动词加ed和ing规则

动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则
规则动词得过去式变化如下:
1、一般情况下,动词词尾加ed ,如:
work worked playplayed wantedwanted actacted
2、以不发音得e 结尾动词,动词词尾加d,如:
livelived movemoved tastetasted hopehoped
3、以辅音字母+ y结尾得动词,把y变为i 再加ed,如:
studystudied copycopied crycried carrycarried
4、以一个辅音字母结尾得重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ed,如:
stop stopped
5、不规则动词得过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。

go – went make – made get – got buy – bought e came flyflew
不规则动词得过去式得构成
1.把动词原形中得i改为a,变成过去式。

如:
begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam 2.把重读开音节中得i改为o,变成过去式。

如:
drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote
3.改动词原形中得aw ／ow为ew,变成过去式。

如:
draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除
外,show—showed)
4.动词原形中得e改为o,变成过去式。

如:
get—got,forget—forgot
5.动词原形中得ee改为e,变成过去式。

如:
feed—fed,meet—met
6.动词原形中得eep改为ept,变成过去式。

如:
keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
7.动词原形中得eak改为oke,变成过去式。

如:
break—broke,speak—spoke
8.动词原形中得ell改为old,变成过去式。

如:
sell—sold,tell—told
9.动词原形中得an改为oo,变成过去式。

如:
stand—stood,understand—understood
10.以ought与aught结尾,且读音就是〔:t〕得过去式。

如:
bring—brought,buy— bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕得情态动词过去式。

如:
can—could,shall—should,will—would
12.把动词原形中得o改为a,变成过去式。

如:
e—came,bee—became
13.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。

如:
hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕14.动词得过去式与动词原形一样。

如:
let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕
15.不符合上述规律得动词过去式。

如:
am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found ,fly—flew,go—went,have ／has—
had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took
过去式“ed”得发音规则
(1)动词词尾为“t,d”时,发/ id /音,
want →wanted (要)need →needed (需要)
(2)动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音。

help →helped (帮助)laugh →laughed (笑)look →looked (瞧)
kiss →kissed (吻)wash →washed (洗) watch →watched (注视)
(3)动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音。

call →called (叫)stay→stayed (停留)cry→cried (哭)
过去式
就是英语语法得一种,表示过去某个时间里发生得动作或状态。

一般过去式得动词通常用动词得过去式形式来表示,而动词得过去式就是在动词原形得基础上变化得。

动词得过去式可分为规则动词与不规则动词。

目录
过去式,过去时态
结构
概念:
例句:
构成
用法:
读法:
不规则变化动词表:
过去式,过去时态
结构
概念:
例句:
构成
用法:
读法:
不规则变化动词表:
展开
过去式,过去时态
【过去式】
1、过去发生得而现在已经结束得动作要用一般过去式来表示。

2、表示过去某个时间里发生得动作或状态。

3、过去习惯性、经常性得动作、行为;过去主语所具备得能力与性格。

【过去时态】表示行为、动作与状态在各种时间条件下得动词形式。

【过去时态结构】指得就是过去时态下得动词形式得语法构成。

过去式就就是动词得变化,表示过去发生得事。

一般瞧到ago,before, in 几几年,就就是过去式。

workworked
listenlistened 一般得就就是直接加ed,特殊得就有一些变化。

结构
【过去时态结构基本形式】
1、主语+动词过去式+其她;
2、否定形式
①wasn't/weren't
②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其她。

概念:
表示过去得发生动作或过去存在得某种状态
例句:
A:What did you do last weekend?
B:I played football、
A:Did you read books?
B:Yes,I did、
构成
表示一般过去式得动词通常用动词得过去式形式来表示,而动词得过去式就是在动词原形得基础上变化得。

动词得过去式可分为规则动词与不规则动词。

规则动词得过去式变化如下:
(1)一般情况下,动词词尾加ed ,如:
work—worked; play—played;want— wanted; act—acted
(2)以不发音得 e 结尾动词,动词词尾加d,如:
live—lived; move—moved; decide—decided; decline—declined; hope—hoped;
(3)以辅音字母+ y结尾得动词,把y变为i 再加ed,如:
studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied
(4)以一个辅音字母结尾得重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ed,如:
stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped
(5)注:不规则动词得过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。

go went,make made,get got ,buy bought ,e
came ,flyflew ,is/amwas,arewere ,seesaw,bringbrought,dodid,teachtaught, thinkthought, saysaid,sitsat、readread, spendspent,
eatate,givegave,sitsat,telltold,writewrote,feelfelt,findfound,hearheard,knowknew, putput,growgrew,taketook,catchcaught,ecame,beebecame,swimswam,sweep—sw ept,sing—sang,draw—drew,
以上得(1)至(4)条中得发音均有改变,具体分别有/d/ /t/ /id/。

而不规则动词得过去式得发音则略有不同,但就是有些还就是按照一定规律变化得。

如以上得:make made,get got ,buy bought ,e
came ,flyflew ,bringbrought,teachtaught, thinkthought, saysaid,sitsat、readread, spendspent,givegave,telltold,writewrote,feelfelt,findfound,hearheard,knowknew,
putput,growgrew,taketook,catchcaught,ecame,beebecame,swimswam,sweep—sw ept,sing—sang,draw—drew。

仔细瞧一瞧,能发现它们得一些变化规律,也就就是说不需要死记硬背这些过去式,知道了原型与变化规律,就可以写出来了。

有得变化部分读音也就是有规律得。

分类记忆就是对学习过去式很有帮助得！
用法:
(1)
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生得动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语得词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。

I worked in that factory last year、去年我在那一家工厂工作。

I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday、昨天我们去了天龙山。

一般过去时得用法一、概念:一般过去时就是表示在过去得时间里发生得动作或状态,通常与表示过去得时间状语连用。

二.时间状语:yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago,a minute ago,last year(week, month), just now, at that time, in those days、
三.过去时得用法:1.有确定得过去时间状语时要用过去式。

例:We had a good time last week、
2.表示过去连续发生得动作时,要用过去式。

例:The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed、
3、表示过去一段时间内经常或反复得动作,要用过去式。

例:She often came to help me at that time、
四、一般过去式得构成形式:☆Be动词得过去式: (1)肯定句:主语+ be动词得过去式(was, were)
例:He was ill yesterday、She was nine two years ago、They were my students long long ago、
(2)否定句:主语+ be动词得过去式(was, were)+ not
例:He was not ill yesterday、She was not nine two years ago、They were not my students long long ago、
(3)一般疑问句:直接把be动词提到句首。

例:Was he ill yesterday?
肯定回答:Yes, he was、
否定回答:No, he wasn't、Was she nine two years ago? Yes, she was、/ No, she wasn't、Were they your students long long ago? Yes, they were、/ No, they weren't、
☆实意动词得过去式:(1)肯定句:主语+动词得过去式
例:He played football last week、She watched TV last night、
(2)否定句:主语+ did not +动词原形
例:He did not play football last week、She didn’t watch TV last night、
(3)一般疑问句:Did +主语+动词原形例:Did he play football last week?
回答:Yes, he did、/ No, he didn't、
Did she watch TV last night?
回答:Yes, she did、/ No, she didn’t、
五.动词变过去式得几种常用规则:1.一般动词直接+ ed;
例:looklooked wantwanted listen listened
2.以e结尾得词直接+ d;例:livelived phonephoned
3.以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例:trytried studystudied
4.重读闭音节结尾得,词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例:stopstopped planplanned
5、不规则动词: 动词由原形转变为过去式时不按词尾加“ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词。

小学常见得动词不规则过去式如:就是be/is/am/are was, 就是are were, 来ecame, 去go went, 有have had, 做/干do did, 做make made 读read read, 放put put, 切割cut cut,写write wrote, 带走take took, 买buy bought, 带来bring brought,想think thought, 瞧见see saw, 说say said, 说话speak spoke,打破break broke, 得到get got, 跑run ran, 告诉tell told,唱sing sang, 喝drink drank, 吃eat ate, 游泳swim swam,开始begin began, 偷steal stole, 遇见meet met, 卖sell sold, 坐sit sat,跑runran,读readread,想要wantwant,知道know/known等等
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生得动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语得词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。

I worked in that factory last year、去年我在那一家工厂工作。

I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday、昨天我们去了天龙山。

I stayed at home,yesterday、昨天,我整日呆在家里、
(2)
一般过去时态:表示过去某一时间所发生得动作或存在得状态。

谓语动词要用一般过去式。

时间标志:yesterday(昨天), last weekend(上周), last month(上个月), last year(去年), two months ago(两个月前), the day before yesterday(前天),in 1990 (在1990年), in those days (在那些日子里)等表示过去得时间状语。

如:
I was born in 1990、(我出生在1990年)。

When did you go to the park? (您就是什么时候去得公园)。

I went to the park last weekend、(我就是上周去得公园)
在上面得句子中第一句属于be动词得一般过去时态;
第二句与第三句属于实义动词go得一般过去时态。

1. Be 动词得一般过去时态
在没有实义动词得句子中使用be动词, am is 得过去式为was; are得过去式为were、
构成:
肯定句:主语+was (were) +表语
如:I was late yesterday、(昨天我迟到了。

)
否定句:主语+was (were) +not+表语
如:We weren't late yesterday、(我们昨天没迟到)
疑问句:Was (Were) +主语+表语
如: Do you sick yesterday? (您昨天病了吗？)
肯定回答: Yes, I was、(就是得,我病了。

)
否定回答: No, I wasn't、(不,我没病。

)
现在分词加ing得规则现在分词就是在动词后加上ing 构成。

如:starting,working, ing, sitting 等都就是现在分词。

现在分词得变化规则就是固定得,大家用心记一下就可以了。

(1)直接在谓语动词后加ing、例如:going, starting, working、
(2)去掉词尾不发音得e,再加ing、例如leaving,dining、
注意:如果单词结尾得e发音,则不能去掉,也直接加ing、例如:see seeing/agree agreeing 、
另外,有少数动词比较特殊,请用心记住:例如:lie lying/die dying/tie tying/picnic picnicking、
(3) 对于重读闭音节词,双写末尾字母再加ing、例如:sitting, beginning、
这一条规律,必须要弄清什么就是“重读闭音节”。

下面再举一些双写得例子: run running
stop stopping
cut cutting
control controlling
动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子得谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首。

如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour、
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正得主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。

如:
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old、
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the positionin a quarter of an hour、
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays、
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money、
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况得形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评得词。

在不定式前得sb,可瞧作其逻辑主语。

这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式,如:It'skind of you to help me with my English、=You are kind to helpme with my English、
⒉动名词作主语
Learning without practice is no good、
动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。

如:
①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…
It's no good reading in dim light、
It's no use sitting here waiting、
②It's＋形容词＋doing
It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days、
这样用得形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It'simportant for you to keep fit、
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next、
在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。

⒊动词不定式与动名词作主语得区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定得动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定得动作执行者联系在一起。

如: It's no good eating too much fat、
It's no good for you to eat so much fat、
②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。

如:
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules、
二、作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。

如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接th at引导得从句。

如:
I decided to ask for my money back、
I decided that I would ask for my money back、
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot、
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot、
②当复合宾语中得宾语就是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。

如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well、
He feels it his duty to help the poor、
③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to得不定式;如无do,则接to 不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do。

如:
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in、
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV、
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。

如:
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town、
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health、
②动名词作介词得宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home、
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前得介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no
use(in)doing等。

⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。

如:begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。

在need,require,want后接ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved)、hate,love,like接不定式表示特定得未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行得活动或一般得行为。

在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee、
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等就是进行式时,如:Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem、
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand what
was happening、
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。

如:
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake、
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake、
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来得动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。

如:
Don't forget fo post the letter for me、
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave、
I remember writing him a letter a year ago、
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting、
They regretted ordering these books from abroad、
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus、
This means wasting a lot of money、
③try to do 设法尽力做某事
doing 试着做某事
You should try to overe your shortings、
Try working out the physics problem in another way、
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目得状语)
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper、
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told、
⑤can't help doing 禁不住……
to do不能帮助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news、
Sorry I have lots of work to do、So I can't help to make up the room for you、
⑥go on to do 做不同得事或不同内容得事
doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作得继续
He went on to talk about world situation、她接着又谈了世界形势。

We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world、
⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目得状语)
doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting、
They left off to go fishing、
三、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象得一般行为。

①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people、
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter、
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting、
当主语与表语都就是不定式时,其含义一就是条件,一就是结果(例①)。

当主语就是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词得名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导得名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语得内容。

④Our work is serving the people、
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper、
⑥The story told by Mr、Wang is interesting、
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中就是现在分词作表语,说明主语得性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词得各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。

四、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰得名词或代词之后。

如:
①The next train to arrive is from Washington、
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has e true at last、
不定式短语作定语与被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来得动作(例①)。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如就是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上得主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上得主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。

(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。

⒉动名词作定语
①This passage can be used as listening materials、
②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people、
③All moving bodies have energy、
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……得;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上得主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。

如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua、
五、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语得行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整。

(1)常要求不定式作宾补得动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。

如:
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly、
(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如:believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=underst and),understa nd等。

①We all believe John(to be)honest、
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No、1 Middle School、
但当不定式就是完成式时,to不能省略,如:We consider him tohave been foolish、
(3)感觉动词与使役动词后用作宾补得不定式须省略to。

①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it、
②They make the students do too much homework every day、
这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudents are made to do too much homework
every day、
(4)help,know后面得"to"可有可无。

如:
Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?
I've never known her(to)be late before、但:He was known to have been to France before、
(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:
You may depend on them to be there early、
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy、
常这样用得短语动词有:ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for(渴望), prepare for,wish for等。

⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语,与主语构成一种逻辑上得主谓关系。

如:
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late、
②The young university student is considered to have great promise、
六、不定式作状语
⒈作目得状语
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen、
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor、
(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as。

如:
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it、
有时为强调目得状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用。

在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目得状语从句,如:
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen、
(3)在部分表示感情色彩得形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。

①We are glad to hear the news、
②I was surprised to see that a threeyearold baby could write so well、
在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中得主语就是不定式得逻辑宾语。

如:The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer、The room is really fortable to live in、
常这样用得形容词有:fortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等。

⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy、
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。

如:
①so…as to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing、我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。

I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing、
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner、
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital、
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer、
但在下列结构中,too…to并非就是“太……而不能……”之意。

如:
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam、考试及格我太高兴了。

(too修饰glad to have…,相当于very)
②We have too much to learn、我们要学得太多了(不定式作定语)。

⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。

如:
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome、
常见得短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对她公道得话),to be sure(真得)等等。

七、动词不定式、动名词得其它用法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。

如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet、
②Mr、Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there、
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well、
④The question was where to get the medicine needed、
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分,均可转换为相应得从句形式。

如:①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用得动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。

⒉动词不定式得时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示得动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。

如:
I hope to bee a university student this year、(tobee发生在hope之后)
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room、(play与hear同时发生)
②完成式:表示得动作发生在谓语动词所表示得动作之前。

如:
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting、
We are too young to have seen the old society、
③进行式:表示得动作与谓语动词同时发生。

如:
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in、
They seemed to be discussing something important、
(2)语态
如果动词不定式得逻辑主语就是这个不定式所表示得动作得承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。

如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party、(不定式作主语) It was impossible for lost time to be made up、(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country、(不定式作宾语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)
He went to the hospital to be examined、(不定式作状语)
在There be结构中,修饰主语得不定式可用被动,也可用主动。

如:There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of)、但有时两种形式表达得意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now、( We have nothing to do now、) There is nothing to be done now、(We can do nothing now、)
⒊动名词得时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动名词得一般式所表示得动作可以就是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。

如:
We are interested in collecting stamps、
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime、
We are not afraid of dying、
②完成式所表示得动作发生在谓语动词之前。

如:
Lmagine having travelled on the moon、
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time、
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词得逻辑主语为动名词所表示得动作得承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词得被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。

如:
The young man came in without being noticed、
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class、
②有些动词后得动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义。

如:
The bike needs repairing、
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well、
⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略。

如:
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time、
②—Would you like to e to a party?
—I'd love to、
③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not to、
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try、
另外,be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。

⒌在why引起得问句中,省略"to"。

如:
Why spend such a lot of money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多作用相同得不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to"。

如:
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice、
⒎"to"在下列短语中就是“介词”,后接动名词或名词形式。

如:
devote…to,face up to(勇敢地面对),look forward to(盼望),object to(反对),take to(养成习惯,对……感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be used to(习惯于)等。

不定式得用法
不定式得用法
不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成,其否定形式就是“not to + 动词原形”。

不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称与数得变化,但有时态与语态得变化。

不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语与定语,但不能单独作谓语。

不定式得逻辑主语有时有“for + 名词或代词宾格”构成。

1.不定式得用法
1)作主语。

不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式宾语。

如:
To see is to believe、
It is right to give up smoking、
2)作宾语。

不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语。

如:
He wanted to go、
I find it interesting to study history、
有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语,必须跟动名词。

如:decide,plan,desire,expect,hope,
wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage
3)作宾语补足语。

如:
He asked me to do the work with him、
注意:在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后得补足语中,不定式不带to。

但这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。

如:
I often hear him sing the song、
He is often heard to sing the song、
注意:动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do得各种形式,那么,这些介词后得不定式不带to,否则要带to。

另外,在can’t choose but与can’t help but等后面得不定式也省略to。

如:
She could do nothing but cry、
I have no choice but to go、
4)作定语。

如:
I have some books for you to read、
①作定语得不定式如果就是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰得名词或代词就是不定式动作得地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应得介词。

如:
He is looking for a room to live in、
There is nothing to worry about、
Please give me a knife to cut with、
但就是,不定式所修饰得名词如果就是time,place或way,不定式后面得介词习惯上省去。

如:
He had not money and no place to live、
②当作定语得不定式所修饰得名词或代词就是不定式动作得承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。

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