专业英语翻译

1、Besides oil being present in sufficient quantities ,and water and gas available to help move it to surface, three other factors must be present in the reservoir to make it economically worthwhile. These are pressure gradient ,gtavity, and capillary action.除了足够石油存在，水和可以帮助把它到地面的天然气之外，在储层中必须存在其他三个因素使其具有经济开采价值，他们是压力梯度重力和毛细作用。

2、Pressure gradient means that a difference exists between pressures measured at two different points.If the pressure is lower at the wellthan at other points in the reservoir,the areas of higher pressure will exert energy that will force the fluids to and up the wellbore resulting in the well flowing .If such pressure is not present in sufficient quantities ,then a pump or other artificial means will have to be used to lift the oil to the surface.压力梯度意味着测量的两点之间压力存在差异，如果经的压力比油藏的其他点底，那高压区会释放能量，驱使流体到达井眼，何在井眼中爬升从而实现油在井中流动，如果不存在足够这样的压力，那么就必须用泵或者其他人工方法来把油举升到地面。

3、The function of the hoisting system is to provide a means of lowering or raising drilstrings ,casing strings,and other subsurface equipment into or out of the hole.The principal components of the hoisting system are the derrick and substructure , the block and tackle,,and the drawworks, Two routine drilling oprations performed with the hoisting system are called making a connection refers to the periodic process of adding a new jointof drillpipe as the hole deepens. This process is described in figure 3-10.Making a trip refers to the process of removing the drillstring from the hole to change a portion of the downhole assembly and then lowering the drillstring back to the hole bottom .A trip is made usually to change a dull bit.The steps involved in coming out of the hole are shown in Figure3—11.起升系统的功能是提供了一种手段来实现钻柱、套管8的下放和起升和其他设备在井眼中出入。

起升系统的重要组成部分有井架、底座、滑轮组和绞车。

起升系统的两个常规钻井操作是接单根和起下钻。

接单根是指井眼加深时在钻柱上增加新的单根的周期过程。

图3-10描述了这一过程。

起下钻是指把钻柱从井眼中移除更换部分井下装置再把钻柱下放到井眼中，统称为更换钝的钻头而起下钻，起钻的相关步骤如图3-11所示。

4、The drawworks (Figure3—15)provide the hoisting and braking power required to raise or lower the heavy strings of pipe.The principal parts of the drawworks are the drum ,the brakes,the transmission, and the catheads.The drum transmits the torque required for hoisting or braking .It also stores the drilling line required to move the traveling block the length of the derrick.绞车提供起升和下放重的钻柱所需的起升功率和制动功率。

主提绞车主要组成部分有滚筒、刹车、传动装置和猫头。

滚筒传递起升和制动所需的扭矩。

5、The brakes must have the capacity to stop and sustain the great weights imposed when lowering a string of pipe into the hole.Auxiliary brakes are used to help dissipate the large amount of heat generated during braking.Tow types of auxiliary brakes commonly used are the hydrodynamic type and the electromagnetic type .For the hydrodynamic type ,braking is provided by water being impelled in a direction opposite to the rotation of the drun.In the electromagnetic type , electrical braking is provided by tow oppositing magnetic fields.The magnitude of the magnetic fields is dependent on the speed of rotation and the amount of external excitation current supplied In both types,the heat developed must be dissipated by a liquid cooling system.刹车必须有能力停止和维持下放钻柱到井眼中施加的高重量他们用辅助刹车来帮助在刹车过程中产生大量的热。

两种普遍使用的辅助刹车是水动力类型和电磁类型。

对于动力类型来说水向滚筒旋转的反方向流动提供制动。

对于电磁类型来说，电气制动是由两种相立的磁场提供的。

磁场的强度取决于旋转速度和提供的外部激励电流的数量。

在这两种类型中部必须用液体冷却系统来驱散产生的热量。

6、The drawworks transimission provides a means for easily changing the direction and speed of the traveling block. Power also must betransmitted to catheads attached to both ends of the drawworks.绞车的传动装置提供了一种简单的改变绞车运动方向和速度的方法，功率必须传给附属在绞车两端的猫头。

7、Friction catheads shown in Figure 3—15 turn contiuously and can be used to assist in lifting or moving equipment on rig floor .The number of turns of rope on the drum and the tension provided by the operator controls the force of pull..A second type of cathead generally located between the drawworks housing and the friction cathead can bbe used to provide the torque needed to screw or screw sections of pipe.如图3-15所示的摩擦猫头不断旋转，可以协助举起或移动设备到钻~上。

滚筒上绳子的匝数和由操作者提供的张力控制拉力。

第二种类型的猫头通常位于通常位于绞车机架和摩擦猫头之间，用于提供上或卸钻杆所需的钻距。

8、A major function of the fluid-circulating system is to remove the rock cuttings from the hole as drilling progresses.A schematic diagram illustrating a typical rig circulating system is shown in Figure 3-17.The drilling fluid is most commonly a suspension of clay and other materials in water and is called drilling mud.The drilling mud travels from the steel tanks to the mud pump,from the pump through(the high pressure surface connections)to the drillstring,though the drillstring to the bit,though the nozzles of the bit and up the annular space between the drillstring and hole to the surface,and through the contaminant-removal equipment back to the sution tank.循环系统的主要功能钻井进行时井眼中移出。