构词法词缀

1）构词法：a 缀合法(affixation)前缀、后缀一般来说，前缀改变单词的词义，而后缀改变单词的词性。

常见的词缀有：常见的前缀1．否定前缀im- imperfect, impartial, immortaldis- disable, disadvantagemis- misplace, mislead, misfortuneab- abnormalde- deactivate, degradeil- illegal, illiterateir- irregular, irrelativemal- malfunction, malnutrition2. trans— across（横过）through（通过）beyond（那边）from one place to anothertransient 短暂的transplant 移植（器官）transaction 交易transition 过渡，转变transition from A to B transitionperiod transform 完全改变…的外观/特性transformation(常做陪衬)transfer传递，迁移translate翻译transport 运输1、加强语气conspicuous, concession4.-tain1、支撑2、保持，维持，保留sustain，retain, maintain5. re-再，又，回，反renew, reshape, refresh6. uni- / mono- one（一个），sole（单一的）uniform, unique, unitymonotonous （单调的），monopoly （垄断）7. ex-向外，超出expand extend exceed excessiveexclusive(ly) excursion 8. pre-/pro-前，在前predominant precede, previous,proceed, prominent, propel9. magn-大（large）magnify(microscope), magnificent,10. viv- /vit- live, life生命，生活Vivid,survive,revive vital,vitamin11. inter-在……之间相互intervene, interfere12. man/manu- hand（手工）manufacture ,manipulate，manuscript13. sci- knowledgescience, scientific, consciousness14. sub- / sus-下，次，附属subsidiary subordinate(to) sustain15. lapsxx，落(时间)elapse, collapse16. spec- / spic- lookspectator, speculate, spectacular,17.clud（s）-, clos-关闭shut conclude, include ,exclusive close18. not- notenotify notion(=idea)notorious19. homo- samehomogeneously20. simul-togetherSimultaneously21. multi—多，多倍multiply, multitude22. contra, contro相反Contradiction contrary controversy23. dict-say, tell, speakdictate, dictator , dictionary,verdict,24. per-throughpermeate, perplex, permanent,perpetual,25. ver- truthverify verdict26. -logy study（学习）science biology psychology27. -vert / -vers turndivert advertise diversifyversatile28. -ics作抽象名词的后缀，表学科economics politicsphysics29. -ist表示“人”pianist geologist typist30. bio- lifebiography biology31. -ician从事……专业的人music → musician32. -ism……主义……论（抽象名词）realism Marxism33. -cid killsuicide insecticide34. mort- deathmortal mortality35. -scrib / -scrip write draw describe inscribe prescribe subscribe description inscription prescription subscription ascription36. di-/du-/ambi- /bi- two, double dilemma / duplicate / bilateral37. tri- threetriangle38. bene- good, well, happily benefit beneficiary39.volu/volv- roll（滚动）turn(转动)evolution revolution involverevolve40.-fer carry（带）produce（生产）transfer refer fertile41. phil- lovephilosophy42. deca- tendecade43. cred believecredible incrediblecredit44. cent one hundredcentury45. mill / kilo一千，千分之一millennium millionkilometer kilogram46. dom-- master, controldomaindominate, dominant, predominant47. val有权力，影响valid, invalid, valuable, evaluate,prevalent(popular) 48. graph / gram writebiography, geography /grammar, telegram 49. equi—同等，相等equivalent equilibrium50. -bat beat打51. seg, sect cutsegment, segregate / section intersection52. plex折叠53. en- / -ify make…化enlarge entitle enrich enable simplify magnify signify54. sym- / syn-共同same,类似Similar/sympathy/symptom/symmetry/syndrome55 -path feelingpathetic sympathy sympathetic56. -ceed / cess / cede / cest / currunproceed/recession, access, excess,successor precede, recede ancestor current currency excursion occur57. -serv保存,保护(protect)conserve preserve59. hypo-下，在…之下hypothesis hypotension60.–pel 推61. -scend climbascend descend62. -spiraspire, inspire, expire, respire, conspire63. sent, sens- feelingsentimentalsense, consensus64. grav-重grave,gravity,aggravate (grieve) 65.-lev轻，上升alleviate, elevate (relieve)66.-rupt breakbankrupt, interrupt, corrupt常见的后缀1.名词后缀(1)具有某种职业或动作的人1)-an,-ain,表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American, historian,2)-al,表示"具有……职务的人" principal,3)-ant,-ent,表示"……者”merchant,agent,servant, student,4)-ar,表示"……的人”scholar, liar, peddler5)-ard,-art,表示"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)6)-arian,表示"……派别的人，……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian7)-ary,表示"从事……的人"secretary, missionary8)-ant,表示"具有……职责的人"candidate, graduate9)-ator,表示"做……的人"educator, speculator(投机者)10)-crat,表示"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat11)-ee,表示"动作承受者"employee, examinee12)-eer,表示"从事于……人"engineer, volunteer13)-er,表示"从事某种职业的人,某地区，地方的人"banker,observer,Londoner, villager14)-ese,表示"……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese15)-ess,表示"阴性人称名词，actress,hostess, manageress16)-eur,表示"……家”amateur, littérateur 17)-ian,表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Christian,physician(内科医生)，musician18)-ician,表示"精通者，……家，”electrician, magician, technician21)-ie,表示"爱，指小"dearie,auntie,lassie(小姑娘)22)-ier,表示"从事……职业”cavalier,clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)23)-ine,ian,表示"阴性人称"heroine,ballerina25)-ive,表示"动作者，行为者”native,captive26)-logist,表示"……学家，研究者" biologist,geologist(地质学家)27)-or,表示"……者" author, doctor, operator,28)-ster,表示"做…….事情的人”youngster,gamester(赌徒)，songster29)-yer,表示"从事……职业者”lawyer(2).构成，具有抽象名词的含义1)-acy,表示"性质，状态，境遇"accuracy,diplomacy2)-age,表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage3)-al,a)表示"事物的动作，过程”refusa l, arrival, survival, denial, approval b)表示具体的事物manual,signal,editorial,journal4)-ance,-ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”endurance,importance,diligence, difference, obedience5)-ancy, -ency,表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,6)-bility,表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility,feasibility,7)-craft,表示"工艺，技巧”woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft（治国策）8)-cracy,表示"统治，支配"bureaucracy, democracy9)-cy,表示"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy10)-dom,表示"等级，领域，状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom11)-ery, -ry,表示"行为，状态，习性" bravery, bribery, rivalry12)-ety,表示"性质，状态”variety,dubiety(怀疑)13)-faction, -facture,表示"作成，……化，作用" satisfaction, manufacture14)-hood,表示"资格，身份,年纪，状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood15)-ice,表示"行为，性质，状态"notice, justice, service16)-ine,表示"带有抽象概念"medicine, discipline, famine17)-ing,表示"动作的过程，结果"building,writing, learning18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition,表示"行为的过程，结果，状况"action,solution, conclusion,destruction,expression_r, correction19)-ise,表示"性质，状态”exercise, merchandise(商业)20)-ism,表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为"socialism,criticism,colloquialism, heroism21)-ity,表示"性质，状态，程度”purity, reality, ability, calamity22)-ment,表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果treatment,movement,judgment, punishment, argument23)-mony,表示"动作的结果，状态" ceremony, testimony24)-ness,表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness25)-or, -our,表示"动作，性质，状态" favor, error,26)-osity,表示"动作，状态”curiosity27)-ship,表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”hardship,membership,friendship28)-th,表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth,wealth, truth, length, growth29)-tude,表示"性质，状态，程度"latitude,altitude(海拔)30)-ure,表示"行为，结果" exposure, pressure,failure, procedure(手续)，31)-y,表示"行为的结果，状态，性质”glory,history, victory, inquiry(3)带有场所，地方的含义1)-age,表示"住所，地点" village, cottage2)-ary,表示"住所，场地" library, granary (谷仓)3)-ery,ry,表示"工作场所，饲养所，地点"laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室)4)-ory,表示"工作场所，住处"factory,dormitory, laboratory, observatory(4)带有学术，科技含义1)-grapy,表示"……学，写法”biography,calligraphy, geography2)-ic,ics,表示"……学……法"logic,mechanics, optics, electronics3)-ology,表示"……学……论”biology,zoology, technology(工艺学)4)-nomy,表示"……学……术"astronomy,economy, bionomy(生态学)5)-ery,表示"学科，技术" chemistry, cookery,machinery6)-y,表示"……学，术，法”photography,philosophy(5)表示人和事物的总和，集合含义1)-age,baggage, tonnage2)-dom,newspaperdom(新闻界)3)-hood,neighbourhood, womanhood 4)-ery,cavalry, ministry(内阁)5)-ure,legislature, judicature(6)表示物品和物质名称的含义1)-ant, ent,solvent, constant6)-ing, clothing, matting,7)-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment (7)表示“细小”的含义1)-cle, particle,2)-cule, molecule(分子)3)-el, parcel4)-en, chicken, maiden5)-et, pocket, ticket6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essayette(短文)7)-kin, napkin8)-ling, duckling,9)-let, booklet10)-y, baby, doggy2.形容词后缀（1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义applicable, visible, responsible2)-al, natural, additional, educational3)-an, ane, urban, suburban, republican4)-ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent5)-ar, similar, popular, regular6)-ary, military, voluntary7)-ice,-atie,ical,politic,systematic,historic, physical,8)-ine, masculine, femine, marine9)-ing, moving, touching, daring10)-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish11)-ive, active, impressive, decisive13)-il, -ile, -eel, fragile, genteel(文雅的) (2)表示“相象，类似”的含义1)-ish, boyish, childish2)-esque, picturesque3)-like, manlike, childlike4)-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly5)-some, troublesome, handsome6)-y, milky, pasty(3)表示“充分的”含义1)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful2)-ous,dangerous,generous,courageous, various3)-ent, violent,(4)表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产含义1)-en, wooden, golden, woolen2)-ous, gaseous3)-fic, scientific(5)表示方向的含义1)-ern, eastern, western2)-ward, downward, forward(6)表示“倍数”的含义1)-ble, double, treble2)ple, triple3)-fold, twofold, tenfold(7)表示“数量关系”的含义1)-teen, thirteen2)-ty, fifty3)-th, fourth, fiftieth(8)表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义1)-an, Roman, European2)-ese, Chinese,3)-ish, English, Spanish(9)表示“比较程度”的含义1)-er, greater2)-ish, reddish, yellowish3)-est, highest4)-most, foremost, topmost(10)其他的含义-less,表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless3.动词后缀1)-ize,ise,表示"做成，变成，……化“modernize,mec hanize,democratize,organize2)-en,表示"使成为，引起，使有”quicken,weaken, soften, harden3)-fy,表示"使……化,使成”beautify, purify,intensify, signify, simplify4)-ish,表示"使，令”finish, abolish, diminish,establish5)-ate,表示“成为……，处理，作用”separate, operate, indicate4.副词后缀1)-ly, possibly, swiftly, simply2)-ward, -wards, downward, inwards, upward3)-ways, always, sideways4)-wise, othb)合成法即把两个以上的不同意义的词合并构成一个合成词。