金融外文翻译--金融租赁和中国的小微企业的研究
中小型企业融资决策-外文翻译
中小型企业融资决策-外文翻译外文资料翻译译文中小型企业融资决策融资租赁(金融租赁)也被称为设备租赁(设备租赁),或现代租赁(现代租赁),基本上是全部或大部分的资产所有权转移风险和报酬的租赁。
终极所有权的资产转移,也可能不转移。
它指的具体内容承租人出租人在租赁对象和特定需求的供应商选择、供应商融资购买租赁财产,和使用出租给承租人,承租人对出租人分期支付租金,在租赁期内租赁对象的所有权属于出租人所有,承租人有权使用租赁项目。
任期届满,承租人支付租金在完成融资租赁合同履行义务,租赁对象所有权归属的承租人。
尽管融资租赁交易,租赁公司购买设备的身份,但购买的实质性内容设备供应商的选择等设备的具体要求,由承租人购买合同谈判的条件享受和锻炼,承租人租赁对象本质上是买方。
,是一个融资租赁贷款和贸易和技术更新的扩展新的综合金融行业。
因为它扩展的贷款和组合特征,有一个问题在租赁公司可以回收、处理租赁,所以企业的融资信贷和担保的主要要求,非常适合中小企业融资。
此外,负债融资租赁,不反映在企业的财务报表责任,不影响企业的信用状况。
这种多渠道融资需求的中小企业而言是非常有利的。
传统性质的租赁和融资租赁的区别就是:传统租赁以承租人租赁使用物件的时间租金、融资成本和融资租赁租金的租户占用时间。
市场经济发展到一定阶段和适应一个强大的融资,在1950年代在美国有一个新的类型的交易,因为它适应了现代经济发展的要求,在60 到70年世界上快速发展,如今已成为一个企业更新设备融资的主要方式之一,被称为“朝阳产业。
“中国在1980年代早期在这个操作模式的介绍了10年的快速发展,与发达国家相比,租赁的优势远未结束,市场潜力是巨大的。
租赁的主要特征租赁的主要特征是:对象的所有权,租赁是出租人为了控制租户租金还款的风险采取的一种形式所有权,在合同结束时最终有可能转移给承租人,租赁租赁人选择购买产品,从租户负责维护出租人只提供金融服务。
租金计算原则是:出租人租赁对象购买价格的基础上,由承租人向出租人资金时间的基础上,根据双方同意租赁利率。
中小企业融资外文文献翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Financing of SMEs（中小企业融资）国外作者：Jan Bartholdy, Cesario Mateus文献出处：London business review,2007(9),pp43-45字数统计：英文2124单词，10802字符；中文3529汉字外文文献：Financing of SMEsAbstractThe main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are rejected.For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costsof the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from collecting the collateral and selling it to recover the debt. Since SMEs’ management and shareholders are often the same person, equity and internally generated funds have no asymmetric information costs and equity is therefore the cheapest source.2. Asset side theory of SME financingIn the previous section we have suggested that SME’s in Portugal are financed using internal generated cash, cheap trade credits, long and short-term bank loans and expensive trade credits and other loans. In this section the motives behind the different types of financing are discussed.2.1. Cheap Trade creditsThe first external financing source we will discuss is trade-credits. Trade credits are interesting since they represent financial services provided by non-financial firms in competition with financial intermediaries. The early research within this area focused on the role of trade credits in relation to the credit channel or the so called “Meltzer” effect and in relation to the efficiency of monetary policy. The basic idea is that firms with direct access to financial markets, in general large well known firms, issue trade credits to small financially constrained firms . The more recent research breaks the role of trade credits into a strategic motive and financial motive for issuing and using these credits.Strategic motivesThe first theory centers on asymmetric information regarding th e firm’s products. Trade credits are offered to the buyers so that the buyer can verify the quantity and quality before submitting payments. By offering trade finance the supplier signals to the buyers that they offer products of good quality. Since small firms, in general, have no reputation then these firms are forced to use trade credits to signal the quality of their products. The use of trade credits is therefore driven by asymmetric information of the products and is therefore more likely to be used by small firms, if the buyer haslittle information about the supplier, or the products are complicated and it is difficult to asses their quality.The second strategic motive is pricing. Offering trade finance on favorable terms is the same as a price reduction for the goods. Thus firms can use trade credits to promote sales without officially reducing prices or use them as a tool for price discrimination between different buyers. Trade credits are most advantageous to risky borrowers since their costs of alternative financing are higher than for borrowers with good credit ratings. Thus trade credits can be used as tool for direct price discrimination but also as an indirect tool (if all buyers are offered the same terms) in favor of borrowers with a low credit standing.Trade credits are also used to develop long term relationships between the supplier and the buyers. This often manifests itself by the supplier extending the credit period in case the buyer has temporary financial difficulties. Compared to financial institutions suppliers have better knowledge of the industry and are therefore better able to judge whether the firm has temporary problems or the problems are of a more permanent nature.The last motive in not strictly a strategic motive but is based on transactions costs. Trade credits are an efficient way of performing the transactions since it is possible to separate between delivery and payment. In basic terms the truck drive r delivering the goods does not have to run around to find the person responsible for paying the bills. The buyer also saves transactions costs by reducing the amount of cash required on“hand” .Financing motivesThe basis for this view is that firms compete with financial institutions in offering credit to other firms. The traditional view of financial institutions is that they extend credit to firms where asymmetric information is a major problem. Financial institutions have advantages in collecting and analyzing information from, in particular, smaller and medium sized firms that suffer from problems of asymmetric information. The key to this advantage over financial markets lies in the close relationship between the bank and the firm and in the payment function. The financialinstitution is able to monitor the cash inflow and outflows of the firm by monitoring the accounts of the firm.But with trade credits non-financial firms are competing with financial institutions in solving these problems and extending credit. How can non-financial institutions compete in this market? Petersen and Rajan [1997] briefly discusses several ways that suppliers may have advantages over financial institutions. The supplier has a close working association with the borrower and more frequently visit s the premises than a financial institution does. The size and timing of the lenders orders with the supplier provides information about the conditions of the borrowers business. Notice that this information is available to the supplier before it is available to the financial institution since the financial institution has to wait for the cash flow associated with the orders. The use of early payment discounts provides the supplier with an indication of problems with creditworthiness in the firm. Again the supplier obtains the information before the financial institution does. Thus the supplier may be able to obtain information about the creditworthiness faster and cheaper than the financial institution.The supplier may also have advantages in collecting payments. If the supplier has at least a local monopoly for the goods then the ability to withhold future deliveries is a powerful incentive for the firm to pay. This is a particular powerful threat if the borrower only accounts for a small fraction of the suppliers business. In case of defaults the supplier can seize the goods and in general has a better use for them than a financial intermediary sizing the same goods. Through its sales network the supplier can sell the reclaimed goods faster and at a higher price than what is available to a financial intermediary. These advantages, of course, depend on the durability of the goods and how much the borrower has transformed them.If asymmetric information is one of the driving forces the explanation of trade credits then firms can use the fact that their suppliers have issued them credits in order to obtain additional credit from the banks. The banks are aware that the supplier has better information thus the bank can use trade credits as signal of the credit worthiness of the firm.That trade credits are in general secured by the goods delivered also puts a limit on the amount of trade credits the firm can obtain, thus the firm cannot use trade credits to finance the entire operations of the firm.In summary the prediction is that the level of asymmetric information is relatively low between the providers of trade credit and the borrowers due to the issuer’s general knowledge of the firm and the industry. In the empirical work below the variables explaining the use of trade credit are credit risk factors and Cost of Goods Sold. Since these trade credits are secured by the materials delivered to the firm, firms cannot “borrow” for more than the delivery value of the goods and services.2.2 Bank loansBanks have less information than providers of trade credit and the costs of gathering information are also higher for banks than for providers of trade credit. Providers of trade credits also have an advantage over banks in selling the collateral they have themselves delivered, but due to their size and number of transactions banks have an advantage in selling general collateral such as buildings, machinery etc. Banks therefore prefer to issue loans using tangible assets as collateral, also due to asymmetric information, they are less likely to issue loans to more opaque firms such as small and high growth firms. Banks are therefore willing to lend long term provided that tangible assets are available for collateral. In the empirical work below tangible assets and credit risk variables are expected to explain the use of long-term bank loans and the amount of long-term bank loans are limited by the value of tangible assets.The basis for issuing Short Term Bank Loans is the comparative advantages banks have in evaluating and collecting on accounts receivables, i.e. Debtors. It is also possible to use Cash and Cash equivalents as collateral but banks do not have any comparative advantages over other providers of credit in terms of evaluating and collecting these since they consist of cash and marketable securities. In terms of inventories, again banks do not have any comparative advantages in evaluating these. Thus, we expect the amounts of debtors to be the key variable in explaining thebehaviour of Short Term Bank Loans.2.3. Expensive trade credit and other loansAfter other sources of finance have been exhausted firms can delay payment on their trade credits. However, this is expensive since it involves giving up the discount and maybe incurs penalty payments. Also the use of this type of credit can have reputational costs and it may be difficult to obtain trade credit in the future. The nature of the costs, of course, depends on the number of suppliers, if there is only one supplier then these costs can be rather high whereas if the firm can obtain the same goods and services from other suppliers then these costs are not particularly high.Other debt is composed of credit card debt, car loans etc. that are dearer than bank loans. Again, the variables determining this type of debt are financial health and performance. Below, however, we do not have any good information regarding these types of loans and what they consists of thus we pay little attention to them in the empirical work.ConclusionsCurrently there exist two theories of capital structure The Pecking Order Theory where firms first exhaust all funding of the cheapest source first, then the second cheapest source and so on. The differences in funding costs are due to adverse selection costs from asymmetric information. The second theory is the Tradeoff Theory where firms increase the amount of debt as long as the benefits are greater than the costs from doing so. The benefits of debt are tax-shields and “positive agency costs” and the costs of debt are the expected bankruptcy costs and the “negative agency costs”. In both of these theories, the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet is not important and in this paper, that proposition is strongly rejected. So the main conclusion is that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet influences the composition of the liability side of the balance sheet in terms of the different types of debt used to finance the firm, or that the use of the funds is important in deciding the type of financing available.We further argue that it is asymmetric information and collateral that determines the relationship between the asset side and liability side of the balance sheet. Thetheory works reasonable well for Cheap Trade Credits and Long Term Bank Loans but the tests for Short Term Bank Loans are disappointing.中文译文：中小企业融资摘要中小企业融资的主要来源有：股权融资、按时兑现的贸易信贷融资、中长期银行信贷融资、延迟兑现的贸易信贷融资以及其他债务融资，每种融资方式的边际成本取决于与其滞纳金相关的信息不对称成本和交易成本。
外文翻译--中国和英国的中小企业融资：比较的观点
本科毕业论文外文翻译论文题目：基于创业板推出的中小企业融资模式比较分析出处：Journal of Small Business Interprise Development 作者： Javed Hussain, Cindy Millman and Harry Matlay 原文：SME financing in the UK and in China: a comparative perpectiveAbstractPurpose – Aims to ascertain the extent to which industry appears to influence thefinancing behaviour of a sample of Australian small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).Design/methodology/approach – The research employs data for several thousandSMEs taken from the Australian federal government’s Business Longitudinal Surveyundertaken over four financial years from 1994-1995 to 1997-1998. The principalanalytical technique employed is logistic regression modelling with various financialstructure measures as dependent variables, and with industry as the independentvariable of central interest.Findings –The research findings reported in the paper provide substantialempirical evidence that cross-industry differences in financing behaviour do existeven after controlling for other relevant influences on SME financing choices such asenterprise size, business age, profitability, growth, asset structure and risk. The keyfinding is that industry does not simply proxy for one or more of these other factors,but is an important influence in its own right.Research limitations/implications – There are evidently effects arising from thefundamental nature of industries that require better understanding before a reliableprescriptive position on SME financing can be reached. What these effects are cannotreally be ascertained using the research data and methods employed in this study,which give a relatively superficial perspective on the matter. A need for more in-depthqualitative investigation is indicated.Keywords Financing, Small to medium-sized enterprises, Functional differentiationIt is now recognised that Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) make a significant contribution to the socio-economic and political infrastructure of developed and developing countries as well as the nations in transition from command to market economies (Matlay and Westhead, 2005). Furthermore, a healthy and growing SME sector is perceived to be crucial for sustainable competitive advantage and economic development at local, regional and national levels (Porter, 2006). In turn, Harper (1998, p. 17) notes that “. . . the relative and absolute importance of small enterprises has grown enormously over the last twenty years; this real growth has been matched by appreciation of their role. What were previously regarded as temporary stepping stones to real business are now recognised as one of the most vital contributors to peoples incomes and to development, however they may be defined”.According to Westhead and Wright (2000), the absence of adequate funding represents a major obstacle to the entrepreneurial process in a firm – regardless of size, location or type of economic activity. Some “life style” entrepreneurs can satisfy their small firms’ fi nancial needs by requesting loans from their families, friends or acquaintances (Hussain and Matlay, 2007). Typically, however, the vast majority of growth oriented SMEs rely on long-term funding made available by banks, financial institutions or venture capitalists (see, for example, Donckels, 2000; Mason and Harrison, 2000; Manigart and Sapienza, 2000). Importantly, when the cost of survival or growth strategies in these firms exceed the availability of financial resources owned and controlled by owner/managers, they becomes dependent on the availability of external sources of finance.In most industrially developed and developing economies, a growing number of SMEs need access to a wide range of sources of finance. Arguably, well functioning capital markets could facilitate access to finance, promote entrepreneurship and enable growth oriented businesses to operate profitably and make a significant contribution towards employment and economic stability. It is suggested that SMEs, through their inherent advantage of size and flexibility, have the ability to engage inproduct, service and knowledge innovation, respond rapidly to new opportunities, diversify their operations and contribute significantly to net job creation (Garvan and O’Cinneide,1994). This is acknowledged by government agencies in most countries, including the UK and China.In this paper, we set out to investigate SME access to finance in the UK and in China, in order to gain an insight into the experiences and behaviours of domestic entrepreneurs at start-up, after two years, and across a five year period of uninterrupted economic activity. First, we explore entrepreneurial and organisational characteristics in the context of the specialised finance literature. We analyse the financing behaviour of SME owner/managers in the UK and in China through in depth investigation of their finance mix and intended as well as actual outcomes. Second, we seek to deconstruct longitudinally the relationship between entrepreneurs and their providers of finance, over a five years period. The quantitative and qualitative data that emerged from this research study was used to compare and contrast the complex reality of financing smaller enterprises in two countries that differ significantly in their position as industrially developed and developing economies.In setting out to collect empirically rigorous and comparable data in relation to SME financing in the UK and in China, the authors designed a detailed, semi-structured questionnaire which was translated, piloted and administered in the two native languages. The questionnaire required respondents in 32 matched SMEs to provide quantitative and qualitative information on their sources of finance, both preferred and actually used by these owner/managers, during three stages of their firm’s business cycle: at the start up, after 2 years and over the next 5 years. The participating SMEs were selected from official domestic databases (widely available in both countries) and matched, as near as possible, to represent a relevant and comparable research sample. The original questionnaire was piloted on a small sub-sample of firms and adjusted to reflect the feedback received from these respondents. The main telephone survey was carried out by two of the authors during November and December 2005 in the UK and over the December 2005 to February2006 period, in China. In order to closely match socio-economic aspects and characteristics of respondents and their SMEs, the two comparative samples were deliberately limited to two geographical areas: the West Midlands region of the UK and the Eastern region of China.译文：中国和英国的中小企业融资：比较的观点摘要目的:这项研究的目的是描述在英国和在中国有经验的中小企业业主的融资及相关问题的实证调查的初步结果。
融资租赁中英文对照外文翻译文献
融资租赁中英文对照外文翻译文献XXX LeasingSmall and medium-sized companies have XXX in the global economy。
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市场营销外文翻译---金融危机中国的中小企业的影响及对策
The financial crisis on the impact of SMEs in Chinaand CountermeasuresBy the U.S. sub-prime crisis triggered by the financial crisis spread to all areas of the world, has not only the financial crisis, but a history of rare and strong impact on the world Economic crisis. Integration into the world economy, China has also been greatly affected, especially SMEs. Since the reform and opening up, small and medium enterprises developed rapidly, China's industrial restructuring, to ease the employment pressure, technological innovation, promoting Economic growth has played a very important role, but this time the economic crisis of the majority of SMEs have been facing crisis of survival, if you do not have a high degree of attention and to take effective measures, it may cause greater volatility in the national economy, the threat to build a harmonious society. This article will brief analysis of the financial crisis on the impact of China's small and medium enterprises and to propose measures to bail out small and medium enterprises in order to be helpful. The financial crisis on China's enterprises, especially SMEs, is a very serious impact, resulting in a lot of SMEs are forced to cease operation or even bankruptcy. (1) market decline in aggregate demand, sales of small and medium enterprises affected.The financial crisis had a direct impact on SMEs is a decline in export volume. The sub-prime crisis in the world economic recession, decline in international demand, China's SMEs, exports, reduction in export trade, which makes for a relatively high dependence on foreign markets, export-oriented small and medium enterprises in the production declines, the profit decline in the state, especially in the eastern coastal many enterprises have been cut, layoffs or even close. There are also turning to SMEs in the domestic market, in fact, depressed foreign markets, while domestic demand is declining, due to: the impact of economic transmission mechanism, the financial crisis has led to the stock market downturn and a decline in corporate profitability, is also a corresponding reduction in income the purchase of desire is not wang. On the other hand, from the financial crisis for the world economy creates a fear of mind to consumers, in order to take preventive measures, they try to curb government spending and reduce consumption. These have led to the difficult situation of domestic-based small and medium enterprises, or even bankruptcy. Reduction in theface of market share, increasing competition among enterprises on the market the product even more serious oversupply of lower prices, corporate profit margins shrink, survival more difficult.(2) The increase in cost, small and medium enterprises be further squeezed profit margins.First of all, in recent years, raw materials and energy prices overall rose substantially higher prices for agricultural products, leading to increased production costs of SMEs; Second, the new 'Labor Contract Law' demand for workers on foot 3 business insurance, payment overtime, which is no doubt regulated employment system, and improving the income of the workers and safeguard the basic rights of workers, but on the other hand, this will also increase their labor costs and make Enterprise Management more difficult; again, due to environmental degradation, governments at all levels also increased environmental management efforts to require companies waste water treatment, exhaust gas recycling purification, for non-compliance emissions, polluting enterprises to adopt a deadline for correction according to law, and other measures, which also forced the The costs for enterprises to improve the environment. At the same time as the prices of production factors, enterprises pay for the cost of land use is also increasing.(3) SME financing difficulties.In recent years, SMEs widespread system is not sound Financial Management was not standardized, low mortgage guarantee agencies, Information opaque, such phenomena as lack of credit, resulting in difficulties in obtaining bank loans for SMEs, financing channels less difficult, insufficient funds, which SME Development has been troubled by a major 'bottleneck'. With the advent of the financial crisis, this issue become more prominent. In the context of world economic recession, SMEs operating difficulties, increased credit risk, banks in order to reduce the risk of their own to raise the threshold for lending to SMEs, lending amount is declining, which makes it more difficult for the financing of SMEs. Although countries have introduced financial institutions to increase credit support for SMEs policy, but because of the credit market Information asymmetry caused by the 'adverse selection' and the moral hazard problem would make the bank is limited enforcement of these policies. In addition, the advent of the financial crisis, the decline in aggregate demand, domestic and international markets, raw materials and energy costs, corporate profit margins narrow,with the result of internal financing capacity of small and medium enterprises also dropped significantly.Small and medium enterprises to promote China's economic development has an important role in helping small and medium enterprises out of difficulty, the Government is duty-bound, to come from the following aspects:First of all, to improve the financing environment for SMEs to increase policy support. Local governments can finance through the creation of a special fund to develop small business loan interest subsidy system; the establishment of SME credit risks and increase the compensation funds, to increase loans to SMEs financial institutions to give appropriate compensation; perfect the security system and establish a security risk compensation mechanism, to reduce Small secured loan interest rate, increase the amount small secured loans; got the right to make good use private capital to expand the financing channels; to strengthen and improve the services for SMEs, to establish and improve social service system for SMEs. Second, relevant government departments should guide scientific Research institutes, colleges and universities with the SMEs 'production and research' combination of technological Innovation for SMEs to provide credit support to facilitate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Government policy is helping SMEs to cope with the financial crisis, external causes, the SME's own forces are internal, according to philosophical principles we can see that external and internal factors must play a role, but play a decisive role in internal and external causes by internal factors play a role. Therefore, SMEs can not simply rely on the Government introduced a large number of policies to deal with the financial crisis, SMEs play a decisive role in the survival or the enterprise's own strength, SMEs must take measures on their own, actively respond to the crisis. (1) reaffirm our confidence.To overcome the financial crisis, should first of all confidence, clarify development ideas. As Premier Wen put it, before the crisis, confidence is more important than gold and currency, confidence is a source of strength to overcome the crisis.(2) seize the opportunity.First of all, use good policy. In order to maintain rapid and sound economic development, expanding domestic demand, the Government has stepped up its efforts to support SMEs in 2008, since the state has adopted a series of policies conducive tothe development of SMEs. If the mitigation aspects of SME financing difficulties, encouraging financial institutions to steadily increase the proportion of SME lending and the recognition of the legalization of private lending, etc.; in improving the financing environment, the PBOC promulgated the 'on further improvement of the views of financial services for SMEs' and 'on strengthening and improving the guidance of financial services for SMEs' and so on; in expanding domestic demand, encourage transformation and upgrading of processing trade enterprises and stability of capital markets. Make good use of these policies will help small and medium enterprises out of difficulties. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download Second, to attract talent. Financial crisis occurred in developed countries have laid off a number of large enterprises, which for our small and medium enterprises to attract foreign high-end talents and provide opportunities for overseas students; the same time, the financial turmoil on China's trade, finance and other industries affected relatively large, many of these industries enterprises are lower, and layoffs or bankruptcy, some or all of these enterprises need to re-career personnel, employment pressures, which for our small and medium enterprises to introduce low-cost, high-level managerial talent and financial talent to create opportunities. SMEs should seize this opportunity, reserve personnel, in order to lay a solid foundation for future development.Again, within the framework of a global industrial restructuring opportunities. Europe and the United States and other developed economies affected by financial crisis relatively large, in order to cushion the slump in the domestic economy against the adverse effects of the manufacturing sector, the manufacturing sector in these countries is bound to transfer to developing countries, for China to become the world's largest manufacturing base with a come to a historic opportunity for development. China's small and medium enterprises should seize this opportunity to actively respond to and seek more funds intermediation, merger or acquisition of foreign scientific Research institutions, the upstream raw material supply enterprises and downstream product sales business, efforts to improve the technological content of products, reduce production costs, increase its global market share of sales and enhance China become the world 'manufacturing hub' status.Finally, the industrial upgrading opportunities. The financial crisis, labor-intensive, management is poor, the net production of low value-added processing of primaryproducts or production-oriented enterprises be a major shock, facing the threat of closing or closed down, which forced some enterprises to strengthen management and technical innovation, to upgrade the Industry structure of level, taking product upgrading, winning by quality intensive type business model. At the same time, countries to enhance high-tech products to deep processing of agricultural products as raw materials for export tax rebate rate, reduced or eliminated coal, steel and other resources of value-added products is not high, the export tax rebate rate, which also forced a number of primary products processing enterprises the positive development of production of high-tech products, accelerate industrial restructuring and upgrading, upgrade the structure of export products and expand exports of hi-tech products and strive to enjoy the benefits of the export tax rebate policy.(3) strengthening internal management and enterprises for independent innovation. First of all, we should strengthen management and improve operational efficiency. May take the following specific measures: to retain the best employees, enhance the exchange of ordinary employees, motivate and keep employees motivated, in-house to create a strong cohesive force, improve production efficiency; strengthen their internal management, and build an efficient organization structure, cutting management layers and links, and lower administrative costs; the introduction of specialized production, reduce operating costs of production in order to save money; right to dispose of idle assets to reduce asset loss, but also increase the capital reserves. Secondly, we must increase R & D investment, foster innovation. Production skills on staff training and training to develop staff's sense of Innovation and the establishment of innovative mechanisms to motivate staff, encourage staff to carry out technological innovations, forming their own unique core technology; the use of new Technology Research and development of new products and promote upgrading of products and take the brand development path, to improve the visibility of companies; on service innovation, build first-class service system and improve the corporate reputation.(4) make full use of the Internet, to establish a suitable model of network marketing.With the widespread use of the Internet, people in online shopping has become a fashion, which for the network to create the conditions for the emergence of marketing. Internet marketing, low cost, quick, is to boost sales in an effective way. SMEs should be based on characteristics of their products, customer demand forPopulation characteristics, to establish a suitable model of the enterprise's network marketing.(5) SME joint between horizontal or vertical will help enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. SMEs, due to management, technology, capital and so there are more disadvantages of going it alone is difficult to compete too large enterprises, so in order to improve competitiveness and enhance strength, producing the same or similar products, enterprises and enterprises upstream and downstream of the , are all can be horizontal or vertical, so that is conducive to the formation of economies of scale, lower transaction costs, reduce management costs and production costs, improve efficiency, avoid price wars and malicious competition; but also help to improve operational capability of enterprises, financing capability, science and Technology Innovation ability and management level, enhance their ability to withstand the crisis. In the economic globalization, China will inevitably be drawn into the financial crisis, in which Chinese SMEs have been hit is quite large. SMEs in order to successfully tide over the difficulties, in addition to helping the government, SMEs themselves also need to strengthen confidence, seize opportunities, improve enterprise capability of independent innovation and establish an appropriate network Marketing model lateral vertically integrated companies, only to take these measures will be useful in the context of the financial crisis to survive and develop, can we remain invincible in the fierce competition in order to achieve the post-crisis grow.References[1] Wu Qun: 'The global financial crisis environment for SME development Analysis'[J];' Nanjing Institute of Politics Journal of '2008 (6): 43.[2] Zhanbi English: 'on the global financial crisis on the impact of private enterprisesand coping thinking' [J]; 'Central Institute of Socialism Journal of '2009 (2): 77. [3] Feng-Ying Zhang: 'Financial crisis SME Marketing Strategy' [J]; 'academic paperson '2009 (13): 15. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download金融危机中国的中小企业的影响及对策由美国次贷危机引发并蔓延到世界所有地区的金融危机，不仅是金融危机，更是一种世界历史罕见的强烈影响和经济危机。
小微企业融资外文文献翻译
小微企业融资外文文献翻译the XXX credit to small and medium enterprises (SMEs)。
However。
micro enterprises (MEs) which are smaller than SMEs。
have been XXX。
using a path XXX finance。
such as family and friends。
due to the lack of access to formal finance。
Path dependence is also evident。
XXX finance.翻译：乌干达的小微企业融资：路径依赖和其他融资决策的决定因素XXX：Winifred XXX-XXX博士摘要：发展中国家的融资文献主要关注正规金融机构向中小型企业（SMEs）提供信贷的角色。
然而，小微企业（MEs）比SMEs更小，却被忽视了。
本文使用路径依赖框架，研究了乌干达小微企业的融资决策，识别了影响它们获得融资的因素。
研究发现，由于缺乏正规融资渠道，小微企业严重依赖非正规融资来源，如家人和朋友。
路径依赖也很明显，过去的融资决策和与非正规融资来源的关系影响了当前的融资决策。
本研究建议政策应着重改善小微企业获得正规融资的渠道，并促进金融素养，减少对非正规融资来源的依赖。
Access to credit is crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and micro enterprises。
as they are considered to be the main drivers of economic growth。
In e countries。
XXX role than SMEs。
XXX-agricultural self-XXX。
XXX due to the way they are XXX。
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The areas of SME financing channels: an overview 1.IntroductionIn all countries, SMEs are an important source of economic growth and create jobs. In addition, these companies through their dynamism and flexibility, the power of innovation and development.The research method is to start from the literature to highlight the importance of the theme of our research. This paper analyzes the data and statistics based on mainly by the World Bank survey, small and medium-sized private enterprises in Romania by some empirical research. According to the method used, and pointed out the importance of financing of SMEs and enhance the public bodies concerned about, especially the measures taken to improve financial development.2.the literature on SMEs financing channelsA popular academic literature on the financing channels of SMEs, has witnessed a lot of research to solve this problem.Countless research studies have indicated that financing channels is a critical obstacle in the growth and development process, especially in small and medium enterprises.Through Baker Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Ivan, and Marca Smokin Popovich (2004) research, reflecting the fundamental factors of 10 000 enterprises from 80 countries mainly depend on the financing of enterprises. Therefore, the relationship between the study highlights the corporate finance and its characteristics such as age, size and structure of property rights. From this perspective, the authors found that the small size of the young company, and face greater obstacles when they seek financial resources.The iResearch Dick Mei Leke and Salta (2011) analysis of macroeconomic and institutional factors affecting SME financing loans through the statistical data found. In other similar studies, the authors found a positive correlation between the overall economic development (a measure of per capita income) and financial development (measured by private lending ratio of gross domestic product), on the other hand, the level of SME financing is the opposite. In addition, the authors show that the level of financing for SMEs depends on the legal structure and overall business environment.3.in the process of SME financing in the general obstaclesIn general, access to financial products or financial services or financial inclusion assumes that there is no trade barriers to the use of financial products or services, regardless of whether these barriers or non-related pricing (Dumont reggae - Ke Lute, Baker, and Honorine root 2008:2). Therefore, to improve this means of access means increasing the degree of financial products or financial services at a fair price toeveryone.Enterprise does not use financial products or services can be divided into several categories, their identification is necessary, in order to take the necessary measures to improve their financing channels. Therefore, on the one hand, enterprises obtain financing, the financial products and services, but do not use them because they do not have a viable investment projects. On the other hand, it can distinguish between non-voluntary refuse corporate Although these business needs, but not have access to financial services. The status of independent corporate finance or financial services in some companies do not earn enough money or safeguards required by financing institutions and therefore have higher credit risk. At the same time, when some companies in need of funding, financial and banking institutions involved too costly and can not agree to financing. Finally, in the context of the enterprise refused to appear over-priced financial products or services and financial products or services that meet their requirements.Financing channels for enterprise development and the efficient allocation of funds essential. However, compared with large enterprises, SMEs seeking finance is facing many difficulties, because of several reasons, including: the judicial and legislative structure of the instability and imperfect, it does not support the enterprises in need of financing and funding the relationship between; part of the funding and corporate information is incomplete or even lack of information, which hinders the normal and efficient development of relations between enterprises and providers of finance; especially in the young company, the lack of credit history and guarantees the creditors, and sometimes limits the range of financial products that can be used.The number of surveys, especially the World Bank stressed that the financing is one of the biggest obstacle to good development and growth of the SME. For example, the World Bank in the 2006-2009 survey foundthat 31% of the worldwide study of corporate finance is a major obstacle to the current implementation, and even higher proportion of young company in the 40% of cases up to three years of experience (Chavez, kt Boer and Ireland 2010:1). In addition, a series of global surveys, including the information provided by the World Business Environment Survey show that SME financing transaction costs is the main obstacle to enterprise development.4.SME bank financing difficulties and support measuresIn most countries, especially in countries with bank-oriented financial system, the main source of external financing for SMEs by bank loans. Therefore, this type of loan is crucial to the development of SMEs. However, the survey showed, compared to the SMEs and large enterprises are using the new investment in the small extent of bank financing.As we mentioned, the use of financial products is determined by supply and demand. It is therefore important to understand why the SMEs use bank financing to a small extent only. In this regard, some studies (Banerjee and Duflo: 2004) has shown that the main reason for the supply, because every time when SMEs are able to obtain loans, they use it to increase production. This behavior is more proof of financing is an important factor in the development of enterprises. In addition, in the context of the current global financial crisis, the declining availability of bank loans and limited financing opportunities for SMEs. Therefore, it is the main problem facing small and medium enterprises.October 29, 2010, this survey of SMEs in Romania highlights the main problems faced by SMEs and banks. Therefore, 82% of the interviewed entrepreneurs obtain bank financing is very difficult, mainly because of excessive bureaucracy, unreasonable high demand, high interest rates, rigid bank credit indicators, as well as many types of commission and expenses. In addition, more than 61% of SMEentrepreneurs and managers reporting banks lack of transparency (hidden costs, lack of communication channels, etc.), there is no real consultation (using the standard contract, the bank refused to modify or complete the credit contract, etc.) and banks do not legitimate or misuse of the terms of the contract (for example, perform the unauthorized transaction accounts or bank fraud). Understanding this knowledge to take measures to support and promote SME financing.Improve SME financing is still cause for concern, but also national, European and international facing a challenge. For example, in the EU, through the implementation of the new measures established by the Small Business Administration for Europe to improve the financing channels for SMEs, by reducing the return of the structural funds requirements to promote the access of small and medium enterprises, the establishment of the Credit Ombudsman to promote small and medium-sized enterprises and dialogue between the credit institutions, to avoid the double taxation of the tax legislation, which will hinder the international venture capital plays an important role.In particular, empirical research, emphasizing the impact of the degree of financial development of a country is essential that the level of development of the SME financing. Therefore, a series of measures to support SMEs to obtain financing, to ensure the efficient development of the country's financial, which will ensure greater availability of corporate finance. Specifically, the authorities should take measures commonly used to measure the degree of financial development in the seven pillars, namely, the institutional environment, business environment, financial stability, banking and financial services, non-bank financial services, financial markets and access to finance.5 .ConclusionEffective financing for SMEs to create new business is of great significance, and existing growth and development of enterprises, whilepromoting the country's economic and social development. In addition, in the case of the economic crisis, SMEs contribute to restoring the national economy, so it is particularly important to support SME financing. However, most of the survey report stressed, always the financing channels of SMEs is one of the most important factor to affect its operation and development.SMEs trying to get the necessary financial resources to face difficulties related to the entrepreneurs and the economic environment of each country, as well as existing legal and institutional structure. To alleviate these difficulties, the measures taken by public authorities should focus on improving the financial development and to ensure that the corporate finance and economic growth, greater effectiveness.In various countries, including Romania, the decline on the availability of SME financing, or even the lack of statistical data, we believe that policy makers need to focus on and monitor a series of important indicators, depending on the size of the SMEs, experience and industry events share of its loans, which will benefit the public authorities, creditors and investors.原文来自罗马·安吉拉中小企业的融资渠道的领域:概述（奥拉迪亚大学：经济科学，2011年第一卷第一期，431-437）摘要通过中小企业在创造附加值和新的就业岗位中的贡献,使它在国家的经济和社会发展中拥有一个显著的角色。
小微企业融资外文文献翻译
小微企业融资外文文献翻译小微企业融资外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Micro Enterprise Finance in Uganda: Path Dependence and Other and Determinants of Financing DecisionsDr. Winifred Tarinyeba- KiryabwireAbstractAccess to finance literature in developing countries focuses onaccess to credit constraints of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) micro enterprises because they are considered the drivers of economic growth. However, in low income countries, micro enterprises play a much more significant role than SMEs because of their contribution to non-agricultural self-employment. The predominant use of informal credit rather than formal credit shows that the manner in which micro enterprises are formed and conduct their businesses favors the former over the latter. In addition, other factors such as lengthy credit application procedures, negative perceptions about credit application processes make informal credit more attractive. On the other hand specific factors such as business diversification, the need to acquire business inputs or assets than cannot be obtained using supplier credit are associated with a tendency to use formal credit.IntroductionIt well established that in markets where access to credit is constrained, it is the smaller businesses that have the most difficulty accessing credit. Various policy interventions have been made to improve access to credit including reforming the information and contractual frameworks, macro-economic performance, competitiveness in the financial system, and regulatory frameworks that enablefinancial institutions to develop products for SMEs such as leasing and factoring. Over the past ten years, policy makers in developing and low income countries have focused on microfinance as an intervention to bridge the access to credit gap and improve access to credit for those than cannot obtain credit from mainstream financial institutions such as commercial banks. However, despite, the use of what are often termed as “innovative lending” methods that are designed to ease access to credit, such as use of group lending and other collateral substitutes, micro enterprises continue to rely heavily on informal finance as opposed to formal credit. While other studies have focused broadly on factors that inhibit access to credit, this article seeks to throw some light on specific characteristics of micro enterprises that make them more inclined to use informal credit, as well as specific factors that are more associated with use of formal credit. The former are what I term as path dependence factors.The majority of micro enterprises operate as informally established sole proprietorships. This finding is consistent with the literature on micro enterprises, particularly the fact that they operate in the informal sector. However, nearly all of the enterprises had some form of trading license issued by the local government of the area in whichthey operate. The license identifies the owner of the business and its location, and is renewable every financial year. Most respondents did not understand the concept of business incorporation and thought that having a trading license meant that they were incorporated. Several factors can be attributed to the manner in which micro enterprises are established. First, proprietors generally understand neither the concept of incorporation nor the financial and legal implications of establishing a business as a legal entity separate from its owner. Second, the majority of micro enterprises start as spontaneous business or economic opportunities, rather than as well-thought out business ventures, particularly businesses that operate by the road side, or in other strategic areas, such as telephone booths that operate along busy streets. The owners are primarily concerned with the economic opportunity that the business presents rather than with the formalities of establishing the business. Third, rule of law issues also explain the manner in which businesses generally are established and financed. Although a mechanism exists for incorporating businesses in Uganda, the process and the legal and regulatory burdens, associated with formalizing a business, create costs that, in most cases, far outweigh the benefits or even the economic opportunity created by the business.Commenting on the role of law in determining the efficiency of the economic activities it regulates, Hernando De Soto argues that if laws impede or disrupt economic efficiency, they not only impose unnecessary costs of accessing and remaining in the formal system, but costs of operating informally as well. The former include the time and cost of registering a business, taxes and complying with bureaucratic procedures. On the other hand, the costs of informality include costs of avoiding penalties, evading taxes and labor laws and costs that result from absence of good laws such as not inadequate property rights protection, inability to use the contract system, and inefficiencies associated with extra contractual law.Businesses in Uganda are registered by the Registrar of Companies under the Company’s Act. The office of the Registrar of Companies is located in the capital city of Kampala and this imposes a burden on businesses that operate in other parts of the country that would wish to be registered. However, remoteness of the business registration office was not the primary inhibitor because the tendency not to register was as pronounced in businesses close to the registration office, as it was in those that were remotely placed. In addition, the following fees are required to incorporate a company: a name search andreservation fee of Ugshs. 25,000 ($12.50), stamp duty of 0.5% of the value of the share capital, memorandum and articles of association registration fee of Ugshs. 35,000 ($17.5), and a registration fee ranging from Ugshs. 50,000 to 4,000,000 ($25 to 2000).Legal systems characterized by low regulatory burden, shareholder and creditor rights protection, and efficient bankruptcy processes are associated with incorporated businesses and increased access to finance. On the other hand, inadequate legal protection is associated with limited business incorporation, low joint entrepreneurial activity, and higher financing obstacles. These impediments are what De Soto refers to as the mystery of legal failure. He argues that although nearly every developing and former communist nation has a formal property system, most citizens cannot gain access to it and their only alternative is to retreat with their assets into the extra legal sector where they can live and do business.译文乌干达小微企业融资路径依赖和融资的决定性因素Dr. Winifred Tarinyeba- Kiryabwire摘要通过查阅发展中国家的金融文献，我们往往可以发现由于中小企业是推动发展中国家经济增长的主要动力源，其金融问趣则主要侧重于中小企业的融资受限方面。
中小企业融资租赁研究外文文献翻译
文献出处：Guariglia A. The Research of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Financing Lease [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2015，12（05）：41-51. 原文The Research of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Financing LeaseGuariglia A.AbstractThis paper discusses the lease financing business accounting, development ofsmall and medium sized enterprises, and analyses the advantage in the financing lease.Finally, introduces small and medium sized enterprises in perfect financing lease ofcountermeasures from legal environment, taxation system, and guarantee system inorder to implement financing measures provided to small and medium -sizedenterprises, and solve financing difficulties of emergencies, thus improve to economicgrowth.Keywords: Small and Medium -sized Enterprises Financing lease；1 IntroductionFinance lease is finance transfers the ownership of the nature and characteristicsof equipment leasing business. Required by the lesser according to the lessee to buyequipment such as performance, specifications, models, and the lease to the lessee.The lesser to lease equipment, on the basis of the purchase price calculated accordingto the time length of the lessee occupy the lesser money rent, the lessee in accordancewith the agreed to pay the rent for each contract. Ownership of the contract equipmentbelongs to the lesser; the lessee has only to the right to use the equipment. After thetermination of the contract to pay the rent, the lessee has the right to according to theresidual value to buy equipment, to have the ownership of the equipment, or return theequipment to the lesser.2 The lessee financing lease accounting treatment2.1 The lease beginning date processing(1) Type of lease. (2) Calculating the lease beginning date of the minimum leasepayments, long-term accounts payable of the minimum lease payments as the entryvalue. (3) To calculate the lease beginning date the present value of the minimumlease payments, the lessee shall transfer the fair value of the leased asset on the leasebeginning date and the present value of minimum lease payment of the two lower as rent entry value of the assets. The lessee when calculating the present value of minimum lease payment, the determination of the discount rate: if the lesson’s rate implicit in the lease, with the lesson’s rate implicit in the lease as the discount rate; Otherwise, the interest rate discount rate is stipulated in the lease contract, to the bank loan interest rates for the same period as the discount rate. Lease containing rate is on the lease beginning date, makes the present value of the minimum lease receipts and the unguaranteed residual value of the sum of present value equal to the fair value of the leased asset and the lesser discount rate of the sum of the initial direct costs. (4) The initial direct costs included in the value of the asset. Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and sign the leasing agreement which is in the process of happen, can be directly attributable to the cost of the leasing items. There are usually stamp duty, commissions, fees, travel expenses. (5) Calculate the unrecognized financing charges. Unrecognized financing charges = minimum lease payments - fair value of the leased asset (the present value of the minimum lease payments).Unrecognized financing charges.6. Prepare the lease beginning date accounting entries.2.2 The unrecognized financing chargesUnder a finance lease, the lessee to the lesser to pay the rent for each includes the principal and interest of the two parts. When the lessee pays the rent, on the one hand, reduce long-term payables; On the other hand, at the same time the unrecognized financing charges according to certain method to confirm the current financing costs. In accordance with the standards on the lease, the lessee shall adopt the effective interest rate method. In the case of adopting the actual interest rate method, based on the lease beginning date, the entry value of the leased asset is different, the choice of financing cost allocation rate is also different, the contribution rate of unrecognized financing charges to determine the specific divided into the following several ways.(1) the present value of the minimum lease payments as the entry value of the leased asset and the lease with interest rates as the contribution rate of unrecognized financing charges.(2) the present value of the minimum lease payments as the entry value of the leased asset, the provisions of the contract interest rate as the contribution rate ofunrecognized financing charges.(3) the present value of the minimum lease payments as the entry value of the leased asset, the bank loan interest rates for the same period as the contribution rate of unrecognized financing charges.(4) based on fair value of the leased asset costs, contribution rate shall be calculated again, the contribution rate is that the present value of minimum lease payments is equal to the discount rate of the fair value of the leased asset.2.3 Lease assets depreciation provisionsThe lessee to the financing of the rented fixed assets depreciation. Determine the leased asset depreciation period shall consider the provisions of the lease contract is concerned, if it can be reasonably determining the expiry of the lease the lessee will obtain the ownership of the leased asset, the life of the leased asset shall be on the lease beginning date as the depreciation period; If unable to reasonably determine the expiration of the lease term the lessee will obtain the ownership of the leased asset and should be in the lease term and the life of the leased asset as the depreciation period is shorter.2.4 The performance cost of processingThe performance cost is refers to the leased asset during the lease term for the payment of royalties, such as technical advice and services, personnel training, maintenance, insurance, etc. The lessee of the performance cost should be included in the current profits and losses (management cost, manufacturing cost, cost of sales and other subjects).2.5 With the rentOr have the rent is refers to the amount of uncertainty, based on factors other than the length of time (such as sales, usage) rent. Or have the rent in the actual occurs into the profits and losses of the current period.2.6 Processing when the lease term expiresThe processing of the leased asset when the lease term expires, the lessee to have three conditions: return, preferential renewals, retention.3 The advantages of financing lease analysis Small and medium-sized enterprises3.1 Leasing company is able to control the risk of small and medium-sized enterprisefinancing, and is willing to provide loans.Leasing company will be confronted with various risks in doing business, roughly the kinds of product market risk, financial risk, trade risk, economic risk, technology risk, environment pollution risks, force majored, and so on. When leasing companies with weak economic strength, low credit level of small and medium enterprises to carry out the financing lease, the risk will increase, especially small and medium-sized enterprises is the risk of the lessee cannot pay the rent on time every rental companies must focus on when doing business. Leasing companies with the characteristics of the financing lease business, can control for small and medium-sized enterprise financing risk, makes it a acceptable or tolerable risk. Leasing company risk control methods mainly include the following:(1) The ownership of the leased equipment belongs to the leasing company. An obvious feature of financing lease is Lease Company has the ownership of the leased equipment, and the lessee only has leasing the right to use the equipment. It is because the separation of ownership and use right leasing equipment makes the leasing company when tenant defaults don't pay the rent on time, with relative to bank loans and other financing more leeway. The lessee cannot accord the terms of the lease contract, pay the rent on time phenomenon mainly can be divided into the following kinds: temporarily liquidity difficulties; the lessee has enough cash flow, but deliberately rent arrears; the lessee insolvency, filed for bankruptcy. To the lessee for the first reason appears the phenomenon of the rent in arrears, leasing companies in the financial condition of a detailed study of the lessee, determine the true, can adjust the rent payment scheme with tenant, make it accord with the characteristics of the lessee's cash flow. This can help the lessee through the current situation, also is advantageous to the leasing company of the lessee and continue our cooperation. If after investigation found that the lessee is intentionally rent arrears, leasing company can communicate with tenant, told if continue to fulfill its obligation to pay the rent will face the consequences. In the case of the lessee refuses to correct, leasing company can through legal means, to exercise their rights, retrieve the lease item, and punish the rent in arrears, the point of control the losses to a minimum. Visible, simpleand flexible, low requirements for credit, financing lease affordable at the same time in the financing lease can effectively predict before, in order to avoid risks, so it is in the small and medium-sized enterprise financing can not be neglected, a kind of financing way.(2) To leasing company can control the money. Finance lease is a kind of financing and it as one of the new financing way, it is different from the general bank loans, rental company does not directly provide funds to the lessee, but according to the requirements of the lessee, the lessee the selected equipment manufacturers designated equipment purchase, to rent to the lessee to use it and reach the purpose of financing. Leasing companies to provide equipment instead of the direct funding financing can be very good to prevent enterprise change of the use of funds, the limited funds for the enterprise need productive USES, expand the production capacity of enterprises, to improve enterprise's ability to pay the rent, but also reduce the risk of the leasing company.3.2 Financing lease low cost requirementsAlthough the interest of financing lease to 2 ~ 3% higher than the same period of bank interest, but long-term bank loans often have additional constraints, such as equal pay, compensating balance on a regular basis to make small and medium-sized enterprise's actual loan interest rate increase or cannot get one hundred percent of the financing, the financing lease can provide even rather than equipment price (including freight, insurance premium, etc.) was raised, and the lessee generally enjoy the tax benefits brought by the lease. By way of financing lease, the enterprise can in the case of a small amount of money, get the right to use the equipment, saving money in early. Tenant companies at the same time can also be originally out turnover must be used for equipment use, portable, improve the utilization efficiency of the capital. Therefore, taken together, the cost of the small and medium-sized enterprises using financing lease is not higher than bank loans.3.3 Equipment selection autonomy is strongIn the process of financing lease, the lessee has the right to choose its own equipment and the supplier, do not rely on the lesson’s judgment and decision, thelesser shall not interfere in the lessee's choice of equipment and the supplier. Besides there are special provisions of the state of equipment, the lesser may recommend to the lessee and equipment manufacturer, but did not say.3.4 The rent paymentFinancial leasing is more flexible in terms of rent charge. Rent shall be according to the production nature of the lessee, the condition of capital and the sales season characteristics, in terms of reimbursement amount of time and combined with enterprise actual operating conditions, and not pay the rent in regular, fixed form. The lessee pays the rent can take the form of more, such as the payment time intervals, can be divided into annual pay, can pay half a year, quarter and monthly payment; According to whether the rent at the time of waiting for the forehead, can be divided into equal pay and equal pay. In practice, the lessee and the lesser agreed to rent payment is commonly uniform annuity to pay later.译文中小企业融资租赁研究Guariglia A.摘要本文具体探讨了融资租赁业务的会计处理方式、发展思路，分析了中小企业开展融资租赁的优势。
中小企业融资约束与金融支持研究外文文献翻译2015年译文3000多字
文献出处：Miller F G. The research on the financing restriction and policy-supporting [J]. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2015，26(3): 15-26.原文The research on the financing restriction and policy-supportingMillers.In the recent ten years, the development of economy of the countries worldwide has shown that the small- and medium-sized enterprises have played inactive role in promoting the sound development of the economy, enlarging the employment, fostering the advancement of the technology, developing the international trade and enhancing the vitality of the market. However, in the process of the development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, they has-been restrained by the financing that has reined in the enlargement of production scale, promoting the technology level, developing new products and exploiting the new market. Because of the shortage of “Blood”, a lot of the small- andmedium-sized enterprises have been immersed in a vicious cycle, that is, they can’t get the funds for the operation and development with the bad performance of the operation, and in turn being short of sufficient funds leads to the lower benefits. The restraints of financing have a severe impact on the subsistence and development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises.It is a problem that exits in the countries worldwide. It not only causes the sweeping concerns in the theoretical circles, but also the countries and the regional governments in the world actively explore the methods to solve it at the practical level.Up to now, they have accumulated much precious experience. Among the developed countries, Japan has the most small- and medium-sized enterprises, ands the country that achieves most success in playing role in supporting the development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Especially, the finance r support for political considerations is most remarkable.The countries and regions, for example, Japan, choose the finance support for political considerations as the core of policies towards small- and medium-sizedenterprises on the base of the following two aspects: on the one hand, the small-and medium-sized enterprises have been persecuted by the shortage of funds thatis the core problem. The reason is that most of the small- and medium-sizedenterprises set up and invested by the individual funds and the limited scale of the funds leads to the inherent shortage of the support of them funds. At the same time, the commercial banks refuse to provide the small- and medium-sized enterprises with small funds, big operational risks and high-cost of loan because of“asymmetry of the information” and “risks of morality”. In addition, the directfinancing needs an enterprise with good credit to guarantee, which also hinders the channel of the direct financing. For the above-mentioned factors, the small- andmedium-sized enterprises are facing the great loopholes of the financing. On the other hand, given the fundamental principles of the operations of the market economy, the government is very cautious about applying the economic or administrative mechanisms. Instead of too much direct intervene of the government, which spoils the efficiency of the operations of the market and hinders the equal competition among a variety of the economic main bodies, the government makes up for the loopholes of funds by instituting the finance system for the political considerations, which can not only minimize spoiling the efficiency of the market, but also better reflect the appropriate intervene of the government in the market economy and perfectly supply the necessary public products needed by the operations of the market economy. The experience is worthy of our study and reference. The article makes an attempt to analyze the reasons of restraints of the financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises with the analysis method of supply and demand of the western economics and the related principles of the information economics, which puts emphasis on the study of the methods and experience in solving the problem, that is, restraints of the financing of the small-and medium-sized enterprises, and puts forward some inspirations for us.First part mainly talks about the outline of the related theories of the small and medium-sized enterprises and restraints of the financing. In this part, firstly, it introduces the theories in the world of the economy. “Optimal Scale Theory” ofStigler, “Optimum Scale Theory”and the demonstrations of the economists like Karlsson, Aacchus, Sarek, Grossman in the aspect of the advancement of the technology, the entrepreneurial spirit, the preference of the consumers ad the cost of the supervision, all of which show the rationality and inevitability of the existence of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Then, “Loopholes of Finance” of the small- and medium-sized enterprises or the restraints of the financing can analyze in the supply and demand’s perspective and explain with the related theories of the information economics. In the supply and demand’s perspective, when there is an equal interest rate in the curve of the demand of the external financing and in the curve of the supply of the external financing, there is only an equilibrium, that is the balance between supply and demand. When it is affected by the restraints of the finance or the tightening of the loans, at that time the interest rate is severely controlled, there will have a big loophole of the financing. The information economics believe that the distributions of the information among the economic main bodies not symmetrical. The asymmetry of the information includes the asymmetry in advance and the ex-post asymmetry. In the credit market, the asymmetry in advance may lead to the converse choice of the bank and the ex-post asymmetry the risks of morality of the enterprise. All the above factors gear up the risks of the bank credit and have an impact on the indirect financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. In the western developed countries or regions, this is an effective way to solve the restraints of the financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises is to develop the finance support system for the political considerations. It shows that the special functions of the finance support system for the political considerations by way of practice, which can make up for the function defects made by the market in the process of the allocation of the resources.Second part mainly talks about the background, reasons of the formation of the restraints of the financing of the Japanese small- and medium-sized enterprises and the influence on the Japanese economic development. Firstly, it explains the following functions of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in the economic life in Japan. They recruit a lot of workforce to maintain the stability of the society.As the foundation of the large-sized enterprises, they form the perfect economic and industrial chains. They also are the important force to meet the needs of the public in the social production. Moreover, they promote the development the export-oriented economy of Japan. Subsequently, it analyzes the reasons of the formation of the restraints of the financing in the different period of the economic development in the small- and medium-sized enterprises and it points out that the restraints have an bad impact on the growth of the economy, the enlargement of employment and the export.Third part mainly talks about the structure of the finance support for political considerations of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. It explains that it has undergone the process of the development and the perfection and briefly introduces the finance institutions for poetical considerations provided by Japanese government such as Public Life Finance Treasury, Finance Treasury For Small-And Medium-Sized Enterprises and Central Finance Treasury For Commercial and Industrial Communication and credit guarantee of the small- and medium-sized enterprises and credit insurance system, which lays a solid foundation for further summarizing the experience in solving the restraints of the financing of the small-and medium-sized enterprises.Fourth part mainly talks about the characteristics of the finance support for political considerations of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. It outlines that Japan institutes the finance support for political considerations of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, which shows the remarkable characteristics of institution after legislation. It forms their own system; the source of funds has their own specific characteristics, and financing for political considerations and commercial financing in the nongovernmental sector together institute the financing system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Application of the different ways is the effective one to solve the problem. The support of finance of the small- and medium-sized enterprises plays role in maintaining the effective competition of the industrial policies.Fifth part mainly talks about we use the Japanese experience for reference when we build the finance support system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in our country. It mainly analyzes the current situation of the financing of the small- andmedium-sized enterprises, the current situation of the building the finance support system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises and the common and special reasons of the restrains of financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in our country. With the Japanese experience for reference, we put forward the plans of building the finance support system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises.In a word, if we want to change the disadvantageous status and solve the financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, we must depend on the sound service system of socialization of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. By way of practice, it shows that the institution of finance support system for political considerations can effectively solve the core problem that restrains the subsistence and development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, that is, the restraints of the financing. But if you want to root out the problem, you not only develop finance support system for political considerations, but also institute the finance system that combines the finance for political considerations, the finance for commercial considerations with the finance for co-operative considerations. You must establish the harmonious mechanism between direct financing and indirect financing, enlarging the channel of direct financing and developing the multi-level capital market to make cooperate between the monetary market, capital market and insurance market, which together institute the financing system of small- and medium-sized enterprises.译文中小企业融资约束与金融支持研究作者：米勒斯近几十年来各国经济发展表明，中小企业在促进经济健康发展、扩大就业、促进技术进步、发展国际贸易、增强市场活力等方面，起到了十分积极的作用。
小微企业融资外文文献翻译
小微企业融资外文文献翻译小微企业融资外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Micro Enterprise Finance in Uganda: Path Dependence and Other and Determinants of Financing DecisionsDr. Winifred Tarinyeba- KiryabwireAbstractAccess to finance literature in developing countries focuses onaccess to credit constraints of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) micro enterprises because they are considered the drivers of economic growth. However, in low income countries, micro enterprises play a much more significant role than SMEs because of their contribution to non-agricultural self-employment. The predominant use of informal credit rather than formal credit shows that the manner in which micro enterprises are formed and conduct their businesses favors the former over the latter. In addition, other factors such as lengthy credit application procedures, negative perceptions about credit application processes make informal credit more attractive. On the other hand specific factors such as business diversification, the need to acquire business inputs or assets than cannot be obtained using supplier credit are associated with a tendency to use formal credit.IntroductionIt well established that in markets where access to credit is constrained, it is the smaller businesses that have the most difficulty accessing credit. Various policy interventions have been made to improve access to credit including reforming the information and contractual frameworks, macro-economic performance, competitiveness in the financial system, and regulatory frameworks that enablefinancial institutions to develop products for SMEs such as leasing and factoring. Over the past ten years, policy makers in developing and low income countries have focused on microfinance as an intervention to bridge the access to credit gap and improve access to credit for those than cannot obtain credit from mainstream financial institutions such as commercial banks. However, despite, the use of what are often termed as “innovative lending” methods that are designed to ease access to credit, such as use of group lending and other collateral substitutes, micro enterprises continue to rely heavily on informal finance as opposed to formal credit. While other studies have focused broadly on factors that inhibit access to credit, this article seeks to throw some light on specific characteristics of micro enterprises that make them more inclined to use informal credit, as well as specific factors that are more associated with use of formal credit. The former are what I term as path dependence factors.The majority of micro enterprises operate as informally established sole proprietorships. This finding is consistent with the literature on micro enterprises, particularly the fact that they operate in the informal sector. However, nearly all of the enterprises had some form of trading license issued by the local government of the area in whichthey operate. The license identifies the owner of the business and its location, and is renewable every financial year. Most respondents did not understand the concept of business incorporation and thought that having a trading license meant that they were incorporated. Several factors can be attributed to the manner in which micro enterprises are established. First, proprietors generally understand neither the concept of incorporation nor the financial and legal implications of establishing a business as a legal entity separate from its owner. Second, the majority of micro enterprises start as spontaneous business or economic opportunities, rather than as well-thought out business ventures, particularly businesses that operate by the road side, or in other strategic areas, such as telephone booths that operate along busy streets. The owners are primarily concerned with the economic opportunity that the business presents rather than with the formalities of establishing the business. Third, rule of law issues also explain the manner in which businesses generally are established and financed. Although a mechanism exists for incorporating businesses in Uganda, the process and the legal and regulatory burdens, associated with formalizing a business, create costs that, in most cases, far outweigh the benefits or even the economic opportunity created by the business.Commenting on the role of law in determining the efficiency of the economic activities it regulates, Hernando De Soto argues that if laws impede or disrupt economic efficiency, they not only impose unnecessary costs of accessing and remaining in the formal system, but costs of operating informally as well. The former include the time and cost of registering a business, taxes and complying with bureaucratic procedures. On the other hand, the costs of informality include costs of avoiding penalties, evading taxes and labor laws and costs that result from absence of good laws such as not inadequate property rights protection, inability to use the contract system, and inefficiencies associated with extra contractual law.Businesses in Uganda are registered by the Registrar of Companies under the Company’s Act. The office of the Registrar of Companies is located in the capital city of Kampala and this imposes a burden on businesses that operate in other parts of the country that would wish to be registered. However, remoteness of the business registration office was not the primary inhibitor because the tendency not to register was as pronounced in businesses close to the registration office, as it was in those that were remotely placed. In addition, the following fees are required to incorporate a company: a name search andreservation fee of Ugshs. 25,000 ($12.50), stamp duty of 0.5% of the value of the share capital, memorandum and articles of association registration fee of Ugshs. 35,000 ($17.5), and a registration fee ranging from Ugshs. 50,000 to 4,000,000 ($25 to 2000).Legal systems characterized by low regulatory burden, shareholder and creditor rights protection, and efficient bankruptcy processes are associated with incorporated businesses and increased access to finance. On the other hand, inadequate legal protection is associated with limited business incorporation, low joint entrepreneurial activity, and higher financing obstacles. These impediments are what De Soto refers to as the mystery of legal failure. He argues that although nearly every developing and former communist nation has a formal property system, most citizens cannot gain access to it and their only alternative is to retreat with their assets into the extra legal sector where they can live and do business.译文乌干达小微企业融资路径依赖和融资的决定性因素Dr. Winifred Tarinyeba- Kiryabwire摘要通过查阅发展中国家的金融文献，我们往往可以发现由于中小企业是推动发展中国家经济增长的主要动力源，其金融问趣则主要侧重于中小企业的融资受限方面。
融资租赁视角下我国中小企业融资模式论文
融资租赁视角下我国中小企业融资模式探究一、融资租赁概述“融资租赁”是由英文“finance-leasing”翻译过来的，因此在经济学上“融资租赁”，或者“金融租赁”。
各国对融资租赁尚未形成统一的定义，我国学术界对融资租赁比较一致的定义为：融资租赁是指出租人对承租人所选定的租赁物件，进行以为其融资为目的的购买，然后再以收取租金为条件，将该租赁物件长期出租给该承租人使用。
从经济特征层面分析，融资租赁是一种以资金为纽带以物为载体的商业资本、产业资本和金融资本相结合的信用活动。
侧重于中长期设备的融资，一般以承租设备本身作为担保，不需额外担保和抵押。
承租人在合约签订后，原则上不得解除租约，但对制造商提供设备的质量与技术条件不予担保。
承租入负责检查并代出租人接受制造商提供的设备。
承租人在租约期间分期支付租金，而租赁物的保养也一般由承租人负责。
融资租赁租约期满，承租人对租赁物有留购、续租和退租三种选择。
从法律层面上说，融资租赁法律关系极为复杂，涉及两个合同、三方当事人，且出租人与承租人在法律关系上表现为双方权利义务关系的非对称性。
租赁物的所有权实质上是一种信用关系的载体，而非单纯的民事权利。
二、融资租赁在中小企业融资中的优势（一）有效降低信息不对称程度融资租赁降低信息不对称的程度的意义在于降低资金提供者的信息管理成本，既提高了资金收益，又能降低企业融资的门槛。
首先，出租人所需承租人的财务、经营等信息比较容易取得，出租人在对这些信息做出分析后，就可以决定项目的可行性。
其次，租赁合同对租金及期限的特殊规定比较灵活，可以有弹性。
相比于银行贷款，融资租赁给财务基础较弱的中小企业减轻资金流动性的压力，减少到期不能偿付的风险。
租金按期支付构成对企业的硬预算约束，一但企业不能按期支付租金，出租人就可以及时采取相应措施。
再次，融资租赁可降低道德风险。
由于租赁设备通常具有特定用途，承租人变更其用途没有任何经济意义。
存在的风险可能是承租人变卖设备获得价款，然后从事其他项目的投资，但这种可能性极小，因为承租人对设备只有使用权，变卖设备是违法的。
金融科技对小微金融服务的创新研究
金融科技对小微金融服务的创新研究金融科技（Financial Technology，简称FinTech）以技术为基础，通过创新的金融手段和方式，对传统金融行业进行了颠覆式的改革，为小微金融服务带来了全新的机遇和挑战。
本文将从多个角度，分析金融科技对小微金融服务的创新内容和影响。
一、普惠金融的重要性和需求近年来，普惠金融成为国内经济发展的重要支撑。
小微企业作为经济主力军，在国民经济中发挥着重要作用。
然而，由于贷款难、融资贵等问题，小微企业面临着融资难题。
普惠金融能够满足小微企业的融资需求，推动其健康快速发展。
二、数字化与普惠金融FinTech技术的飞速发展，实现了小微企业融资环境的数字化。
通过金融科技的创新手段，小微企业能够实现贷款申请、融资查阅等一系列金融服务的线上化处理，减少了传统金融界面的时间和空间限制。
三、金融科技对小微金融服务的挑战金融科技虽然在很大程度上促进了小微金融服务的创新，但也面临一些挑战。
首先，个人信息安全问题是金融科技发展的重点难题。
其次，金融科技的进一步挑战在于创新的速度和法规的跟进。
四、金融科技在小微金融服务中的运营模式创新金融科技应用在小微金融服务中，通过创新的运营模式，极大地降低了小微企业的融资成本。
例如，通过互联网金融平台，小微企业可以直接与资金供应方对接，实现直接融资，避免了传统金融机构中介角色。
五、金融科技对小微企业信用评估的创新传统金融机构对小微企业的信用评估主要依据传统企业信用记录和抵质押物等担保措施，限制了小微企业的融资能力。
而金融科技通过大数据、人工智能等技术手段，对小微企业进行创新的信用评估，促进了更准确的信用评级，降低了融资风险。
六、金融科技在支付结算方面的创新金融科技在小微金融服务中还创新了支付结算方式。
通过移动支付等技术手段，小微企业能够实现快速、便捷的支付和结算操作，减少了时间和成本，并增强了小微企业的流动性。
七、金融科技与风险管理随着金融科技的发展，小微金融服务也需要应对新的风险挑战。
外文翻译---中小企业融资难相关分析
附录Sme financing problems related to the analysisFirst, small and medium-sized enterprises financing statusReform and opening up, china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained a rapid development of enterprises, 99% of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our country more than 60% GDP contribution, tax over 50%, provides 70% of import and export trade and 80% of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important power of independent innovation, 66% of invention patent , 82% of new product development of small and medium-sized enterprises ,from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economic prosperity , expanding employment , adjusting structure, promote innovation and new industries of important strength.From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the implementation of the positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy , but no small and medium-sized enterprises from the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly , for instance, of the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year , but rose 1.4% only the loans increased 14.9%, 09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion , including loans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5% .Current , loan financing difficult has become the bottleneck of restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprise production and management faced difficulties, according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of 2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts for about 7.5%,the urban employment, this situation is not only more difficult economic recovery, influence and directly affect the growth and development of people’s livelihood ,stable target .In this sense ,the international financial crisis under the impact of China’s economy could not really low, the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered.Second, the sme financing reason analysisSme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say, see, both from China, and mechanism of medium and small and medium-sized enterprises, there are three main reasons: first, the medium and small and medium-sized enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises generally weak awareness of honesty, similar to a few of the common phenomenon, may report on tax on some, less ugly statements in Banks, this intersection, some may form good-looking, such loans point is reliable became a problem. But this approach is very adverse instead of enterprises, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises are not healthy, we imagine, if several departments with all those together, the first this enterprise is not sincere, he will have a foothold. We manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources, technology, capital, market environment faced financial crisis, there was a huge pressure, the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise, the innovation ability of high enough to enter the market is weak, the low threshold, the fierce competition in the market will increase, these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Second, from the bank, for small and medium-sized enterprise credit conditions stricter, because we are most Bands, it is also considered commercial bank, the risk of their own profits. To the end of 2008, the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low come m&a, solving some problems, bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises, like a big problem, once, countries will still enterprises, especially those small problems, once the bankruptcy, nobody tube, so the loan quality cannot guaranteed, so in this management system, to reduce the risks, the bank will demand of small and medium-sized enterprises in providing enough after pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprises, do loans will pay more manpower, so also does not want to extend loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, A bank operating costs, the half is labor cost, small and medium-sized enterprises especially do small, very high labor workload, but it is the benefit of different times. Third, the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in the capital markets have direct financing ways of securities market, including small plate and gem, And private equity funds, industrial investment funds, venture investment funds, risk investment funds, and the bond market, etc. But since the sept.25, 2008, the small plate market, securities issued after huachang chemical and closed the door, just recently IPO to restart the IPO. But gem is “ten years”, good sword, people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gem listing conditions, but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises to financing, for many enterprises, it is still a luxury. In overseas, small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of growing only rely on bank loan financing, many times is a venture investment risk or the help of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, however, can grow in the basic of financing Shenzhen has 3,000 venture company, with a registered capital of 6,000 billion, but no company is willing to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature, can the fancy of the securities market and gem.\ Third, the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem(a) From the Angle of the government1.The government should relax market access control, reducing barriers, let more smaller Bands, small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og those small Banks to bitter fleabane bitter fleabane. Dynamic development Now China is probably more than a hundred villages and towns of the bank, bank established to improve the bottleneck of the economic investment county, including improving agriculture development of small and medium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing five state-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop their own businesses for the financing of the specialized agencies, relax its has branches and encourage them in the land, and county, township, even closer to provide financial services and more convenient.2.The government should help Banks to establish a credit system, further reducing their information cost, in our country, the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system construction was started by the specialized agencies, collection and storage, sorting, analysis, and use of enterprise credit information, to guard against credit risks, maintain stable financial marker, In2006, the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the credit system, hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small and medium-sized enterprises. Of course, the credit system is not only by the government, and now has some network company, for example, try to use labara. Com in online transaction information into small and medium-sized enterprises credit index, the index of credit, if out of the bank to further reduce the cost of information..3. The government should several of bank risk compensation, the local interest risk compensation mechanism and policy, just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing way, and cannot be fundamentally solved. As to the end, fujian province of bad loans is small loans 6071%, but the average level of banking, is a two percent, while a few risk compensation, just to 0.8 percent, only a small part, So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, then according to the bank loans, reduce its tax, business tax, income tax reduction, Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest, risk and return, If the loan losses, the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it, this makes bif business loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basic yields.4.The government should actively promote the multi-level capital market system, in order to better satisfy all kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs of enterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises, the development stage is endless and same, determines the sme financing needs is not the same, So small and medium-sized enterprises, groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs, then satisfy sme financing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode, such as bank loans, bonds, equity financing, etc.200to 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate, founded bu promoting capital, technology, management, and the effective factors of high quality as cultivating board, also to promote the upgrading of industrial structure is playing a positive role.In October 2009, gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independent innovation, promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises in the new development stage. But for more than for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed to solve this kind of condition, enterprise’s equity financing, stock transfer to a valid the over-the-counter marker, In 2006, China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading of securities companies entering the pilot work, Besides the government should vigorously promote the development of the bond market, bond financing for small and medium enterprises to provide more convenient, in the developed countries, the bond market is the main financing, financing, in the United States, for example, 2008, the company bonds is circulation stock circulation of 5 times, with the United States, Europe and other countries and regions in the bond market, also has the big development space.(b) From the bank angleIf rely on the existing in the banking financial products and sme loans, to solve the difficulty in financing smes is impossible, we cannot change the present situation of small and medium-sized enterprises, so we would change our bank credit, financial innovation is imminent. Currently banking is through the organization, risk management technical innovation, innovation, and security collateral product innovation so as to change the status of financing for smes.1. Guarantee mortgage innovation, Collateral shortage is small and medium-sized enterprisebiggest soft rib, they could not buy a heap of the house and then prepare for security, it is not realistic to high-tdch enterprise, as the core of assets should be their intellectual property righs, the patent righ and one on the market in technology, creative team, is the blood to support its development, as well as several pieces of the mortgaged property, bur all need money to lend, bank, The small and medium-sized enterprises, such an jiangsu cooperatives experiment widely warehouse inventory impawn, through a mortgage loan product, Tianjing coastal rural commercial bank actively carry out enterprise sharehoulding pledge loan., benjing bank recently launched intellectual property as a pledge from the bank for a loan.2. Credit rating innovating, Big Bnaks do business of time, usually see a balance sheet, an income statement and a cash flow statement, small and medium-sized enterprises have even thes three tables are not high, the bank information costs, zhejiang tyrone arisen, commercial Banks, they look for innovative water meter, customs declaration form, large, large, reduce cost, still can make small loans to earn enough money. Like Shenzhen development bank, by focusing on their Opponent’s credit transaction, the authenticity of the enterprise, chooses a new of enterprises credit rating. For enterprises in the ctedit rating method for enterprises itself, the credit rating weight only 15%. Pay more attention to the authenticity of the trading counterparty and downstream of the raw material supply semi-finished products or services or transportation or logistics can be easier to choose good credit are true of the enterprise, trade background to provide enough good service, mobilize various financial tools, in the process of enterprise development, shenfazhan also created the profits.3. Business process innovation. Our country commercial bank, the bank is mostly official in the house, wait for a loan to customers approval for a month , three months, such a kind of management, such an examination result is impossible to small and medium-sized enterprise financial services, it is impossible to improve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. Banks to reduce threshold the other is to simplify the process, reduce link, establish examination mechanism, so as to adapt to the credit factory. The bank is factory, small and medium-sized enterprises is raw material, into the line after the marketing, sales, and service, with approval, and customer maintenance and post-loan management, obtain loans. But Banks are not a person guard line and batch production. Through the way of examination and approval procedures simplified. Through this process to make sure that the smes credit approval from the cycle over the past 2, 3 months, shorten to 3, 5 days now.4.Strengthening the training of personnel. After construction in mechanism to have a group of people to do it, and do it well, it is to strengthen the training of the staff, further strengthen the sme, small business loans and high-tech smes job training and the loan of communication, increasing the entire product r&d efforts, with the strain of new incentive and restraint measures to professional team and the new service.\ (c) From the Angle of enterprises1, Enternises should strengthen management improve quality. To correctly understand the situation, face, establish the risk by management effectiveness and development idea, must pay more attention to technical innovation, technological innovation, pay attention to the new product development, improve quality and brand construction and development of new products, improve the product quality improvement, and win the market.. Reducing energy consumption, to increase, increasing earning. Increasing market development ability, reduce”products, accounts,receivable” two nbre, accelerate the capital turnover. Through the development way, not only by the expansion of production of production, but improve the quality of the industrial sector realize rapid growth.2. The enterprises should strengthen the construction of credit system. Establish the standard of management system, establish she transparent reliable statements, the accumulation of enterprise credit system.中小企业融资难相关分析一、中小企业融资难现状改革开放30年来，我国的中小企业得到了迅速的发展，占企业总数的99%中小企业对我们国家GDP贡献超过了60%，税收超过了50%，提供了70%的进出口贸易和80%的城镇就业岗位。
金融租赁与我国小企业融资问题研究
金融租赁与我国小企业融资问题研究【摘要】本文通过对金融租赁与我国小企业融资问题的研究，探讨了金融租赁在小企业融资中的应用、影响因素，以及其在我国小企业融资问题中的作用和存在的问题。
结合现实情况提出了金融租赁在小企业融资中的发展建议。
最后总结了金融租赁与我国小企业融资问题的关系，展望未来研究方向，并指出研究的局限性与不足之处。
通过本文的研究可以更好地了解金融租赁对小企业融资的影响，为解决我国小企业融资问题提供参考和建议。
【关键词】金融租赁、小企业融资、影响因素、作用、问题、发展建议、总结、展望、局限性、不足之处1. 引言1.1 研究背景金融租赁是指租赁公司与用户之间签订租赁合同，租赁公司以设备、机器等作为租赁资产，向用户提供使用权，用户按照约定向租赁公司支付租金的一种融资方式。
金融租赁具有融资周期短、融资成本低、灵活性高等特点，特别适合小微企业融资需求。
目前我国小微企业在金融租赁方面的应用还不够广泛，存在着一些问题和障碍。
有必要对金融租赁在小企业融资中的应用、影响因素、作用、存在的问题以及发展建议进行深入研究，以期为我国小微企业提供更加便利和有效的融资方式，促进小微企业的健康发展。
1.2 研究目的研究目的主要是探讨金融租赁在我国小企业融资问题中所起到的作用，分析金融租赁对小企业融资的影响因素，并提出发展建议。
通过深入研究，可以更好地了解金融租赁在小企业融资中的地位和作用，为政府制定相关政策和小企业解决融资问题提供参考。
本研究旨在引起社会对金融租赁的重视，探讨金融租赁在小企业融资中存在的问题，为解决这些问题提供可行的建议和方向，促进我国小企业的健康发展和经济持续增长。
通过这些努力，可以为金融租赁与我国小企业融资问题的研究和实践提供有益的参考和借鉴，推动金融租赁在小企业融资中的应用和发展，促进我国经济的稳定和可持续发展。
1.3 研究意义小企业是国民经济的重要组成部分，对于促进社会经济发展、增加就业机会、推动技术创新等方面发挥着重要作用。
中英文外文文献翻译中小企业的融资困境研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Groot M期刊：International Business Research，第5卷，第2期，pp:31-41 原文The research of financing difficulty in SMES作者：Groot M1. IntroductionThe principles of the European Union funding of SME have gradually emerged and are constantly analyzed for improvement.Unfulfilled or only partially achieved expectations to the property less, deviations from the model for better or worse, complaints, problems, deficiencies noticed in the comparison, all of them are challenges needed to be met by training operations that EU experts will bring out. Given the political interest which European structures manifested in this direction, this process will undoubtedly continue, because it allows better management of financial resources and an increase with large positive effects. Furthermore, access to finance is the most important factor promoting employment, growth and innovation in SME in Europe. Given the size of the Structural Funds, the European Commission tried not to leave to chance the "right to know". The research period focused in this paper encompasses the years 2007 - 2009. (Note 1) The research methodology used was based on document analysis, secondary data analysis and statistical analysis. The analysis of levels of funding granted through different EU financial instruments has been conducted on basis of statistical analysis of financial information from European Commission budget. 2. Structural and Cohesion Financing Sources for SME According to the Guidelines on financing of small and medium enterprises, funding may be made by calling the internal sources (equity capital) and / or external funding sources (http://www.finantare.ro/ghid-finantari.html). The internal funding sources are:* Contributions of the owners or associated members. * Resources generated by the company's activity (retaining profit). Internal funding sources have some advantages, such as preserving the independence and financial autonomy, because it creates no additional binding (interest, guarantees), or maintaining borrowing capacity, being a reliable mean of financial support of the enterprise's needs. They also bear disadvantages because the owners have fewer funds to invest in other more profitable activities than the activity which generated the financial overflow (alternative cost). External financing sources of SME include: loans, grants, and capital market instruments. The needed borrowing is obtained by the analysis of the evolution indicators of costs that are generated by the SME development. This need should be determined from the planning stage of development. Depending on the characteristics of this necessary, one develops the company's financing policy. External financing is necessary if the SME does not have sufficient internal resources to cover the investments necessary for the planned activities. Regardless of the country, it is intended to facilitate access of SME to external financing sources, especially venture capital, micro-loans, financial mezzanine, and the development of a stimulating legal and business environment. Attracting capital is one of the conditions necessary for both establishing a successful business (especially SME) and for ensuring its development. The use of own resources or loans is often insufficient for start-up firmsor those with strong growth potential. Investors hesitate to invest in start-up companies because of high transaction costs and because the returns do not compensate for risk. Therefore, these companies usually seek a venture capital, which may provide the amounts necessary for entering the market and developing faster. The venture capital is essential for the innovative SME' financing and for the assurance of the best investment opportunities. However, in Europe, venture capital market is fragmented, which affects cross-border investments and growth potential of venture capital funds and reduces the level of investment. Therefore, given the need to improve SME' access to financing (and especially for the innovative ones), the European Commission established facilitating cross-border investments as one of the main objectives, and initiated some measures to overcome regulatory and tax obstacles at EU and each Member State level. To become competitive, European venture capital markets wish to increase their efficiency and profitability, and a way to achieve this goal is by extending the benefits of a single venture capital market to facilitate cross-border transactions. The European Commission will evaluate the options for the introduction of a private placement regime to facilitate cross-border investments to stimulate the development of venture capital funds in Europe and will assist Member States to promote programs which stimulate investments.Regarding financial mezzanine, this is a hybrid financing instrumentthat combines features of equity and loan and increases the possibilities of companies' financial option. In fact, financial mezzanine can be an important complementary source of financing firms. The most important instruments of mezzanine financing include private placement instruments (private mezzanine) and capital market instruments (public mezzanine).Mezzanine capital is an appropriate solution especially when the requirements for financing may not be covered by traditional loans. Hybrid forms of financing can be employed also in less dynamic periods (e.g. maturity phase) to optimize the financial mix. Cases of refinancing are also suitable for using mezzanine capital. In these stages of the business, financial mezzanine is an attractive option for companies with positive cash flows and developing perspectives to attract additional funds. Mezzanine financing is inappropriate for restructuring, because in these phases capital flows are volatile and more difficult to predict. Further, financial mezzanine is not recommended for companies with an unstable position on the market and negative forecasts of development, with a high debt rate and accounting and financial weaknesses.The mezzanine financial instruments are little used now, compared with traditional financial loans, but amid a trend of change and rapid evolution of financial markets, where the survival and development of the companies will require substantial resources, it is estimated that this formof financing will grow significantly.3. Current Scenarios for Financing SME The increasing attention paid in the last decade to SME in most countries of the world, as a result of the recognition of their major contribution to economic development and generating new jobs in the economy, is reflected in the development of various public financing schemes. There are two significantly different concepts at the basis of their design and operation: 1. Financing schemes for SME based on governmental economic policies, which aim to achieve certain economic and social objectives by financing with priority some certain categories of firms. Adherents of this approach are the Japanese, who are currently preferentially financing through a variety of public schemes, small businesses which develop strongly and with great potential for job creation (Klein et al., 2003).2. Financing schemes for SME focused on market requirements, which aim to provide financial resources, but under the same or very close conditions to the market conditions. The main concern is to avoid causing distortions in market competition, which might advantage certain categories of firms. These schemes, which forecast modest subsidies to SME financing costs, have a less sensitive role in stimulating them. In Europe, there are especially in Germany and the UK approaches based largely on this model, while in the period 2007-2009, the previous approach was predominantly used.Romanian SME' requirements consider the types of investment needed during the development of their commercial activities, the risks related to investments which will be financed, and the factors to be considered when selecting a funding source. In choosing the source of funding for SME several aspects should be carefully considered: what kind of source of funding is best suited to the business' objectives, what financing size can meet the needs of the business and its own assessment of the company, which will be made in order to assess the ability of the business, to have access to financing and to repay it. When the financing source is chosen, the following factors should be taken into account (Nicolescu &Nicolescu, 2008). 4. An Outline of Financing SME in Romania In Romania, public schemes which promote SME financing can be divided mainly into four categories (Figure 1). Financing schemes by grants provide, under certain conditions, grants for SME. Generally, these grants address companies from certain economic sectors or areas of the country. Most often, there are financed investments in equipment and, more rarely, in capital. The basic principle of providing grants is financial co-participation, which implies the allocation by the SME of a part of the funds necessary for the whole project at a clearly stated minimum level. Such schemes were operationalized through some foundations (CRIMM, FIMAN) or governmental agencies (the National Agency of Small and Medium Enterprises, the National Agency for Regional Development, theNational Employment Agency) and ministries (Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, etc.).EU Structural Funds are managed by the European Commission and have as destination financing the structural aid measures at communitarian level, in order to promote the regions with delays in development, reconversion of areas affected by industrial decline, combating long-term unemployment, and promoting the employability of young people or rural development. If one considers that Romania would benefit by 2013 from structural funds of about 28-30 billion Euros from the EU, it is of great importance to known the level of the Romanian SME connected with the accessing of these forms of financing.5. Concluding DiscussionConsidering the results presented above, one can identify and outline areas where the following priority actions are recommended: 1. Gradual establishment of a system of guarantee funds for financing entrepreneurs at national and regional level. 2. Significant reduction of the amount of guarantees and fees required by banks in lending in accord with the EU practices. 3. Simplifying procedures for obtaining credit. 4. Interest subsidy on loans to SME, at least in certain sectors with competitive advantages and for certain groups (youth, disabled persons, etc.). 5. Developing a national training program for entrepreneurs in order toaccess structural funds based on the principle of public - private partnership. 6. Providing adequate grace period on loans for investment. It is also necessary to give credits for investment for a longer period of time, at least 5-7 years. These two measures would facilitate a comprehensive and rapid development of SME. 7. Transforming a state bank in a development bank (investments) for SME.译文中小企业的融资困境研究作者：格鲁特1.引言欧盟中小企业融资的原则问题已经显现出来并需要不断地进行分析改进。
外文翻译---中小型企业财务管理模式的探析
毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译院系经济管理学院专业班级财务管理0902班姓名刘俊奎原文出处 Economic Research评分指导教师杨捷华中科技大学武昌分校2013年03月日毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计/论文课题相关。
2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计/论文课题内容相关的不少于2000汉字的外文文献翻译任务（其中，汉语言文学专业、艺术类专业不作要求），英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
中小型企业财务管理模式的探析摘要中小企业作为一个整体的组织.在经济全球化时代的经济发展做出了突出贡献，越来越多的国家重视中小企业.虽然中小企业发挥了重要作用，促进经济发展，但是许多中小企业的作用相当一部分单纯追求销量和市场份额而忽略核心地位的财务管理。
管理意识是刚性的，仅限于生产经营的管理结构和企业管理，企业财务管理和风险控制没有得到充分使用，这对中小型企业的信贷和融资渠道产生了负面影响，原因是缺乏有效的财务管理支持。
所以深化金融改革，探讨了金融的潜力，提高财务管理水平，建立财务管理模式适合中小企业的现状是重中之重。
关键词：中小型企业，财务管理，财务管理模式中小型企业的概念中小型企业被各界人士和政府机构以各种方式定义，正如它在不同的国家以多种方式发挥作用。
微型企业被认为是一个小公司或中型企业。
不管怎样，我们的工作即包括微型企业或小型业务，也包括中等规模业务。
对小型公司进行最全面研究的是在英国，由博尔顿委员会提出（1971）。
委员会定义“小型公司”为“一个不超过200名员工的企业”。
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中文5182字文献出处：YANG J. The Research on Financial Leasing and China’s Small Micro Enterprises[J]. International Business and Management, 2012, 5(1): 33-37.文献一：The Research on Financial Leasing and China’s Small MicroEnterprisesAbstract：The financing diffi culties is China’s small micro enterprises existence a universal problem, it has become the main small micro enterprises development of a bottleneck. The financial leasing in the service of small micro enterprises has marked effect. First, to broaden the financing channels of small micro enterprises, second, reduce the fund pressure of small micro enterprises, and the third, promote the technology innovation of small micro enterprises, fourth, promote the market development of small micro enterprises. Due to lack of necessary knowledge on financial leasing, corresponding policies imperfect, lack of the necessary capital supply, affecting the development of financial leasing. To promote the development of financial leasing, China should establish uniform management system, improve the relevant policies, expand the funding sources of financial leasing.Key words: Small micro enterprises; Financial leasing; Role; Problems; SuggestionsINTRODUCTION：Small micro enterprises in the process of economic development of China plays a more and more prominent role, however, China’s small micro enterprises generally faced the difficulty of shortage of funds. How to solve the financing problems of small micro enterprises is a hot issue in China’s economic development. Studies have shown that financial leasing is an effective way to solve the financing difficulties of small micro enterprises in China. Positive development of financial leasing, can effectively resolve the financing problems of small micro enterprises, thereby promoting economic development.Financial Leasing as a new way to trade, it put the traditional rental, trade and financial way all organic combination up, be understood as a financing bank loans and capital markets after the third road. Financial leasing has the dual function of financing and financial objects, has its unique advantages in the service of the real economy, especially in services to small micro enterprises. In2010 June, Chinese financial authorities issued further completes the small micro enterprise financial service work certain opinions, requirement to the development of the financial leasing business. The full display financial leasing’s function, may promote the small micro enterprise’s development effectively.1. FINANCIAL LEASING IS THE IDEAL FINANCING OPTIONS FOR SMES IN CHINABecause China’s small micro enterprises financing channel is narrow, the financial leasing in service for small companies can give full play to the advantages provided a condition.The enterprise financing way has stockholder’s rights financing and the creditor’s rights financing two types. Stockholder’s rights financing can be divided into two forms: public offering and private collect. The public to raise financing is IPO financing. From the present situation of the development of China’s capital market see, through the IPO of the financing of enterprise are only a small part, thousands of companies listed on the inside and outside is only a very small part of the tens of millions of enterprises. Do not need to undergo a rigorous listing of the audit through a private placement financing, relatively speaking, easier to achieve financing, however, due to the operation of the private equity funds to achieve legalization, even though the public has a lot of private equity funds exist, but really be able to supply the amount of money is relatively limited. On the creditor’s rights financing, at present China’s form of creditor’s rights financing is sing le, mainly bank credit channel. Bank considering security problems, often to provide money for a credit ratings, the strength of large enterprises, in addition, due to the bank credit market degree is relatively low, not established truly mature enterprise credit rating system, especially the rating system of the small micro enterprises, so that the bank credit activity impossible cover a much wider range of debt financing needs, only to meet a range of financing demand. So, small and medium-sized enterprises, especially small micro enterprises financing constraints become enterprise development of a bottleneck. Financial leasing way was invented in the 1950s, as a kind of long-term debt financing, is by the lesser according to the lessee’s need, in advanc e in accordance with the contract, the lessee to designated betray a person to buy the lessee designate d fixed assets, in the lessor has the fixed assets under the premise of ownership, to the lessee pays the rent for conditions, will be a period of time fixed assets and earnings of the right to transfer to the lessee. Financial lease financing way has several obvious features: First, the lessee may have afull financing. Second, can save the lessee's capital investment, reduce business cash flow pressure. Third, the leased equipment is selec ted according to their needs to determine by the lessee. Fourth, lease activities involve at least three parties, can form the mutual restrict. Fifth, after the expiry of the lease, the lessee of the equipment used dispose of the three options remain to purchase, renew or surrender of tenancy rights. At the same time, the financial leasing has the function of financing and product promotion function. Financial leading’s characteristic and the function speaking of the financing channel narrow small micro enterprise, is one relatively ideal financing solution way. Therefore, financial leasing has superiority serves for the small micro enterprises, it easier to become one kind of substitution choice of small micro enterprises long-term creditor's rights debt financing.2. THE ROLE PLAYED BY FINANCIAL LEASING SERVICES TO SMESFinancial leasing advantage decided it has a unique role in service for small micro enterprises. Financial leasing has the following advantages: First, provides professional services for small micro enterprises. Leasing companies often choose some specific industry to carry out leasing business, can provide enterprises with professional services. In the process of cooperation with the enterprise, the leasing company in addition to providing financing service outside, with the development of it industry, enterprise to the understanding of the profit model, and master the management of the enterprise, which objectively can play on small micro enterprises guidance. Second, procedure is simple, flexible service. Usually, the small micro enterprises has short, anxious, the quick characteristic to the fund demand. Compared with the bank credit, financial leasing to the lessee of assets and liabilities of the requirements is not high, do not need to strict examination and approval, only need to the lessee of the future cash flow of an investigation. The small micro enterprises with rents the company to work out the different contract, satisfies the tenant to the cash flow request, the rent payment pattern may also process nimbly. Therefore, financial leasing way more accord with small micro enterprises capital demand characteristic. Third, helps small micro enterprises to reduce operation risk. Not afford to buy production equipment, the lessee obtained through financial leasing equipment, the project put into operation as early as the early benefit from improved operating efficiency. The financial leasing reduces the outflow of funds for the enterprise equipping. Financial leasing scheme is designed with a certain degree of flexibility, leasing companies can be tailored according to the enterprise’s cash flow rentrepayment plan, avoid enterprise repayment pressure too concentrated, thereby reducing the financial risk. Entered into a lease contract, the equipment prices, rentals and other important issues are to determine the one-time, the lease term remains fixed, thus reducing the uncertainty due to price fluctuations in the process of renting. Because financial leasing has the advantage, therefore, it plays a unique role in service for small micro enterprises.2.1 Expand the Small Micro Enterprise’sFinancing Channel Bank considers to the safety of the credit funds to set up corresponding assets loan mortgage conditions, the small micro enterprises are restricted by many factors, it is difficult to obtain loan from the bank. Compared with the cumbersome procedure of the bank loans, financial leasing often do not require the lessee to provide credit guarantee finance simplicity, therefore, the financial leasing for those in the early days, there’s no mortgage assets, the lack of complete credit history, asset-liability ratio higher small micro enterprises, especially small micro enterprises in the start-up stage to provide a realistic financing channels.2.2 Reduce the Small Micro Enterprise’s Fund Pressure Compared with corporate self-purchase of equipment, through financial leasing, the lessee pays the rent way to obtain the right to use of machinery and equipment, a combination of financing and investment, to create the operating profit. Although the equipment not getting the ownership of the equipment, but, the enterprise to pay the rent for the far less than the amount needed for the lump sum investment financing volume. With the aid of financial leasing, the lessee is by equipment, return the money, namely to rent way to pay for the equipment. The rent installment payment amount by the lessee and the lessor is both in their cash flow condition considered after certain, beneficial to the lessee cash flow, managing enterprise capital expenditure, reduce the financial pressure. In addition, because of the financial leasing is not included in the company’s balance sheet, through financial leasing enterprises can reduce the rate of assets and liabilities, for the enterprise development laid the foundation for other financing activities2.3 Promote the Small Micro Enterprise’s Technological Innovation Financial leasing can make both supply and demand meet directly, reduce the intermediate link, so as to facilitate the equipment into the fields, and drive enterprise production development, financial leasing to become the link of enterprises cohesion production and sales. Due to the strength of strong small micro enterprises reduce the full risk of equipment investment, so that enterprises have moreenergy to track changes in the market, accelerate technical innovation pace, produces more competitive products. Small micro enterprises through financial leasing to reduce the burden of equipment investment, quickly get the needed technology and equipment. This way can shorten the technological transformation of the enterprise and equipment renewal cycle, through the continuous rent advanced equipment to shorten the time machine equipment use, thus speeding up production equipment renewal, maintain production technology lead, and seizes the market opportunities.2.4 Promote the Small Micro Enterprise to Develop the Market Financing and the sale are two difficult problems which the small micro enterprises faces. Financial leasing has not only solved enterprise's financing problem, moreover the help enterprise has developed the market. May reduce the selling expenses through financial leasing, reduces purchases the threshold, enhancement customer purchase ability, to reduce sells link's account receivable and the time sale risk. At the same time, because financial leasing is one kind manages the behavior, between the lessor and the tenant maintains continually the good communication condition, the tenant can act according to the customer feedback the information, carries on the renewal and the consummation to the product, maintains the product the lead. Through financial leasing, may communicate the finance, the trade, to produce three markets, the guidance capital reasonable order is mobile, promotion financial capital, industrial capital and trade capital fusion.3. THE PROBLEMS OF CHINA’S FINANCIAL LEASING AND WHY2011 China financial leasing industry development report shows, to the end of 2011, 286 Chinese operations in the book all types of financial leasing companies, financial leasing contract balance of approximately 930 billion yuan. Should say, financial leasing industry development scale and the development of the Chine se economy condition is don’t match3.1 Problems of Financial LeasingAlthough China financial leasing business started in 1981, but look on the whole, it is still a new business in China, is still in the initial stage of development, the external market environment, the legal environment is still not perfect and mature. As the main body of market rental company professional skills, management level, risk control ability has yet to be further improved. 2011 China financial leasing industry development repo rt listed the problems of China’s financial leasing industry: First, to financial leasing profession understanding existence erroneous zone. TheDepartment concerned thought that financial leasing will boost the inflation, thus, the financial leasing compa ny has adopted the scale control policy, rented enterprise’s sources of fund to come under the influence. Second, financial leasing business in areas around the development is not balanced. As 90% of all types of financial leasing companies are concentrated in 30 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, while the rest of the country more than 200 Earth-level above the city, including some capital cities, has not a financial leasing company. Third, relevant laws and regulations are not perfect. The development of financial leasing industry still lacks a unified and effective judicial safeguard. Fourth, financial leasing company’s risk awareness is still relatively weak. The country related supervisory department’s supervision system is not perfect. Many lease enterprises did not set up effective risk control mechanism. Some lease enterprise on a smaller scale, but business promoting soon, capital adequacy ratio even less than 1%. Some comprehensive lease in the business enterprise develop, after-sales back to the proportion of the rent is too big. In addition, China’s financial leasing industry regulation is not uniform. China’s financial leasing industry, according to the different nature of the investor, by the People’s Bank of China, the CBRC, the CSRC, the Ministry of Commerce of China, both funded by commercial banks or the four asset management companies, non-bank financial institutions supervision by the CBRC, also includes by each kind of non-financial enterprise investment, the Ministry of Commerce of China is responsible to supervise, not to include the financial organ to rent the company。