的净现值计算
NPV C0 PV Ct C0 n t 1 (1 r t)
• NPV是净现值,C0是初始现金流(通常是负 的), PV是现值,Ct是t时期的现金流, rt是t时期的贴现率。
n
前面例子的现金流计算
期间 t=0 t=1 t=2
土地
建设费
-50000
-100000 -100000 -100000
4.2 单利与复利
• 将现值转换成终值可以采用两种方法:
1. 单利
每期的利息不计入下一期的本金,即
• 例:某政府按面值发行5年面值为100 元国债,票面利率为5%,按单利计息, 每年付息一次,A投资者购买了这种债 券,计算其本利和。
2.复利
• 每期的利息都计入下一期的本金,即“利 滚利”
• 例:某政府按面值发行5年面值为 100元国债,票面利率为5%,按复 利计息,每年付息一次,A投资者 购买了这种债券,计算其本利和。
C0 (1 g ) C1 PV rg rg
• 这就是增长型永续年金的现值公式。
• 例:假设某位富翁想在一所大学建立一项 永久性的基金。如果利率是10%,假设他 第一年计划发放10万美元的奖学金,然后 每年按5%的速度增加奖学金的发放,则现 在需存入多少钱?
• 思考:上述年金的终值如何计算呢?
• 案例:假设你看到一块可以50000美元买进 的空地,你的房地产顾问认为1年后将会出 现办公用房短缺,一幢办公大楼可以以 400000美元的价格出售。假设买地和建房 的总成本为350000美元,美国政府短期债 券的年利率为7%,请问你是否应该进行这 项投资?
那么,如何计算前面例子中办公大 楼的现值呢?
例:你打算每年存4000,在退休前一直 存够20年,假设利率为10%,那么你的 退休账户上将会有多少钱? 两种计算方法:一种是最简单的方法, 一期一期算终值,计算繁琐;另外一种 方法是先计算出每年存4000,一共存20 年的现值,然后再算将这笔钱投资20年 的价值。
练习
• 假设你为了买一辆车而在每年年底存 3000美元,如果利率是每年8%,那在 4年后的年末这笔钱值多少?如果你是 在每年年初存3000,那么在4年后的年 末这笔钱又值多少呢?
例:使您的财富翻一番
• 假设你的投资顾问承诺在8年后使你的 财富增长一倍,那么他实际上承诺了多 少的投资回报率呢?
FV PV (1 r ) 2 1 (1 r ) r 9.05%
8
t
财富翻一番 72法则
每年投资回报增幅 5% 10% 15% 20%
25% 30% 35%
计算方式 72/5 72/10 72/15 72/20
4. 增长型年金(Growing annuities)
增长年金是指按固定比率增长,在相等 间隔期连续支付的现金流量。 增长年金的现值计算:
(1 g ) t 1 (1 r ) t PV C (1 g ) rg
式中g表示增长率。
• 当t趋向于无穷大时,且g<r时,上式变为:
120 100 5%
利率
PV of $100
80 60 40 20 0
10% 15%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Number of Years
练习
假设你今年读大学的总费用为20000元, 为了支付这个费用,请问你父母在21 年前至少需要投入多少本金到一个每 年支付8%的复利率的账户中? A) 952 B) 1,600 C) 1,728 D) 3,973
• 现值(PV)=贴现系数×C1
• •
Байду номын сангаас
1 400000 C1 374000 1 7% = 1 r
• 也就是你现在如果就将这座办公大楼卖 出去,这座房产的市场价值,也就是投 资者愿意支付的价格。 思考:你有没有可能以高于374000的价 格或低于374000的价格卖掉这座房产?
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