词汇学定义解释

I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.
II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.
20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.
Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and Synchronic
Diachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .
6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.
7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.
21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.
16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.
9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.
10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.
Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.
22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.
23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.
13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)
Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)
17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".
15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.
19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.
24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.
There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.
8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.
2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.
14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.