法律英语--债权法
法律英语常用词汇大全民事法律
法律英语常用词汇大全------民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus 完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award 实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption 损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让及alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right 债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio; obligation法定之债legal obligation任意之债voluntary obligation简单之债simple obligation选择之债alternative obligation主债prime/principal obligation从债accessory obligation单一之债single obligation按份之债several obligation连带之债joint obligation特定之债certain obligation种类之债indefinite obligation合同之债contractual obligation侵权行为之债tort obligation损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages 人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee of obligation财产担保property guarantee信用担保credit guarantee让及担保alienation guarantee保证guaranty明示保证express guaranty默示保证implied guaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship保证金guaranty bond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advanced payment定金earnest money; deposit违约金liquidated damages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement 债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority 抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment优先权原则a right of priority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectual property著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyright owner创作creation作品opus; product; work著作人格权right of personality of copyright发表权right of publication署名权right of authorship; right of paternity修改权right of modification; right of revision完整性保持权right to maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall; right of retrieval自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction 著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright剽窃plagiary; plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrial property专利权patent right优先权日priority date申请在先原则prior application rule使用在先priority of use新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造invention and creation实用新型utility model外观设计design; industrial design发明权right of invention发现权right of discovery专利申请patent application专利异议objection to a patent专利公告patent gazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China 商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registration of trademark商品商标commodity trademark服务商标service trademark驰名商标reputed trademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similar trademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board商标审查trademark examination商标侵权trademark infringement商标注册registered trademark商标公告trademark gazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademark agency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugal relationship夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board 复婚resumption of marriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties 婚姻登记marriage registration婚生子女ligitimate child计划生育birth control结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenary marriage拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements配偶spouse事实婚de facto marriage诉讼离婚divorce by litigation探视权visitation right同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptive parent送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption 涉外收养adoption with foreign elements继承法inheritance law; law of succession法定继承legal seccession遗嘱继承intestate succession遗赠继承succession by devise自然继承natural succession代位继承representation; succession by subrogation世袭继承hereditary succession间接继承indirect succession转继承subsuccession共同继承joint succession单独继承single succession继承人heir; successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参及人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support ageement四、商事法律会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interest protection law 产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law公司法company law; corporate law公司company; corporation有限责任公司limited liability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimited company股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership 两合公司joint liability company控股公司holding company集团公司group company合资公司joint venture company联营公司associated company; affiliated company国营公司state-own company国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stock floatation发起人floater; initiator公司名称name of company公司住址domicile of company出资contribution; capital subscription现金出资investment in cash实物出资investment in kind工业产权出资investment in industrial property right 非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology 劳务出资investment in labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements 注册资本registered capital实缴资本paid-in capital验资报告capital verification report会计师事务所certified public accountants注册会计师certified public accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 公司登记incorporation; corporate registration公司存续existence of company公司合并分立merger and split of company公司并购corporate merger and acquisition公司管理corporate governance; company management公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿company rectification公司歇业closure of business公司和解company composition公司解散company dissolution公司清算company liquidation公司清理company winding-up竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’ meeting股东大会决议resolution of shareholders’ meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors 经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system监事supervisor监事会board of supervisors股share; stock普通股common stock特别股special stock资格股qualification stock优先股preferred stock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock with voting power溢价股premium stock折价股converting stock国家股state-owned share集体股collective share法人股corporate share企业股enterprise share个人股individual share股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund 盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund 任意公积金optional accumulation fund 公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue 证券交易所stock exchange证券商securities dealer证券公司securities company证券承销商consortium of underwriters 证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosing system交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervision committee 票据法law of negotiable instrument票据notes; bills; commercial instruments商业票据bill; commercial instrument远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill到期票据matured bill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人bill holder票据承兑人bill acceptor票据行为act on commercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest a bill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer on commercial instrument 票据收款人bill collector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人bill guarantor票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee再追索人renewed recourser前手remote holder后手subsequent endorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill; tenor票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument 追索权right of recourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certifica te of registry; certificate of ship’s nationality 船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership船舶检验register of ship船舶保险insurance on hull船舶保险单hull insurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押ship mortgage船舶租赁ship chartering船舶转租ship subchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners船舶碰撞ship collision船舶遇难maritime distress海上灾难perils of the sea海上拖航marine towage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to general average服务优先权priority claim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit 海运合同shipping contract提单bill of lading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment期租船合同time charter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyage charter-party定期租船合同time charter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings 涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntary insurance强制保险compulsory insurance商业保险commercial insurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance信用保险credit insurance保证保险guaranty insurance保险合同insurance contract保险人insurer; underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder 保险单insurance policy保险标的insurance object保险费premium保险期限time limit of insurance保险利益insurable interest保险金额insurance; insurance compensation 保险事故insurance accident保险赔偿insurance indemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim by subrogation理赔settlement of claim代位求偿权right of subrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging of insurance五、刑法总论刑法学criminal law; penal law犯罪学criminology犯罪心理学criminal psychology劳动改造法学reform-through-labor中国刑法史history of Chinese criminal law比较刑法学comparative criminal law刑事侦查criminal detection司法精神病学forensic psychiatry罪刑法定原则principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime罪刑相适应原则principal of suiting punishment to crime罪责自负原则principal of bearing responsibility solely for one’s own crime惩罚及教育相结合原则principal of combining punishment with education从旧原则the doctrine of observing old laws从新原则the doctrine of observing new laws从旧兼从轻原则the doctrine of observing old laws and new ones when with lighter punishment 从新兼从轻原则the doctrine of observing new laws and old ones when with lighter punishment追诉时效limitation of prosecution刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility刑事责任年龄age for criminal responsibility刑事责任能力criminal responsibility; capacity for criminal responsibility 犯罪crime; commit a crime故意犯罪intentional crime; willful crime过失犯罪negligent crime犯罪构成constitution of a crime犯罪主体subject of a crime犯罪客体object of a crime犯罪的主观方面subjective elements of a crime犯罪的客观方面objective elements of a crime犯罪对象target of a crime犯罪故意criminal intent; mens rea直接故意actual intent; direct intent间接故意indirect intent犯罪过失criminal negligence疏忽大意的过失careless negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption不能预见unforeseeable; unpredictable不能避免unavoidable犯罪动机criminal motive犯罪目的criminal intent; criminal purpose防卫过当unjustifiable self-defense紧急避险act of rescue; necessity犯罪既遂completion of a crime犯罪未遂attempted crime犯罪形态criminal pattern犯罪预备 a crime in preparation; preparation for a crime 犯意表示expression for a crime犯罪中止abandonment/discontinuance of a crime犯罪中断suspension of a crime行为犯behavioral offence危险犯potential damage offence结果犯consequential offence结果加重犯aggregated consequential offence类推analogy。
法律英语词汇大全(完美打印版)
法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicialinterpretation习惯法customarylaw公序良俗publicorder and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil lawsystem英美法系system ofAnglo-American law大陆法系civil lawsystem普通法common law大陆法continentallaw罗马法系Roman lawsystem衡平法equity; law ofequity日尔曼法Germanticlaw教会法ecclesiasticallaw寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范normof civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal valueexchange诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为ac不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawfulact民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right ofpriority先买权preemption原权antecedentright救济权right of relief支配权right ofdominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right ofclaim for real thing形成权right offormation撤销权right ofclaiming cancellation否认权right ofclaiming cancellation解除权right ofrenouncement代位权subrogatedright选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanentcounter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance既得权tested right期待权expectantright专属权exclusiveright非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personalright人权human right人格权right ofpersonality生命健康权right of lifeand health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right ofportraiture自由权right offreedom名誉权rightreputation隐私权right ofprivacy私生活秘密权rightof privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power;parental right亲属权right ofrelative探视权visitationright配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue;necessity自助行为act ofself-help不可抗力forcemajeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity foract意思能力capacity ofwill民事行为civil act意思表示declarationof intention意思表示一致meeting of minds;consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor whois capable of administeringhis own capacity无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdictedperson自然人naturalperson公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement 合伙财产property ofpartnership合伙债务debt ofpartnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawalfrom partnership合伙企业partnershipbusiness establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnershipof legal person特别合伙specialpartnership普通合伙generalpartnership有限合伙limitedpartnership民事合伙civilpartnership隐名合伙sleepingpartnership; dormantpartnership私营企业privateenterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body ofenterprise企业集团group ofenterprise关联企业affiliateenterprise个人独资企业individual businessestablishment国有独资企业solelystate-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-typecoordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civillegal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act withconsideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act withoutconsideration; civil legalact without award实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act法律翻译公司诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death 死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危takingadvantage of others’precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal formconcealing illegal intention恶意串通maliciouscollaboration重大误解grossmisunderstanding显失公平obviousunjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人originalagent法定代理人statutoryagent; legal agent委托代理人agent bymandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right ofagency授权行为act ofauthorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency 律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理generalagency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理jointagency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission;broker house信托trust时效time limit;prescription; limitation时效中止suspensionof prescription/limitation时效中断interruption oflimitation/prescription时效延长extension oflimitation取得时效acquisitiveprescription时效终止lapse oftime; termination ofprescription期日date期间term涉外民事关系civilrelations with foreignelements冲突规范rule ofconflict准据法applicablelaw; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrativeliability/responsibility刑事责任criminalliability/responsibility违约责任liability ofbreach of contract;responsibility of default有限责任limitedliability无限责任unlimitedliability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint andseveral liability过失责任liability fornegligence; negligentliability过错责任faultliability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’sfault第三人过错thirdparty’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberateintention; intention;willfulness过失negligence重大过失grossnegligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civilliability停止侵害cease theinfringing act排除妨碍exclusionof hindrance; removal ofobstacle消除危险eliminationof danger返还财产restitution ofproperty恢复原状restitution;restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss;indemnify for a loss支付违约金paymentof liquidated damage消除影响eliminate illeffects恢复名誉rehabilitateone’s reputation赔礼道歉extend aformal apology物权jus ad rem; rightin rem; real right物权制度real rightsystem; right in remsystem一物一权原则theprincipal of One thing, OneRight物权法定主义principal of legality of rightin rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产currentasset; floating asset动产movables;chattel不动产immovable;real estate特定物res certae; acertain thing种类物genus;indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles;divisible things不可分物resindivisibiles; indivisiblethings主物res capitalis; aprincipal thing从物res accessoria;an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息naturalfruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia;vacant goods; ownerlessgoods遗失物lost property漂流物driftingobject埋藏物fortuna; hiddenproperty货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership 使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right toearnings; right to yields处分权right ofdisposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession ingood faith恶意占有maliciouspossession按份共有severalpossession共同共有jointpossession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real rightfor usufruct使用权right to use;right of use土地使用权right tothe use of land林权forestownership采矿权miningownership经营权managerialauthority; power ofmanagement承包经营权right tocontracted management相邻权neighboringright; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jusemphyteuticum; right tolanded estate granted inperpetuity through acontract地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral;estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right tomortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right tomortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right tomortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right tomortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right tomortgage抵押权的消灭extinctionof right tomortgageregistrationof estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estateunder mortgage抵押优先权priorityof mortgage留置权lien一般留置权generallien特别留置权speciallien质权hypotheque;pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree给付give; pay债务debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还payment of debt债务的偿清discharge of debt债务的担保guarantee of debt债务的合并consolidation of debt债务的给付日期debt maturity债务的免除exemption of debt债的分类obligatio;obligation法定之债legalobligation任意之债voluntaryobligation简单之债simpleobligation选择之债alternativeobligation主债prime/principalobligation从债accessoryobligation单一之债singleobligation按份之债severalobligation连带之债jointobligation特定之债certainobligation种类之债indefiniteobligation合同之债contractualobligation侵权行为之债tortobligation损害赔偿之债obligation ofcompensation for injury;obligation of damages人身损害damage to person精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage医药费hospital treatment expense医疗费medical charge抚恤金pension慰问金consolation money产品瑕疵defect of product不当得利unjust enrichment无因管理voluntary service债的担保guarantee ofobligation财产担保propertyguarantee信用担保creditguarantee让与担保alienationguarantee保证guaranty明示保证expressguaranty默示保证impliedguaranty保证人guarantor保证合同contract ofguaranty/suretyship保证金guarantybond; security deposit押金deposit; foregift预付款advancedpayment定金earnest money;deposit违约金liquidateddamages法定违约金liquidated damages by law约定违约金liquidated damages byagreement债的履行performance of obligation实际履行原则doctrine of specificperformance情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances不当履行misfeasance清偿discharge; satisfaction提存debtor’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority抵销setoff知识产权intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property国民待遇原则doctrine of nationaltreatment优先权原则 a right ofpriority doctrine自动保护原则doctrine of automaticprotection特许权使用费royalties智力成果intellectualproperty著作权copyright版权copyright著作权人copyrightowner创作creation作品opus; product;work著作人格权right ofpersonality of copyright发表权right ofpublication署名权right ofauthorship; right ofpaternity修改权right ofmodification; right ofrevision完整性保持权rightto maintain integrity不可侵犯权inviolability收回权right of recall;right of retrieval自费出版publish abook at the author’s own expense著作财产权property right in work使用收益分享权right to share usufruct利用权right to make use of获得报酬权right to get payment重播权right of rebroadcasting录制权right of fixation机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction著作邻接权neighboring right ofcopyright剽窃plagiary;plagiarism盗版pirate盗版VCD pirated VCD伪造forge工业产权industrialproperty专利权patent right优先权日prioritydate申请在先原则priorapplication rule使用在先priority ofuse新颖性novelty创造性creativity实用性practicability发明创造inventionand creation实用新型utilitymodel外观设计design;industrial design发明权right ofinvention发现权right ofdiscovery专利申请patentapplication专利异议objectionto a patent专利公告patentgazette专利续展费renewal fee of patent专利许可协议patent licensing agreement技术诀窍know-how专有技术know-how专利证书certificate of patent专利事务所patent office专利代理patent agency中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China 商标权trademark right商标国际注册international registrationof trademark商品商标commoditytrademark服务商标servicetrademark驰名商标reputedtrademark广告商标advertisement trademark近似商标similartrademark商标评审委员会trade review and appraisalboard商标审查trademarkexamination商标侵权trademarkinfringement商标注册registeredtrademark商标公告trademarkgazette注册商标使用许可licensing of registeredtrademark注册商标转让assignment of registeredtrademark商标使用许可协议trademark licensingagreement商标事务所trademark office商标代理trademarkagency婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance, adoption婚姻法marital law; marriage law包办婚姻arranged marriage财产分割partition; dismemberment of property重婚bigamy独生子女only child法律婚legal marriage非婚生子女illegitimate child夫妻共同财产community property夫妻关系conjugalrelationship夫妻分居divorce amensa et thoro; divorcefrom bed and board复婚resumption ofmarriage感情破裂incompatibility婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptialproperties婚姻登记marriageregistration婚生子女ligitimatechild计划生育birthcontrol结婚marry离婚divorce买卖婚姻mercenarymarriage拟制血亲bloodrelations in fiction of law旁系血亲collateralrelation blood relation涉外婚姻marriagewith foreign elements配偶spouse事实婚de factomarriage诉讼离婚divorce bylitigation探视权visitationright同居cohabitation晚婚late marriage无效婚姻void marriage协议离婚divorce by agreement一夫一妻制monogamy早婚early marriage直系血亲lineal descent自然血亲natural blood relation收养法adoption law收养协议adoption agreement收养人adoptiveparent送养人person orinstitution placing out achild for adoption涉外收养adoptionwith foreign elements继承法inheritancelaw; law of succession法定继承legalseccession遗嘱继承intestatesuccession遗赠继承successionby devise自然继承naturalsuccession代位继承representation; successionby subrogation世袭继承hereditarysuccession间接继承indirectsuccession转继承subsuccession共同继承jointsuccession单独继承singlesuccession继承人heir;successor第二顺序继承人successor second in order第一顺序继承人successor first in order继承参与人succession participant遗产inheritance; heritage遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor遗言last will and testament遗书last words遗赠bequest; legacy; devise遗赠抚养协议legacy-support agreement会计法accounting law税法tax law; taxation law反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law消费者权益保护法consumer’s interestprotection law产品责任法production liability law消费者权益法consumer rights andinterests law公司法company law;corporate law公司company;corporation有限责任公司limitedliability company股份有限公司company limited by shares无限公司unlimitedcompany股份两合公司jointstock limited liabilitypartnership两合公司joint liabilitycompany控股公司holdingcompany集团公司groupcompany合资公司jointventure company联营公司associatedcompany; affiliatedcompany国营公司state-owncompany国有公司state-owned company民营公司civilian-run company本国公司national/domestic company外国公司foreign company上市公司listed company母公司parent company子公司subsidiary皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company募集设立incorporation by stockfloatation发起人floater;initiator公司名称name ofcompany公司住址domicile ofcompany出资contribution;capital subscription现金出资investmentin cash实物出资investmentin kind工业产权出资investment in industrialproperty right非专有技术出资investment in non-patenttechnology劳务出资investmentin labor高新技术成果出资investment in hi-techachievements注册资本registeredcapital实缴资本paid-incapital验资报告capitalverification report会计师事务所certified publicaccountants注册会计师certifiedpublic accountant资本三原则three doctrine of capital资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital最低资本额制度minimum capital system公司章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw公司登记incorporation; corporate registration公司存续existenceof company公司合并分立merger and split ofcompany公司并购corporatemerger and acquisition公司管理corporategovernance; companymanagement公司法律顾问corporate counsel公司整顿companyrectification公司歇业closure ofbusiness公司和解companycomposition公司解散companydissolution公司清算companyliquidation公司清理companywinding-up竞业禁止non-commpete;competition prohibition招股章程prospectus股本stock capital股东shareholder股东大会shareholders’meeting股东大会决议resolution ofshareholders’meeting股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders’meeting表决权voting right; right to vote董事director董事长president/chairman of the board首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)执行董事executive director常务董事managing director董事会board of directors董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibilitysystem of the chiefexecutive officer under theleadership of the board ofdirectors经理独立负责制manager independentresponsibility system监事supervisor监事会board ofsupervisors股share; stock普通股commonstock特别股special stock资格股qualificationstock优先股preferredstock劣后股inferior stock表决权股stock withvoting power溢价股premiumstock折价股convertingstock国家股state-ownedshare集体股collectiveshare法人股corporateshare企业股enterpriseshare个人股individualshare股息dividend红股bonus stock; dividend stock法定公积金legal accumulation fund资本公积金capital accumulation fund盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund任意公积金optional accumulation fund公司犯罪corporate crime证券法securities law证券发行issuance of securities证券上市list securities; float an issue证券交易所stockexchange证券商securitiesdealer证券公司securitiescompany证券承销商consortium ofunderwriters证券承销合同underwriting contract证券经纪人securities broker披露制度disclosingsystem交割日closing date风险投资基金venture capital fund上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange证券监督委员会securities supervisioncommittee票据法law ofnegotiable instrument票据notes; bills;commercial instruments商业票据bill;commercial instrument远期票据time bill;;long-dated bill到期票据maturedbill即期票据sight bill记名票据bill payable to order; note to order不记名票据bearer instrument本票promissory note支票cheque汇票bill of exchange发票日ticket day出票日date of draft/issue发票地place of draft/issue票据到期日bill to mature票据金额sum of bill票面价额face value票据出票人drawer票据持票人billholder票据承兑人billacceptor票据行为act oncommercial paper承兑票据honor a bill票据议付negotiation拒付票据protest abill票据付款人drawee票据支付人payer oncommercial instrument票据收款人billcollector票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill被背书人endorsee票据保证人billguarantor票据被保证人billpledgee/warrantee再追索人renewedrecourser前手remote holder后手subsequentendorser票据权利right of bill票据期限term of bill;tenor票据债务人debtorof commercial instrument追索权right ofrecourse票据抗辩exception to bill票据丧失loss of bill票据时效prescription of exchanges 票据贴现discount of bill再贴现rediscount of bill恩惠期间term of benevolence票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments海商法maritime law船舶国籍证书certificate of registry;certificate of ship’snationality船棋国flag country船舶所有权证书certificate of shipownership船舶检验register ofship船舶保险insuranceon hull船舶保险单hullinsurance policy船舶登记证书certificate of registry船舶丈量tonnagemeasurement of ships船舶进港费groundage船舶抵押shipmortgage船舶租赁shipchartering船舶转租shipsubchartering船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities ofship owners船舶碰撞shipcollision船舶遇难maritimedistress海上灾难perils ofthe sea海上拖航marinetowage船舶扣押detention of ship船舶债权ship’s credit船级社classification society船级证书certificate of class海上留置权maritime lien船舶留置权maritime lien船舶抵押权maritime mortgage海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships救助优先权priority claim to salvage共同海损优先权priority claim to generalaverage服务优先权priorityclaim to service货物损害优先权priority claim to cargodamage传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priorityclaim to ship credit andgoods credit海运合同shippingcontract提单bill oflading(B/L)空舱费dead freight租船费charterage租船合同charter-party contract ofaffreightment期租船合同timecharter-party; time CP航次租船合同voyagecharter-party定期租船合同timecharter-party光船租船合同bareboat charter-party;bareboat CP包租运输合同shipping charter-party海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage ofpassengers by sea远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage 港内拖带合同contract of port towage海难救助合同salvage contract海事报告master’s protest;; sea protest海事声明书sea protest海事争议maritime dispute海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminaljurisdiction of sea collision海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritimedisputes海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritimeattachment海事优先请求权preferential right topmaritime claim海事请求保全申请书application/petition formaritime attachment海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legalinstruments in maritimeaction/proceedings涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritimeaction involving forelements强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization ofthe distrained ship海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritimearbitration procedure保险法insurance law自愿保险voluntaryinsurance强制保险compulsoryinsurance商业保险commercialinsurance财产保险property insurance人身保险personal insurance人寿保险life insurance健康保险health insurance意外保险accident insurance社会保险social insurance养老保险endowment insurance医疗保险medical insurance失业保险unemployment insurance信用保险creditinsurance保证保险guarantyinsurance保险合同insurancecontract保险人insurer;underwriter被保险人the insured受益人benificiary投保人applicant forinsurance;; policy holder保险单insurancepolicy保险标的insuranceobject保险费premium保险期限time limitof insurance保险利益insurableinterest保险金额insurance;insurance compensation保险事故insuranceaccident保险赔偿insuranceindemnity保险代理人insurance agent保险经纪人insurance broker索赔claim代位索赔claim bysubrogation理赔settlement ofaction 诉讼claim代位求偿权right ofsubrogation委付abandonment退保cancellation/discharging ofinsurance页脚内容31。
2014年ACCA考试F4复习篇
2014年ACCA考试F4复习篇本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处ACCA对于学员们在这部分的知识要求程度很高的。
为了让大家更好更快地进入到复习的最佳状态，高顿网校在这里为学们介绍一下F4这门考试。
F4的课程主要有八个大部分，分别为The law of obligations, Employment law,Essential elements of the legal system, The formation and constitution of business organization, Capital and the financing of companies, Management, administration and regulation of companies, Legal implications relating to companies in difficulty or in crisis and Governance and ethical issues relating to business。
一. The law of obligations（债权法）在债权法中，同学们会接触到的主要就是有关合同法的内容。
从合同包含的要素，如何建立合同到侵权法和违约条款，Becker教材会为考生们介绍一个很完整的体系。
二. Essential elements of the legal system（法律体系的必要构成元素）这一部分的内容包括Court structure（法庭结构），Source of law（法源）和Human rights（人权法）。
根据多年的旧试卷出题趋势来看，第一道题基的内容都会出现在这一部分中。
虽然现在已经换成了新的考试模式，即选择题加论述题，但是这部一分的内容仍然还会作为较基础的考点出现在考试中。
三. Employment law（劳动法）在劳动法中，主要由contract of employment和dismissal and redundancy两部分构成。
法律英语重点专业词汇解析
法律英语重点专业词汇解析1. 法律英语概述法律英语是法学专业中的重要分支之一，涉及到法律文件、合同、法律案例等与法律相关的各种文字材料。
掌握法律英语的专业词汇对于理解和应用法律文本具有重要意义。
2. 法律英语重点专业词汇在法律英语中，有许多准确而专业的词汇需要掌握。
以下是一些常见的法律英语专业词汇的解析：- Act: 法案，指一项通过国会或议会法律程序，成为法律的法案。
- Arbitration: 仲裁，指由第三方解决争议的法律程序。
- Defendant: 被告，指在法庭上被控告的一方。
- Injunction: 禁令，指法院颁发的禁止某些行为的命令。
- Jurisdiction: 管辖权，指法院有权处理某一特定案件的权力。
- Litigation: 诉讼，指通过法律程序解决争议的过程。
- Patent: 专利，指一项新的发明或发现的独特技术。
- Plaintiff: 原告，指在法庭上提起诉讼的一方。
- Tort: 侵权行为，指侵犯他人权益的非法行为。
- Waiver: 放弃，指明确放弃某种合法权利的行为。
3. 法律英语研究方法了解法律英语的专业词汇是研究法律英语的基础。
以下是一些研究法律英语的方法：- 积累词汇：通过背诵和记忆法律英语的专业词汇，增加词汇量和理解能力。
- 阅读法律文本：阅读法律文件、合同和案例，提高对法律英语的理解和应用能力。
- 借助工具：使用法律英语词典、翻译软件等工具，提供准确、专业的词汇解释和翻译。
4. 结论法律英语的专业词汇对于学习和理解法律文本具有至关重要的意义。
通过积累词汇、阅读法律文本以及借助工具，我们可以提高对法律英语的掌握和应用能力。
希望这篇文档能够为学习法律英语的同学们提供一些帮助。
法律英语债权法
侵权法一．介绍侵权法概念侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。
虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。
令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。
所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。
除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。
事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。
这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。
如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。
明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。
侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。
受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。
侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。
侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。
（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。
（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。
1．补偿侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。
侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。
最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。
2．公正（1）公平（2）现实原因（3）过失（4）无过失责任（5）原告过失与赞成？3．对将来损失的预防第三个主要的侵权法的作用和目标是控制人类行为表现来防止未来的侵权行为。
提高阅读能力法律英语词汇大全
提高阅读能力法律英语词汇大全在学习法律英语时，积累并熟练掌握相关的法律英语词汇是提高阅读能力的关键。
下面将为大家提供一份法律英语词汇大全，帮助大家在法律英语阅读中更加游刃有余。
一、常见法律英语词汇1. Law: 法律2. Legal: 合法的3. Act: 法案4. Statute: 法规5. Regulation: 规章6. Code: 法典7. Constitution: 宪法8. Court: 法院9. Judge: 法官10. Attorney: 律师11. Plaintiff: 原告12. Defendant: 被告13. Trial: 审判14. Appeal: 上诉15. Evidence: 证据16. Witness: 证人17. Verdict: 判决18. Sentence: 判决19. Crime: 犯罪20. Guilty: 有罪21. Innocent: 无罪22. Jury: 陪审团23. Bail: 保释24. Arrest: 逮捕25. Sentence: 判决26. Plaintiff: 原告27. Defendant: 被告28. Tort: 侵权行为29. Contract: 合同30. Agreement: 协议二、合同法律英语词汇1. Offer: 出价2. Acceptance: 接受3. Consideration: 酬劳4. Capacity: 能力5. Legality: 合法性6. Breach: 违约7. Termination: 终止8. Damages: 赔偿9. Indemnification: 补偿10. Non-disclosure: 保密11. Force majeure: 不可抗力12. Arbitration: 仲裁13. Governing Law: 管辖法律14. Counteroffer: 还盘15. Execution: 履行三、刑事法律英语词汇1. Murder: 谋杀2. Manslaughter: 杀人未遂3. Robbery: 抢劫4. Burglary: 入室盗窃5. Theft: 盗窃6. Fraud: 欺诈7. Kidnapping: 绑架8. Assault: 袭击9. Battery: 伤害10. Arson: 纵火11. Embezzlement: 挪用公款12. Forgery: 伪造13. Bribery: 贿赂14. Drug trafficking: 贩毒15. Money laundering: 洗钱四、民事法律英语词汇1. Breach of contract: 违约3. Negligence: 过失4. Defamation: 诽谤5. Libel: 诽谤（书面）6. Slander: 诽谤（口头）7. Damages: 赔偿8. Injunction: 禁令9. Unjust enrichment: 不当得利10. Property: 财产11. Title: 所有权12. Lease: 租约13. Lien: 留置权14. Trust: 托管15. Guardianship: 监护五、知识产权法律英语词汇1. Patent: 专利2. Trademark: 商标4. Infringement: 侵权5. Royalty: 版权使用费6. Intellectual Property: 知识产权7. Trade secret: 商业秘密8. Piracy: 盗版六、国际法律英语词汇1. Sovereignty: 主权2. Treaty: 条约3. Diplomacy: 外交4. Sanction: 制裁5. Dispute: 争议6. International Court of Justice: 国际法院7. Human Rights: 人权8. Immigration: 移民9. Visa: 签证10. Extradition: 引渡以上是法律英语词汇的一些常见分类及词汇，希望能够对大家提高阅读能力有所帮助。
法律英语大赛参考词库
法律英语大赛参考词库Jurisprudence（法律体系）1.adjudication （法庭的）判决；裁定2.litigate 提出诉讼，打官司3.adjective 程序的4.Contract Law 合同法5.Property Law 财产法6.Tort Law 侵权法7.Constitutional Law 宪法8.Criminal Law 刑法9.Administrative Law 行政法10.International Law 国际法11.convention 公约12.security 担保13.precedent 先例14.Substantive Law 实体法15.Procedural Law 程序法16.Public Law 公法17.Private Law 私法18.Civil Law 民法，大陆法mon Law 普通法20.self defense 自我防卫21.stare decisis 遵循先例22.jurisdiction 司法管辖权Development of Constitutional Law（宪法学的发展）23.succession 继承（权）24.proscribe （正式）禁止25.prerogative 特权26.heir 继承人27.impeachment 控告；弹劾28.enfranchise 给予政治权利（尤指议会选举权）29.franchise 投票权，选举权30.plead 向法庭提出；提出31.convict 宣判某人有罪32.testimony 证词33.attorney 代理人；（美）律师34.prosecutor 检举人；公诉人；原告35.solicitor （英）初级律师；事务律师36.indict 控告，起诉37.veto （行政首脑对立法的）否决权38.Constitutionality 合宪性Doctrines of the Constitution （宪法学说）39.accountable 应负责的；有责任的40.supremacy 至高无上；最高地位；主权41.validity 效力；合法性；正确性；确实性42.libel 诽谤43.verdict 判决；决定44.haul 把某人带上来审问或训斥45.barrister 大律师；出庭律师46.allegation 断言；指控；陈词；宣称47.testify 提供证据；作证（尤指出庭）Division of Powers（权力分配）48.manifesto 宣言，声明49.electorate 全体选民，选区50.restraint 抑制，制止，约束51.scrutiny 详细审查52.consensus 一致同意，一致的意见Individual Rights and Liberties （个人权利和自由）53.unassailable 无可争辩的，无法否认的54.redress 赔偿，救济，矫正55.provision 规定；条款56.remand 送还，还押57.acquit 宣告无罪，脱卸义务和责任，还清（债务）58.felony 重罪59.award 裁定；判决；裁决；裁决书Torts（侵权行为）60.assault 殴打未遂，侵犯他人身体罪61.battery 殴打罪62.trespass 非法侵入，侵占63.nuisance 滋扰行为，滋扰侵权罪64.defamation 诽谤，毁损名誉65.bully 欺负，欺侮66.onus 责任，义务67.misstatement 错误陈述68.dictum 法官意见；权威意见；正式声明The Sale of Goods（商品销售）69.chattel 动产70.personal estate 动产mission 交付（某人）任务或工作；委托72.partner 合伙人73.injunction 禁令（法院强制被告从事或不得从事某项行为的正式命令）74.counterclaim 反诉75.solvent 有偿付能力的76.obligee 权利人，债权人77.obligor 义务人，债务人The Law of Contracts(合同法)mitment 许诺，承担义务petent 有权力的；由法定资格的80.performance 履行（合同）81.recognizance 保证书，保证金，保释金82.executory 待生效的；将来生效或实施的83.voidable 可撤销的；可使无效的84.legitimize 使合法化85.specific performance 实际履行86.consensus 合意87.guardian 监护人88.acceptance 承诺Government Regulation of Business（商业的政府调控）89.justify 证明……是正当的，辨明，认为无罪90.discriminate 歧视，区别，区别待遇91.ruling 裁决92.constituent （国会议员的）选举人93.misdemeanor 不正当的行为；轻罪The Nature and Purpose of Criminal Law（刑法的本质和目的）94.aggrieved 权利受到不法侵害的，受虐待的95.tortious 侵权行为的，侵权行为性质的96.decriminalize 非刑事化的97.arson 纵火，纵火罪98.indictable 可提起公诉的99.capital punishment 死刑100.incarcerate 监禁101.murder 谋杀102.culpability 有罪性103.beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑The General Principles of Criminal Liability（刑事责任的一般原理）104.malice 恶意；蓄意犯罪105.encumbrance 债务负担106.accountability 对……负有责任107.duress 胁迫；监禁108.exculpatory 开脱罪责的109.acquittal 宣告无罪110.vacate 撤销111.release 释放Differences Between Homicide Offences（杀人犯罪之间的区别）112.homicide 他杀，杀人113.manslaughter 过失杀人114.infanticide 杀婴罪115.parricide 弑父（母），弑亲116.assault 殴打；威胁；胁迫；袭击；暴行117.accessory 同谋；从犯；帮凶；附属物118.parole 有条件的释放；假释119.conviction 深信，确信，定罪，宣告有罪120.perjury 伪证121.nonstatutory 非法定的122.counsel 讨论，商议，辩护律师；劝告123.rebuttal 辩驳，举反证124.throw out 排除125.exclude 排除，不包括Punishment（惩罚）126.sanction 制裁；处罚127.tribunal 法庭；裁判所128.breach 违犯（法律）；违反（约定、协议等）129.Co Civil cases 民事案件130.criminal trial 刑事审判131.sexual assault 性侵犯132.cross-examination 交叉询问133.arraignment 传讯134.bail 保释Administrative Law（行政法）135.remedy 补救；赔偿136.sophistication 强词夺理，诡辩137.respondent 上诉者138.oust 剥夺，取代，驱逐139.legalistic 尊重法律的Liability Supervision and Remedy of Administrative Law （责任监督和行政法律救济）140.certiorari 案卷移送141.prohibition 禁止，阻止，<美>禁酒令142.relator 原告，告发人143.regime 体制，制度，政体，政权制度144.ad idem 【律】（条件、意见等）一致的145.formulation 有系统而确切的陈述或说明Judicial Review（司法审查）146.adjudicatory 宣判的，裁定的147.judiciary 司法部，司法官，审判员148.proceeding （诉讼）程序，（pl.）诉讼149.justifiable 有理由的General Features of Civil Procedures（民事程序的总体特征）150.claimant （根据权利）原告，提出要求者151.damages 赔偿金152.defamation 诽谤，中伤153.implicit 隐喻的，不言而喻的154.redress 赔偿，救济，纠正155.interlocutory 在诉讼期间判决的156.probate 遗嘱，遗嘱检验；检验遗嘱，加以监护General Features of Criminal Procedures（刑事程序的总体特征）157.motion 申请，动议158.detain 拘留，监禁159.summons 发传票，传唤；传票、传唤被告出庭的通知160.indictable 应予以指控的，可被控告的161.egregious 过分的，极其恶劣的162.bogus 假的，伪造的163.bias 偏见164.avoidance 回避，回避制度165.recuse （要求）撤换，（要求）回避166.assertion 主观断言167.custody 监管，保管，拘留168.verdict 裁决，判决，结论169.rule 作出裁决；裁决，裁定170.parole 假释The Criminal Court Process（刑事法院程序）171.jury 陪审团172.remand 送还，还押173.objection 反对174.allege 宣称，断言175.infraction 违反，违规操作，违法行为176.conviction 定罪，有罪判决177.contempt 藐视法庭178.probation 缓刑179.sustained 反对有效180.overruled 反对无效181.legitimacy 合法（性），正确（性），合理（性）mittal 收监183.strangle 扼死；勒死；绞死184.appeal 上诉185.overturn 推翻（裁决等）186.Alford Plea 阿尔弗德答辩[美]（即被告声称自己是无辜的，但承认有足够的证据证明其有罪）Administrative Procedure（行政程序）187.elimination 排除，消除188.malfeasance 渎职189.validate 使生效，确认190.seizure 没收，查封191.raid 突击，搜捕Legal Environment of Business （商务法律环境）192.incentive 动机193.exemption 免除194.wield 行使（权力）195.bribery 贿赂196.antitrust 反垄断的197.advocacy 辩护，主张Contract Law（合同法）198.enforceable 可强制执行的199.applicable 可适用的200.restitution 归还，赔偿201.corroborate 证实202.pleading 诉状203.undertaking 保证，承诺204.repudiation 拒付(债款)205.assurance 保证，担保206.sustain 承受207.formality 正式手续208.damage 赔偿金209.penalty 处罚210.disgorge 被迫交出pensatory 补偿性的212.decree 法令Warranties and Product Liability（担保和产品责任）213.warranty 担保214.merchantable 可买卖的215.precedence 优先216.negligence 过失，疏忽217.litigious 爱打官司的218.eliminate 排除Negotiable Instruments（流通票据）219.acknowledgement 承认220.restrictive 限制性的221.expressly 明示地222.fiduciary 信托的；受托人223.possessory 所有的，所有者的224.recoup 补偿225.assignee 受让人226.consideration 对价227.executory 实施中的，有效的228.observance 遵守229.stale 失时效的230.principal 本金231.rescind 废除；撤销232.transaction 交易233.duress 胁迫234.nullify 使无效235.inducement 诱因236.discharge 清偿，履行，免除，撤销237.prosecute 起诉Creditor’s Right and Liabilities(债权和债务)238.bailee (财物的)受托保管人239.foreclose 取消抵押品赎回权，预先处理240.foreclosure 丧失抵押品赎回权241.redeem 赎回，补偿，恢复242.attachment 财产抵押243.donee 受赠人244.surety 保证人245.guarantor 保证人246.default 拖欠，违约247.binding 有约束力的248.covenant 契约249.tender 偿还，交付250.mortgage 抵押251.trustee 受托人252.tortious 侵权行为的253.racketeering 敲诈勒索，诈骗Bankruptcy and Reorganization（破产与重整）254.liquidation 破产255.insolvent 无偿付能力的256.unfettered 不受约束的257.voidable 可以撤销的258.alimony 赡养费259.accommodate 和解260.quid pro quo 补偿物Personal Property and Bailment（个人财产和保释）261.trespasser 侵占262.dominion 控制权，支配263.gratuitous 无偿的264.unqualified 无条件的Intellectual Property and Real Property（知识产权和不动产）265.misappropriate 侵占266.proprietary 私人拥有的267.counterfeit 伪造268.conveyance 财产转让269.annul 废除270.reversionary 应继承的271.appurtenant 从属物272.leasehold 租赁的273.sufferance 默许274.acquiescence 默许Intentional Torts（侵权行为）275.tort 民事侵权行为276.tortfeasor 犯侵权行为者277.actionable 可控告的278.impulse 动机279.assault 攻击280.battery 殴打281.intruders 入侵者282.false imprisonment 错误拘留283.restraint 严禁284.shoplift 入店行窃285.allege 宣称286.defamation 诽谤287.refrain 避免288.slander 诽谤289.libel 文字诽谤290.immunity 豁免291.trespass 侵犯292.nuisance 妨害行为293.preempt 抢先占有294.unruly 不守规矩的295.warrant 证明……是正当的296.deprive 剥夺297.vandalism 恶意破坏298.injunction 禁令Business Torts（商业侵权行为）299.malice 蓄意犯罪300.appropriate 窃用301.rescission 废除或取消(合作)302.adjunct 附属的Insurance（保险）303.premium 保险费pse 权利终止305.malpractice 不当行为306.indemnify 赔偿307.coinsurance 共同保险308.underwriter 保险人309.surrender 让与;放弃;交付310.endowment 捐赠311.feloniously 犯重罪地Agency Law（代理法）312.artificial person 法人313.delegate 授权314.consensus 一致同意315.renunciation 弃权，脱离关系316.insanity 精神错乱317.incapacitated 无行为能力的318.default 违约；不出席319.surrender 放弃Partnership（合伙）320.indebtedness 负债321.incompetent 无法定行为能力的，无资格的322.disbar 逐出法庭，剥夺律师资格323.adjudicate 判定324.equitable 公平的325.entitle 给……权利326.trust 信托327.misconduct 明知故犯Corporation（法人）328.sue 控告；提出诉讼329.title 所有权330.pledge 典当物，质押331.incrimination 自证其罪332.abridge 剥夺某人权利333.immunity 豁免权334.defend 辩护335.action 诉讼336.liberalize 放宽对……的限制337.file 登记备案338.quorum 法定人数Securities Regulation（证券法）339.debacle (公司)信用债券340.exemption 豁免341.fraudulent 欺骗性的342.proxy 代理(权，人)343.discretionary 自由裁量的Monopoly and Merger（垄断和合并）344.monopoly 垄断，独占345.oligopolist 寡头垄断者346.conspire 密谋347.prosecutorial 起诉的Labor Law（劳动法）348.sabotage 蓄意破坏349.curb 控制350.empower 授权351.mediation 调停352.conciliation 调解353.plunder 抢夺354.mandate 委任355.bypass 回避356.grievant 申诉人357.misappropriation 盗用Corporate Social Responsibility（公司社会责任）358.tithe 捐税359.means 财产360.sanction 制裁361.concessionaire 受让人362.dismissal 驳回363.dereliction 玩忽职守364.goodwill 信誉365.estop 禁止反言366.privity(of contract) 合同关系不涉及第三人原则367.factum [律]事实368.waiver [律]弃权369.premise 前提370.chattels [律]实产371.dishonor [商]拒付372.forbearance 债务偿还期的延展373.lien 留置权，抵押品所产生的利息英语六级法律类词汇温馨补充：374.legitimate 合法的，法律认可的；使合法375.judicial 司法的，法庭的，公正的376.ratify 正式批准，使正式生效377.enact 制定（法律）378.amend 修订；赔罪，赔款379.adopt 正式通过，批准380.enforce 实施，执行381.restrict 限制，约束382.abolish 废止383.renounce 声明放弃；宣布中止384.repeal 废止，撤销385.terminate 终止386.inherit 继承387.heritage 遗产，继承物388.defendant 被告389.plantiff 原告390.client 委托人，当事人，客户391.referee 仲裁者，调解者，证明人392.petition 请愿书，申请书，诉状393.submit 呈送，提交；主张394.indict 控告，起诉395.accuse 指控，控告396.resort 求助397.plead 申诉，辩护，为……辩护（v.）398.plea 辩护，答辩（n.）399.cite 引用，引证；传唤400.testimony 证词，证明401.proof 证据402.uphold 维持ply 遵从，遵守404.defy 藐视，违抗405.smear 诽谤，诋毁406.defer 推迟；服从407.mediate 调解，调停408.forfeit （因过失、疏忽、犯罪等而）丧失（权利等）409.execution 死刑；执行410.deprive 剥夺411.deport 把……驱逐出境412.recess 休庭，暂停。
法律英语重点专业词汇表
法律英语重点专业词汇表本文档旨在提供法律英语研究中的重点专业词汇，以帮助研究者更好地理解和应用法律英语。
法律基础- 法律（Law）- 律师（Lawyer）- 法官（Judge）- 法院（Court）- 法案（Bill）- 判决（Judgment）- 起诉（Prosecute）- 案件（Case）- 证据（Evidence）- 合同（Contract）- 法律责任（Legal liability）- 无罪（Not guilty）- 诉讼（Litigation）- 法规（Regulation）- 法治（Rule of law）- 法律程序（Legal procedure）民事法律- 民事诉讼（Civil litigation）- 侵权（Infringement）- 合同纠纷（Contract dispute）- 财产权（Property rights）- 婚姻法（Marriage law）- 遗产继承（Inheritance）- 知识产权（Intellectual property rights）- 商标（Trademark）- 版权（Copyright）- 专利（Patent）- 产权转让（Assignment of property rights）刑事法律- 刑法（Criminal law）- 罪犯（Criminal）- 枪支（Firearm）- 毒品（Drug）- 盗窃（Theft）- 谋杀（Murder）- 诈骗（Fraud）- 强奸（Rape）- 应诉（Pleading）- 刑罚（Punishment）- 被告（Defendant）- 自卫（Self-defense）- 黑社会（Organized crime）国际法- 国际公约（International convention）- 条约（Treaty）- 领土争端（Territorial dispute）- 外交（Diplomacy）- 联合国（United Nations）- 人权（Human rights）- 战争罪（War crime）- 国际裁决（International arbitration）- 国际仲裁（International arbitration）公司法- 股份（Share）- 董事会（Board of Directors）- 股东（Shareholder）- 董事（Director）- 监事会（Supervisory Board）- 风险投资（Venture capital）- 并购（Mergers and acquisitions）- 破产（Bankruptcy）- 合伙企业（Partnership）- 企业法务（Corporate counsel）法律文书- 律师函（Lawyer's letter）- 上诉状（Appeal）- 合同书（Contract document）- 法院判决书（Court judgment）- 法律文件（Legal document）- 法律协议（Legal agreement）- 法律声明（Legal statement）- 法律顾问意见书（Legal opinion）以上仅是法律英语重点专业词汇的一部分，希望能对学习者的法律英语学习有所帮助。
债权法课程中文介绍
债权法
课程代码：64015001
课程名称：债权法
英文名称：Law of obligation
学分：2 开课学期：第4学期
授课对象：法学专业本科学生先修课程：民法总论
课程主任：原蓉蓉，讲师，硕士
课程简介：
债权法是法学专业本科生的核心课程，既注重基础理论的传授，也注重训练学生解决实际法律问题的能力，采用的教学方法主要包括案例分析教学、问答式教学等。
债权法分为两个主要组成部分：总论与合同法。
主要讲述债权法的基本理论、不当得利、无因管理、合同的成立、内容、形式、效力、履行、变更、解除、责任等。
从而能在掌握法律原理的基础上能够运用相关法律法规的规定解决实际问题。
课程考核：
课程最终成绩=平时成绩*20%+期末考试成绩*80%；
平时成绩由出勤率、作业、小论文的完成情况决定；
期末考试采取闭卷考试。
指定教材：
[1]刘保玉等.《债法总论》.北京：科学出版社，2007年1月，第一版.
[2]王利明，房绍坤，王轶.《合同法》.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年4月，第二版.
参考书目：
[1]张广兴.《债法总论》.北京：法律出版社，1997年7月，第一版.
[2]王丽萍.《债法总论》.上海：上海人民出版社，2001年8月，第一版.
[3]韩世远.《合同法总论》.北京：法律出版社，2008年3月，第二版.。
民事法律英语词汇（z）
民事法律英语词汇(z)再代理人 subagent早婚 early marriage债的担保 guarantee of obligation债的分类 obligatio; obligation债的履行 performance of obligation债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人 creditor债券 bond债务 debt; liability; obligation债务的偿还 payment of debt债务的偿清 discharge of debt债务的担保 guarantee of debt债务的给付日期 debt maturity债务的合并 consolidation of debt债务的免除 exemption of debt债务人 debtor占有权 dominium utile; equitable ownership贞操权 virginity right正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate defence证券 securities支配权 right of dominion知识产权 intellectual property知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property直系血亲 lineal descent指定代理人 designated agent制定法 statute质权 hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge智力成果 intellectual property中华人民共和国专利局patent office of the people’s republic of china中外合资企业 sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业 sino-foreign contractual enterprise终止权 right of termination种类之债 indefinite obligation重播权 right of rebroadcasting重大误解 gross misunderstanding重婚 bigamy主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act主债 prime/principal obligation住所 domicile注册商标使用许可 licensing of registered trademark注册商标转让 assignment of registered trademark 著作财产权 property right in work著作邻接权 neighboring right of copyright著作权 copyright著作权人 copyright owner著作人格权 right of personality of copyright专利代理 patent agency专利公告 patent gazette专利权 patent right专利申请 patent application专利事务所 patent office专利许可协议 patent licensing agreement专利续展费 renewal fee of patent专利异议 objection to a patent专利证书 certificate of patent专有技术 know-how专属权 exclusive right转代理人 subagent转继承 subsuccession准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act孳息 fruits自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection自费出版publish a book at the author’s own expense自然法 natural law自然继承 natural succession自然人 natural person自然血亲 natural blood relation自为行为 self-conducting act自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership自由权 right of freedom自愿原则 principle of free will自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity自助行为 act of self-help作品 opus; product; work作为 act。
法律英语
III. Domestic Law vs. International Law
Legal terms： sovereign state主权国家
law of nations万国公法
public international law国际公法 private international law国际私法
Exercises
Part I. Vocabulary 1) normative
2) obligations
3) promulgated
4) provisions
5) amended 6) binding 7) convicted 8) governed
Part II Understanding of the Text
II. Public Law vs. Private Law
legal terms:
law of obligation 债权法 obligation债权
natural person自然人
artificial person
法人 entity 实体 the General Obligation Law 一般债权法 the General Business Law一般商法
3) The United States has been trying to
excuse itself from international legal obligations on the grounds that their constitutions do not permit them to fulfill them, or that the fulfillment of them is the responsibility of the states, not the federal government.
法律英语汉译英
法律英语汉译英（专业词汇部分）Unit One第一课美国联邦下的法律1.成文法 statutory law★2.普通法 common law3.判例法 case law4.立法机构 legislature5.法院 court6.宪法 Constitution7.立法权 law-making power8.私法 private law9.合同法 contract law10.侵权法 tort law11.商法 business law12.公司法 corporate governance law13.专利和版权 patent and copyright14.合同/契约争议 contractual disputes15.刑事案件 criminal case16.民事案件 civil case17.民事侵权诉讼 civil tort actions18.家庭法 family law19.法律选择 choice of law20.多个司法管辖区 multi-jurisdiction21.诉讼 litigation/lawsui t/suit/action★22.实体权 substantive right23.准据法/适用法 applicable/governing/proper law★24.签订 conclude25.证券欺诈案件 a case include claims of securities fraud26.履行 perform27.履行地 performance28.受理/处理案件 to hear the case★29.原告 plaintiff★30.被告defendant★31.与合同最密切联系most involved with the contract32.选择法庭 choice of forum第二课双重法院体系1.司法的 judicial2.初审法庭 trial court3.终审法院 court of last resort★4.上诉法院 court of appeals5.上诉，申诉 appeal…to6.证人 witness7.证据 evidence8.陪审团 jury9.查明事实的人，事实发现者 fact-finder10.上诉的，有权受理上诉的 appellate11.遗嘱 probate12.小额诉讼法院 small claims court13.律师 attorney14.程序 procedure15.提出（申请） file★16.申请小额索赔 file claims for small sums of money17.定罪 conviction★18.仲裁人，公断人，裁决人 arbiter19.最高法院 the Supreme Court20.先例 procedureUnit Two第一课抗辩制1.上诉人 appellant2.被上诉人 appellee3.诉由,案由 cause of action★4.向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb.5.第三那人被告 third-party defendant6.庭审程序 trial procedure★7.英美法系国家的司法程序 Anglo-American judicial procedure8.认定事实 find the fact9.证据 submission10.抗辩制 adversary system11.提起诉讼 begin suit12.界定争议 shape the issues13.出示证据 produce evidence14.争议当事人 parties to the controversy15.纠问的 inquisitorial16.庭前调查 pre-trial investigation17.大陆法传统 civil law tradition18.庭辩风格 style of presentation and argument19.有利害关系的当事人 interested parties第二课开启一个诉讼1.起诉 sue2.诉讼当事人 litigant3.司法救济，救济；减轻，缓解 relief4.提供法律救助 to furnish a relief5.纠正，补偿 redress6.诉诸法院 bring to court★7.和解 settlement★8.仲裁 arbitration9.自力救济 self-help10.搁置纠纷 let matters rest11.损害赔偿 damages★12.实际履行 specific performance13.对事管辖权 jurisdiction over the subject matter14.对人管辖权 jurisdiction over the parties15.管辖权 jurisdiction16.违约之诉 damages for breach of contract17.法庭 forum18.最低限度联系 minimum contacts19.实体公正 substantial justice20.审判地 venue21.规定（援引法条） provide/read第三课诉状和对抗诉状的动议1.诉状 pleading2.起诉状 complaint3.向法院提交诉讼状或答辩状/办理立案 to file a pleading/lawsuit with the court4.陈述，阐明 to set forth5.书记员 clerk6.传票 summons7.出具传票 to issue a summons8.向某人送达传票、起诉书、法律文书to serve a summons, complaint, legaldocument on sb.9.通知 notify10.同意出庭 an entry of appearance11.指控，声称 allegation12.成为争议问题 put in issue13.积极抗辩 affirmative defense14.反诉 counterclaim15.(用辩解)减轻 extenuate16.未到庭，未履行义务 to be in default17.驳回 dismiss18.传票送达 service of process/service of summons19.法律上的充分性 legal sufficiency20. 提出异议，反对 challenge第四课调查取证1.庭前取证，调查 pre-trial discovery2.录取证词，宣誓证明 depose3.证词笔录,书证 deposition4.宣誓 under oath5.书面质询 written interrogatories6.人身伤害案件 personal injury case7.保持中立 take no part8.意外因素 surprise element9.争议 controversy10.律师 counsel11.庭前会议 pretrial conference12.即决判决，简易判决 summary judgment13.书证，书面陈述 affidavit14.提出请求即决判决的动议 make a motion for summary judgment15.（证据）允许提出的，可采纳的 admissible16.扰乱对方 harassment of an opponent17.要求对争议进行庭审的申请 notice of trial/issue第五课庭审1.主张…..权利 assert the right to2.将……列入陪审员名单 impanel3.组成陪审团 to impanel the jury4.绝对异议权 peremptory challenge★5.候选陪审员 prospective juror6.以明确的理由对陪审员候选人提出异议 to challenge a prospective juror forcause7.发誓 swear8.开案陈词 make opening statements9.询问证人 examine the witness10.出示文书 produce the document11.证据，物证 exhibit12.直接质证 direct examination13.交叉质证 cross examination14.不允许出示的证据 inadmissible evidence15.举证完毕 rest16.指令裁定（法官指令陪审团作出的裁定） directed verdict17.否决，驳回 overrule18.（法官）对陪审团的指导 jury instruction/jury charge/charge to the jury19.结案辩论 final argument20.判决某人胜诉 to enter a judgment for sb.21.判决某人败诉 to enter a judgment against sb.22.举证责任 burden of proof23.有分量的证据，占优势的证据 preponderance of the evidence24.退庭 retire25.（陪审团）未能达到足够多数人赞同的，未能做出决定的 hung26.法官推翻陪审团才定的判决 judgment notwithstanding the verdict(judgmentn.o.v)27.达成裁定 reach verdict第六课上诉和执行1.执行 enforcement2.复审 review3.中级法院 intermediate court4.初审法院 trial court5.下级法院 lower court6.斟酌，自由裁量 discretion7.由……斟酌决定，由…..自由裁量 at the discretion of8.推翻原判，逆转 reverse9.维持原判，确认，确信 affirm10.认定事实 determination in question11.上诉担保书 appeal bond12.抄本，复本，文字记录 transcript13.命令 decree14.(不服下级法官判决)进行上诉 to appeal from (a decision of a lower court)15.口头辩论 oral argument16.判决（意见）书 opinion17.败诉方 losing party18.债权人 creditor19.重新审理 rehear20.执行令 writ of execution21.行政司法长官，县治安官 sheriff22.发回重审 remand23.动产 personal property24.判决债务人 judgment debtor25.收益 proceeds26.不动产 real estate/real property27.未清偿判决债务由司法行政官主持的拍卖 judicial sale28.留置权，扣留权 lien29.对…..有司法留置权 to have a judicial lien on30.留置，扣押（动词） garnish31.留置，扣押（名词） garnishment32.扣押（动词） attach33.扣押（名词） attachment。
法律英语第一课翻译。
法律英语第一课翻译引言法律英语是指在法律领域使用的英语专业术语和表达方式。
随着全球化的推进，法律界对于英语专业人士的需求逐渐增加。
本文将介绍法律英语的基本概念和常用词汇，帮助读者理解和翻译法律文件。
法律英语的基本概念法律英语是法律体系中的一项重要内容，包括法律文件的起草、翻译和解释等。
在法律英语中，准确性和专业性是非常重要的原则。
法律文件的翻译需要注意保持原文意思的准确性，并确保译文符合法律的规定。
常见法律英语词汇下面列举了一些常见的法律英语词汇及其翻译：w - 法律2.Legal - 法律的3.Contract - 合同4.Agreement - 协议5.Plaintiff - 原告6.Defendant - 被告7.Judgment - 判决8.Court - 法院9.Evidence - 证据10.Witness - 证人这些词汇是法律文件中经常出现的，熟悉这些词汇对于正确理解和翻译法律文件至关重要。
法律英语的翻译技巧在翻译法律文件时，以下几点技巧可以帮助提高翻译质量：1.精确无误的翻译法律文件非常重要。
一些术语的错误翻译可能导致法律文件的失效，因此需要对法律术语进行深入理解并保持准确性。
2.翻译法律文件时要注重上下文的理解。
有时直译法律术语可能不合适，需要根据文件的整体内容进行适当的调整和解释。
3.参考专业的法律词典和资料是翻译法律文件的重要工具。
法律词典能够提供准确的翻译和解释，确保翻译的准确性。
4.在翻译过程中，要注意语言的简明扼要。
法律文件通常需要清晰、简洁的表达，避免使用过于复杂或晦涩的词汇。
结论法律英语作为一门专业领域，对于法律文件的翻译具有重要意义。
准确、专业的翻译能够保证法律文件的有效性，并为法律实践提供帮助。
本文介绍了法律英语的基本概念、常见词汇和翻译技巧，希望对读者理解和翻译法律文件有所帮助。
参考文献 - Smith, J. (2010). Legal English: How to Understand and Master the Language of Law. Routledge.。
法律英语词汇
法律英语词汇Unit1federation n.联邦jurisdiction n.管辖权，管辖区common law普通法；习惯法；判例法civil law罗马法；民法legislation n.立法petition v.诉请；向……提出请求；n.申诉；申请；（美）起诉状equity n.衡平法Chancery n.衡平法院；大法官法庭judicial adj.法院的；司法的Privy Council（英）枢密院canon law教会法legal family法系decision n.判决procedural rules诉讼规则discretionary adj.自由裁量的arbitrator n.仲裁人；调停者Commonwealth n.英联邦appeal n.上诉invoke v.援引Twelve Tables十二铜表法vulgarized Roman law通俗罗马法classic Roman law经典罗马法compendia n.汇编；概要civilian n.民法学家；平民jurist n.法学家obligation n.债权codification n.法典编纂；法典化code n.法典article n.条款term n.条款；任期；开庭期law/legal doctrine法律原则statute n.成文法；法令precedent n.先例enact v.制定，通过（法）inalienable adj.不可剥夺的exclusivity n.排他权；专有权empower v.授权party n.当事人lawsuit n.诉讼tribunal n.特别法庭；裁判所breach of contract违约advocate n.辩护人；出庭代讼人self-evident adj.不证自明的proposition n.主张；陈述claim v.&n.主张；要求；声称adjudication n.判决adherence to precedent遵循先例full-fledged precedent广泛意义上的先例absolutely binding绝对约束力的generally binding一般约束力的stare decisis遵循先例res judicata既判力consensual adj.合意的right of privacy隐私权overruling n.推翻；否决reversal n.撤销subject matter n.诉讼标的；争议事项；权利主张judiciary n.司法机关；法院系统；[总称]法官injunction n.禁制令diversity of citizenship（美）（诉讼当事人的）州（国）籍不同；公民身份不同venue n.审判地adversary n.对手；对方当事人circuit court巡回法院en banc n.全院庭审merits n.案件事实；当事人的法定权利；诉求或答辩的实质依据certiorari n.调卷令Justice of the Peace地方法官Court of Common Pleas普通诉讼法院trial courts of inferior jurisdiction低级管辖权的一审法院trial courts of general jurisdiction普通管辖权的一审法院appellate courts上诉法院intermediate appellate courts中级上诉法院court of last resort终审法院Supreme Court最高法院(专有名词)(1)trial courts of general jurisdiction--------the District Courts basic federal court system(2)intermediate appellate courts--------the Courts of Appeals(3)the Supreme Courtcivil suit民事案件minor violation of the criminal law轻微刑事违反行为maximum jail sentence最高刑期fine n.罚金defendant n.被告plaintiff n.原告prosecution n.检控；追诉judge/justice n.法官finality n.终法定局exercise n.行使；履行action n.诉讼judicial review司法审查appellate review上诉审查litigate v.提起诉讼litigation n.诉讼litigant n.诉讼当事人docket n.法院积案清单raise v.提起诉讼act n.法案；法令entertain v.审理provision n.规定；条款regulation n.法规；章程patent n.专利summon v.传唤；召集hear v.审理；听审writ n.书面命令；令状writ of certiorari调卷令confer v.授予full-dress adj.正式的umpire n.裁判员overseer n.监督机构federalism n.联邦制checks and balances制衡separation of powers分权suffrage n.投票；选举权written constitution成文宪法veto n.&v.否决权；否决ratify v.批准due process正当程序bail n.&v.保证金；保释interpret v.解释（法律）impeachment n.弹劾discretion n.自由裁量权original jurisdiction原审管辖constitutionality n.合宪性legislature n.立法机关governor n.州长ordain v.制定Senate n.参议院confirm v.批准commission n.委任状mandamus v.强制执行令relief n.救济syllogism n.推理lessee n.承租人lessor n.出租人title n.所有权remedy n.救济proceedings n.诉讼rescind v.废止；取消nullify v.使无效Unit4restitution n.返还原物；恢复原状probation n.缓刑punitive damages惩罚性损害赔偿exemplary damages惩罚性损害赔偿assault n.威胁；恐吓；意图伤害battery n.（刑法）殴击罪；（侵权法）非法侵犯felony n.重罪misdemeanor n.轻罪infraction n.违反（指违约、违法、违章、违纪）motive n.犯罪动机intent n.犯罪故意mens rea犯意actus reus犯罪行为causation n.因果关系press charges起诉process v.对……起诉；对……发出传票execution n.死刑；强制执行compensation n.赔偿；补偿substantive criminal law刑事实体法criminal procedural law刑事诉讼法ordinance n.条例；法令apprehension n.逮捕offender n.罪犯convict v.宣判有罪imprisonment n.监禁confinement n.监禁incarceration n.监禁juror n.陪审员jury n.陪审团offense n.违法行为；罪行transgression n.罪过corroboration n.进一步的证据warrant n.授权manslaughter n.过失杀人defense n.辩护counsel n.律师；辩护人defense counsel/attorney辩护律师acquittal n.宣告无罪liability n.责任；义务homicide n.杀人；杀人犯overt adj.蓄意的involuntary adj.无意识的；非故意的Unit5accomplice n.共犯；同谋犯adversary system对抗制；辩论式的诉讼方式correction n.（通过监禁、缓刑、假释等刑罚制度对罪犯的）惩罚；教养self-incrimination n.自证其罪preventive detention预防性监禁implement v.贯彻；执行pretrial adj.审判前的bill of information n.（检察官起草的）起诉书complaint n.（任何人都可以起草的）起诉书file v.提起诉讼；送交备案magistrate n.地方法官；裁判官be bound over for trial应当到庭受审的convene v.召集refute v.辩驳testimony n.证据true bill准予起诉no bill不予起诉suspect n.嫌疑犯custody n.拘留；羁押arrest warrant n.逮捕令contraband n.违禁品charge n.&v.（特指刑事诉讼）指控bring charges指控levy charges指控drop charges撤销指控appearance n.到庭seizure n.抓住；扣押recognizance n.具结保证书try v.审理plea n.辩护plea bargain诉辩交易preliminary hearing n.预审cross-examine v.交叉询问produce v.出示indictment v.控告；起诉arraignment n.提讯motion n.（诉讼当事人向法院提出的）申请courtroom n.审判室；法庭peremptory challenge（对某陪审员出庭表示的）绝对的无需说明理由的反对challenge for cause（对某陪审员出庭表示的）有合理原因的反对impartial adj.公正的；公平的mistrial n.无效审判；误判acquit v.判决无罪case n.（诉讼一方所持的）事实，理由，依据verdict n.裁决；裁定rebut v.rebuttal n.反驳surrebuttal n.第二次反驳rejoinder n.第二次答辩summation n.（裁判前）法庭辩论的总结deliberations n.评议；审议venireman n.陪审员chamber n.法官办公室unanimous adj.一致同意的suspension n.暂缓执行restraint n.约束力preponderance of evidence优势证据规则proof beyond a reasonable doubt排除合理怀疑Unit6wrongful death action不当致死诉讼；非正常死亡诉讼habeas corpus人身保护令tortfeasor n.侵权人burden of proof举证责任contributory negligence共同过失enforce v.强制执行lease n.租赁协议deed n.转让协议standing n.诉讼资格pleading n.起诉bankruptcy n.破产the service of process传票送达cause of action诉讼理由default judgment缺席判决answer n.答辩状affirmative defense肯定的防卫（类似于合理化事由，如正当防卫）avoidance可以避免被判罪的理由the statute of limitations诉讼时效dismiss v.驳回negligent adj.过失的objection n.反对；异议excessive damages数额过大的赔偿Sheriff n.法警proceeds n.拍卖所得judgment debtor判决书中的债务人exhibit n.物证concurring opinions并行意见dissenting opinions反对意见。
法律英语-英美法常用词汇
1.衡平法equity law2.管辖权jurisdiction3.初审法院trial court4.首席大法官Chief Justice5.立法legislation; the legislative; legislature6.检察官prosecutor7.法律救济legal remedy; relief; equitable remedy8.强制令禁令injunction9.实际履行specific performance10.归还原主, 恢复原状(尤指用钱)赔偿, 补偿restitution11.上诉法院Court of Appeals; appellate court12.上诉人appellant13.被告被上诉人appellee14.申请人请求者petitioner15.答辩人被申请人respondent16.司法the judicial17.法官审判官司法的法院的judiciary18.最高法院Supreme People’s Court,19.北京二中院Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People’s Court20.executive execute execution /enforcement, executor21.statute 成文法法规statutory right 法定权利22.court of last resort 终审法院最高上诉法院23.attorney 律师24.specific performance/ equitable remedy 实际履行/衡平法补救25.injunction 禁制令，禁止令26.damages 损害赔偿punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿27.bench trial 无陪审团的审判法官审jury trial 陪审团审判28.civil action 民事诉讼29.substantive law 实体法procedural law 程序法30.impeachment 控告;检举31.Checks & Balances 三权分立原则32.Due Process of law 正当法律程序33.judicial interpretation /construction 司法解释34.veto power 否决权35.litigant 诉讼当事人36.Bill of Rights 《权利法案》37.fraud 诈骗perjury 伪证罪perjure 作伪证38.civil law system 大陆法系39.程序法procedural law40.宪法修正案amendments to the Constitution Constitutional Amendment41.司法复审judicial review42.众议院Congress/Parliament 参议院snate43.三权分立原则Checks & Balances44.诉讼bring/file/institute an action 起诉, suit, lawsuit 起诉, litigation诉讼,proceedings 诉讼45.叛国罪treason46.英美法系common law systerm47.有约束力的判例binding precedent48.persuasive precedent 有说服力的先例49.伪证罪perjury50.Penal Code 刑法典45. misdemeanor 轻罪felony 重罪51.Probation 缓刑probate 遗嘱检验rceny 盗窃罪theft53.deceased 已死的decedent 死者54.justifiable homicide 正当杀人, excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人55.mens rea 犯罪意图56.actus reus违法行为57.causation 因果关系58.arson 纵火罪59.punitive /exemplary damages 惩罚性损害赔偿60.civil wrong 民事过错criminal offense 犯罪61.felon重罪, misdemeanant 行为不端的人62.非预谋故意杀人voluntary manslaughter误杀过失杀人in the heat of passion63.involuntary manslaughter 过失杀人64.赔偿redress compensation65.杀人罪homicide66.因果关系causation67.逮捕证arrest warrant68.正当防卫self-defense69.法律责任legal liability70.刑事犯罪criminal offence71.充分理由probable cause1.guilty plea 有罪答辩2.plea bargaining 辩诉交易3.civil wrong 民事过错行为4.internationally wrongful act 国际不法行为5.state responsibility 国家责任6.diplomatic immunity 外交豁免权7.real estate/property 不动产realty 不动产房地产8.personalty 动产chattel real (指租借地权等)准不动产9.client 当事人10.interstate commerce 美国的州际贸易intrastate 州内的(尤指美国的州内)11.drug trafficking 毒品走私贩毒counterfeit goods 冒牌货12.illegitimate child 非婚生子女13.conviction 确信定罪acquittal 宣告无罪rceny['lɑ:səni:] 盗窃罪15.kidnapping 绑架ransom['rænsəm] 赎金16.arson 纵火罪17.inquisitorial system 调查制度adversary/adversarial 对抗制18.summons传票, subpoena[sə'pi:nə] 传票, process-server 传票递送员pulsory process 强制程序, mandatory命令的强制的,20.peremptory norms 强制性规范21.jury charge/instruction 陪审团指令法官给予陪审团的指示22.rebuttal [rɪˈbʌtl] evidence 反驳证据23.pretrial motions 审前动议move post trial 庭审后动议24.discovery, disclosure 公开透露25.preponderant[pri'pɔndərənt] evidence 优势证据26.cross-examination 交叉询问反诘问27.directed verdict 直接判决直接裁决28.对抗制adversary, adversarial29.无效审理mistrial30.hung jury/ deadlocked jury 悬疑陪审团陷入僵局的陪审团31.传闻证据hearsay32.陪审团评议jury deliberation33.对人管辖权in personam jurisdiction（1.司法权; 裁判权2.管辖区域；管辖范围）34.in rem jurisdiction 对物管辖权35.subject matter jurisdiction 标的物管辖权36.事实的裁定者fact-finder, trier34.（对对方证据的）异议objection35.诚实审查voir dire [,vwɑ:'diə]36.有因回避challenge for cause37.无因回避peremptory[pə'remptəri:] challenge, challenge without cause38.Prosecution 控方原告defense 被告39.affirmative defense 积极抗辩40.entrapment[in'træpmənt](非法)诱捕, 诱人犯罪41.alibi['ælə,baɪ] 1.某人在别处的证据, 不在犯罪现场的证人2.<美口>借口，托辞42.intoxication 沉醉状态昏醉43.insanity [ɪnˈsænətɪ] 精神错乱；精神失常；精神病；疯狂44.indictment[ɪn'daɪtmənt]刑事起诉书;公诉书/information complaint 投诉控告45.accusatorial[ə,kju:zə'tɔ:riəl] system 问责制46.criminal charge 刑事指控47.prima facie case 初步证据确凿的案件48.arraignment 传讯49.privilege against self-incrimination 有权不自证其罪50.double jeopardy['dʒepədi:] clause 双重危险条款51.无罪推定presumption of innocence52.大陪审团grand jury超越合理怀疑Beyond a reasonable doubt53.举证责任burden of proof54.证明标准standard of proof55.刑事审判制度criminal justice system大陪审团起诉书Grand jury indictment检察官起诉书Prosecutor indictment56.burglary 1.夜盗；夜盗行为2.入户行窃;入户盗窃罪57.statutory（1.法定的2.成文的）crime 法定犯rceny 盗窃罪stolen goods 赃物59.injunctive （命令的,指令的）relief 禁令救济60.standing 永久的长期的常设的资信情况61.adversary system 对抗制62.adversarial 敌手的对抗性的63.inquisitorial[ɪn,kwɪzɪ'tɔ:ri:əl]纠问制64.discovery65.vior dire66.direct examination 直接询问67.jury verdict 陪审团的裁决68.pretrial motion 审前动议69.post trial motion 审后动议70.admit admission 1.准许进入，加入权，进入权2.入场费, 入场券,门票费3.承认, 供认，招认，招供71.admissibility 可采性容许性可接纳性72.by the preponderance of the evidence 优势证据73.applicable law (合同等)适用的法律74.default（弃权缺席）judgment 缺席裁判75.judgment debtor 判决债务人76.writ of execution 执行令状77.wrongful death action 非正常死亡之诉死亡之诉78.deceased/decedent[di'si:dənt]死者79.contempt of court 藐视法庭80.contributory negligence 共同过失81.statute（法令成文法）of frauds 防止欺诈法SMALL VERB LIST PARTNER AAdd Bounce Complain Decide EarnFail Glue Hang Ignore JoinKill Learn Measure Name ObeyPass Regret Sneeze Trust UnlockWish Y ell Share Pull Plant SMALL VERB LIST PARTNER BArrest Bike Carry Describe EscapeFill Grab Hate Improve Jump Knock Lie Marry Need OwnPunish Race Smoke Subtract TalkTest Use Wait Want Whisper。
实用法律英语中英对照版
实用法律英语中英对照版--民事 civil--民事 civil affairs;affairs relating to civil law --民事上的占有 civil possesion--民事上的没收 civil forfeiture--民事上诉 civil appeal--民事主体 civil subject--民事法律关系 civil legal relationship--民事活动 activity relating to civil law--民事纠纷 civil dispute--民事客体 civil object--民事原告 civil plaintiff--民事被告 civil defendant--民事指控 civil charge--民事案件 civil case--民事过失 civil negligence--民事责任事故 accident involving civil liability --民事补偿 civil remedy--民事诉讼 civil action--民事损害 civil injury--民事债务 civil debt--民事管辖 civil jurisdiction--民事制裁 civil sanction--民事审判 civil trial--民事调解 civil mediation--民事罚款 civil penalty--民事权利争议 dispute concerning private rights--民事权利剥夺 deprived of private rights--民事权利请求 civil claim--民事权利变更 alternation of private right--民政 civil administraion--民事权利与责任 civil right and liability--民事权利 civil right--人身权利 jura personarum; rights of the person --人格权 right of personality--上诉权 right of appeal--不受时效限制权 imprescriptible right--立遗嘱权 right to make a will--合法权利 legal right--共有权 communal tenure--求偿权 recoupment; recourse--居住权 right of habitation--使用权 right of use--委任权 power of pocuration--财产权 proprietatis; property right--财产让与权 benefit of cession--起诉权 right of action--采光权 right of ancient lights--专用权 sole right of use--专有权 exclusive power--专利申请权 clailm of patent application--控告权 right of complaint--答辩权 right of reply--解释权 right to interpret--经济权利 economic right--债的请求权 debt claim--监护权 guardianship--选择权 right of choice--转卖权 right of resale--（当事方为进行仲裁或接受国际法院的管辖权而签订的）协定 compromis: a special agreement between States to submit a particular issue either to an arbitral tribunal or to the International Court of Justice --事实上 de facto: existing as a matter of fact rather than of right --法律上 de jure: as a matter of legal right--根据公允及善意的原则 ex aeque et bono: as a result of fair dealing and good conscience--出于善意的 ex gratia: done as a matter of favour (An ex gratia payment is one not required to be made by a legal duty.) --依职权而自然获得 ex officio: by virtue of holding an office--事后的；溯及既往的 ex post facto: by a subsequent act (describing any legal act, such as a statute, which has retrospective effect) --主动的，自愿的 ex proprio motu(ex mero motu): of his own motion --不可抗力force majueure(法语): irresistible compulsion or coercion--强制法 jus cogens(ius congens): coercive law; a rule or principle in international lawthat is so fundamental that it bins all states and does not allo--any exceptions--万民法，万国法，国际法 jus gentium: the lawof people; international law--法无明文不处罚 nulla poena sine lege: no penalty(punishment) without a law--法无明文不为罪 nullum crimen sine lege: no crime without a law --条约必须遵守原则 pact sunt servand: a pact is not to be surrendered (agreements are to be kept)--自身，本身；本质上 per se--不受欢迎的人（personna grata 受欢迎的人） personna non-grata--初步的，表面上的 prima facie: at first appearance; on the face ofthings--情势变迁原则 rebus sic standibus: change of circumstances--无主物res nullius: an asset susceptible of acquisition but presently under the ownership or sovereignty of no legal person --未确定时日的 sine die: without a date--越权行为（与intra vires相对） ultra vires(act)--占领地保有原则 uti possidetisv Lesson Six--民事责任 civil liability （信托法律网/编辑）--不履行法律责任 omission--共同连带责任 joint and separate responsibility--完全责任 full liability--侵权责任 liability for tort--连带责任 joint liability--财产责任 property liability--过失责任 fault liability--替代责任 vicarious liability--无限责任 unlimited liability--单独责任 solitary liability--道德责任 moral obligation--监护责任 liability of guardian--严格责任赔偿 strict liability--债转股 debt-to-equity swap--港元的联系汇率制 the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar--坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ bad loan--反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against...--通货紧缩 deflation--通货膨胀 inflation （信托法律网/编辑）--非配额产品 quota-free products--非生产性投资 investment in non-productive projects--风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment--风险基金 venture capital--风险准备金 loan loss provision/ provisions of risk--搞活国有大中型企业 revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises--规模经济 scale economy/ economies of scale--国合企业(即国有合作社) state-owned cooperatives--国际收支 balance of international payments/ balance of payment --国际收支不平衡 disequilibrium of balance of payment--国家补贴 public subsidies--国家现汇结存 state foreign exchange reserves--合理引导消费 guide rational consumption--季节性调价 seasonal price adjustments--既成事实 established/accomplished facts--技工贸结合的科技型企业 scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development--劳动密集性企业 labor-intensive enterprises--乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises--千年问题、千年虫 millennium bug--企业技术改造 technological updating of enterprises--企业亏损补贴 subsidies to cover enterprise losses--实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to--平等互利、讲求实效、形式多（信托法律网/编辑）样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various ways and seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development--瓶颈制约“bottleneck” restrictions--市场准人的行政管理措施 AAMA: Administrative Aspects of Market Access--亚太工商咨询理事会 ABAC: APEC Business Advisory Council--亚太商业论坛 ABF: APEC Business Forum--亚太通讯与数据系统 ACDS: APEC Communications and Database System --亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心ACTETSME: APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises --亚洲开发银行 ADB: Asian Development Bank--亚太经合组织经济领导人会议 AELM: APEC Economic Leaders Meeting --东盟自由贸易区 AFTA: ASEAN Free Trade Area--亚太经合组织部长级会议 AMM: APEC MinisteriaI Meeting--澳新紧密经济关系协定ANZCERTA: Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement--亚太商业网络 APB-Net: Asia-Pacific Business Network--亚太经济合作组织 APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation--亚太能源研究中心 APERC: Asia Pacific Energy Research Center--亚太信息基础设施 APII: Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure --亚太实验室认可合作 APLAC: Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation--亚太法定计量论坛 APLMF: Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum--亚太计量程序 APMP: Asia Pacific Metrology Program--东南亚国家联盟 ASEAN: Association of South-East Asian Nations --亚欧会议 ASEM: Asia-Europe Meeting--农业技术合作 ATC: Agricultural Technical Cooperation。
法律知识导读 第九单元
GPS技术在道路桥梁工程测量中的应用分析发布时间：2022-09-15T07:20:01.919Z 来源：《新型城镇化》2022年18期作者：马铭野[导读] 要：在道路桥梁工程测量过程中，应用GPS技术具有诸多优势，不仅能够显著提升测量准确度，而且还能有效减少外部因素对测量工作的影响，提升测量效率，节省测量工作时间。
因此应当将其广泛应用到道路桥梁工程测量工作中，尤其是测绘网控制等工作中，确保相关测量工作的效果，为后续道路桥梁工程施工的开展奠定良好的基础条件。
本文对GPS技术在道路桥梁工程测量中的应用进行分析，以供参考。
马铭野海城市交建集团建通道桥建筑工程有限公司辽宁海城 114200摘要：在道路桥梁工程测量过程中，应用GPS技术具有诸多优势，不仅能够显著提升测量准确度，而且还能有效减少外部因素对测量工作的影响，提升测量效率，节省测量工作时间。
因此应当将其广泛应用到道路桥梁工程测量工作中，尤其是测绘网控制等工作中，确保相关测量工作的效果，为后续道路桥梁工程施工的开展奠定良好的基础条件。
本文对GPS技术在道路桥梁工程测量中的应用进行分析，以供参考。
关键词：GPS技术；道路桥梁；工程测量引言：GPS定位技术是20世纪70年代逐渐发展起来的，最初应用到军事领域的勘察和定位，能够实现360°无死角地勘察定位。
且GPS技术实施不受时间及空间的限制，具有较高的精确性。
发展到今天，GPS定位已经在工程测量中得到广泛的应用。
特别是当前道路桥梁的建设中，GPS的定位测量更具有优势。
在提升了工程测量精确地同时实现了工程实施的效率提升，有利于施工工期的缩短。
1、GPS技术简介所谓GPS技术，就是利用多颗卫星来实现的定位设备，通过卫星在地球周围轨道的分布规律，进行广泛的定位。
通常来讲，GPS系统拥有多个平面的轨道，能够同时实现6个卫星的观测。
如果整体卫星的空间标注位置需要经过多个定点来进行接收，就必须通过3颗卫星来形成接收信号，在一定的距离内就可以进行定位。
法律英语法律术语
法律英语法律术语1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIESCommon/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal systemContinental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family⼤陆法系- civilian legal system- civil-law system2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、⼤陆法3、substantive Law（实体法）VS procedural Law（程序法）4、case law（案例法）vs. statutory law（成⽂法）statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成⽂法5、adversary trial system（对抗制）vs. inquisitorial system （纠问制）6、jury trial system陪审团制度7、The reports of the United States Supreme Court联邦最⾼法院判例汇编The reports of some States州法院判例汇编8、legal cases法律案例9、private law and / vs. public law10、the statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law（其成⽂法继续适⽤通过判例法(注：即先例)进⾏的有约束⼒的解释）11、Common law (in narrow sense):- common general law- local law- itinerant judges of the English royal court- enforcement of a claim- special form of action: writ- classical Roman law- Provisions of Oxford (1258)⽜津条例- “writ upon the case”本案令状12、enforcement 强制执⾏；claim 请求；action 诉讼⾏为；writ 法院令状；recourse 追索权；追索，追偿13、Equity law衡平法- “ equity ”——doing equity- chancellor- relief 救济- judiciary- Court of Chancery （衡平法院）and / vs. ordinary common law courts-maxim- fixed, inflexible- equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)- In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail.14、awardcompensatory, compensatedamagesspecific performance特定履⾏|实际履⾏injunction强制令real/immoveable property（不动产）and / vs. personal/moveable property （动产）15、c ommon law remedy/relief:普通法救济- (compensatory) damages⾦钱赔偿16、e quity/equitable remedies/relief:衡平法救济- injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act)强制令- specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the agreement)- restitution17、judicialexpress （明⽰）vs. implied （默⽰）provision, providejurisdiction 管辖区域,法域; (司法）管辖权civil suit民事诉讼titlethe law of property财产法before the judge在法庭上17、a pply/applicable/available适⽤于be subject to受。
法律英语词汇总结 ()
词汇总结（老师分享版总结）Unit 1—5mon law普通法2.equity law衡平法3.precedent 先例4.stare decisis 遵循先例原则5.res judicata一案不再审6.jurisdiction 管辖权，管辖区，司法区7.trial court 初审法院8.Court of Appeals, appellate court 上诉法院9.appellant/appellee, petitioner/respondent 上诉人/被上诉人，申诉人/被申诉人10.Supreme Court最高法院, SPS, SPP, Procuratorate Chief Justice检察院首席大法官11.court of last resort, first instance终审法院，初审12.court of general jurisdiction 普通管辖权法院13.circuit court巡回法院14.per curiam法官共同决议意见15.concurring opinion附随意见/并存意见16.dissenting opinion反对意见17.prosecutor procuratorate 公诉人/检察官检察院18.affirm, reverse, remand维持，撤销，发回重审19.reversal, overruling撤销判决，推翻判决20.en banc全院审判，集体听讼21.holding, dicta 判决，附带意见？22.day in court 出庭应诉23.forum审判地24.venue审判地25.certiorari调卷令26.legal remedy relief 法律救济27.equitable remedy 衡平法上的救济28.injunction 禁制令29.the legislative立法机构, legislation立法legislature立法机关30.the judicial judiciary 司法，司法系统31.the executive行政, execute处死，执行execution死刑/enforcement执行, executor 遗嘱执行人administer 执行32.statute成文法statutory right 法定权利33.attorney, barrister/advocate, solicitor, trial advocacy, counsel 律师34.damages 损害赔偿金punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿金35.bench trial 法官审判，王座法庭（无陪审团的法官审）jury trial 陪审团审判36.civil action 民事诉讼tortious act侵权行为tort action侵权诉讼37.substantive law 实体法procedural law 程序法38.diversity of citizenship 州籍不同39.impeachment 弹劾40.separation of powers分权41.checks & balances 制衡42.due process of law 法律正当程序43.bill of rights 权利法案44.judicial interpretation/construction 司法解释construe解释literal文字的/liberal慷慨的45.veto power, right to vote否决权46.litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼litigator诉讼人47.infamous crime不名誉罪fraud欺诈perjury 伪证罪treason叛国罪perjure作伪证defraud 诈骗defrauded欺骗48.civil law system大陆法系49.amendment 修正案50.judicial review 司法审查51.Congress/Parliament，senate 国会/议会，参议院52.bring/file/institute/initiate/commence an action, suit, lawsuit, litigation, proceedings诉讼53.binding precedent 有拘束力的先例54.persuasive precedent 有说服力的先例55.Miranda Warnings米兰达警告45. misdemeanor 轻罪felony 重罪56.probation 缓刑probate 见证人，见证程序57.parole假释rceny theft 盗窃罪59.deceased 死者，被继承人decedent 死者60.mens rea 犯意61.actus reus犯罪行为62.causation因果关系, intervening factor 介入因素63.felony-murder rule重罪谋杀规则64.punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿65.civil wrong 民事违法criminal offense 刑事犯罪66.homicide 杀人罪67.justifiable homicide可证明为正当的杀人罪, excusable可原谅的68.murder谋杀/谋杀罪69.voluntary manslaughter故意杀人罪70.involuntary manslaughter 过失杀人罪71.Redress赔偿compensation 赔偿reimburse 偿还，赔偿72.Warrant逮捕令73.self-defense正当防卫74.liability 责任liable有责的75.probable cause 正当理由，合理根据76.death penalty死刑77.imprisonment, confinement, incarceration, detention监禁78.forfeiture 没收79.aggravating circumstances加重情节80.mitigating/extenuating circumstances减轻情节81.enter a guilty plea plead guilty 做出有罪答辩82.plea bargaining辩诉交易83.interstate commerce州际贸易84.drug trafficking贩毒counterfeit goods假冒商品85.illegitimate child私生子，非婚生子86.conviction 有罪裁决acquittal 无罪裁决87.inquisitorial system纠问制/ adversary对抗制/adversarial对抗制88.summons传票, subpoena传票, process传票，诉讼过程中的各种命令, citation罚单89.service of process 送达程序pulsory process强制到庭程序91.voir dire陪审团资格审查92.peremptory challenge无因回避93.challenge for cause有因回避94.jury charge/instruction 指示陪审团95.rebuttal evidence 反驳证据96.pretrial motions审前动议move步骤post-trial审判后动议97.discovery, disclosure证据开示98.cross-examination交叉询问99.motion for directed verdict申请驳回起诉的动议100.mistrial 无效判决101.hung jury/ deadlocked jury陪审团僵局102.hearsay 传闻证据103.jury deliberation 陪审团审议104.in personam/personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权105.in rem jurisdiction对物管辖权106.subject matter jurisdiction事务管辖权107.fact-finder事情调查者，检察员, trier 审判者108.objection反对, exception 异议，例外109.plaintiff, 原告defendant被告110.prosecution 控诉defense 辩解111.affirmative defense积极性抗辩112.statute of limitations 诉讼时效113.entrapment 陷阱114.alibi 不在场证据115.intoxication喝醉116.insanity精神失常117.indictment（大陪审团）起诉书/information 公诉书plaint 刑事控告书、自诉书119.accusatorial system诉讼程序120.criminal charge 刑事指控121.prima facie case 初步证明的案件122.bail保释，保证金123.arraignment 传讯124.privilege against self-incrimination不得自证其罪的权利125.double jeopardy clause双重追诉条款126.confrontation clause 质证条款，对质条款127.presumption of innocence无罪推定128.grand jury 大陪审团（程序）129.beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑130.by the preponderance of the evidence/ preponderant evidence优势证据131.balance of the probabilities可能性权衡132.burden of proof 举证责任133.standard of proof 证明标准134.criminal justice system 刑事司法体系135.burglary 盗窃罪136.statutory crime 法定犯罪rceny盗窃罪stolen goods 赃物138.injunctive relief 禁令救济，申请制止侵权的权利139.standing to sue原告资格140.discovery 证据开示141.long-arm statute长臂管辖法142.forum shopping挑选有管辖权的法院143.cause of action原告的起诉理由144.direct examination 直接询问145.jury verdict 陪审团裁决146.admit 供认admissible可接纳的inadmissible不可接纳的admissibility 证据的可采性147.applicable law 可适用的法律148.default judgment缺席判决149.judgment debtor 判决确定的债务人creditor 债权人150.rebuttal evidence反驳证据？Unit 6wsuit诉讼2.substantive law/ procedural law实体法／程序法3.formality手续4.lease or deed of land土地租赁或转让契约5.administrative law行政法6.civil/criminal procedure民事／刑事程序7.conflicts of law法律冲突8.client 当事人9.emotional distress精神伤害10.breach of contract 违反合同约定11.file bankruptcy 申请破产12.invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私13.subject matter/personal jurisdiction诉讼标的／属人管辖权14.serve a summon 送达传票pliant/ answer 起诉书／答辩状16.default judgment 缺席审判17.demurrer抗辩18.affirmative defense积极的抗辩19.statute of limitation诉讼时效20.motion denied/granted 被否决的动议／被允许的动议21.negligent/ negligence过失（形容词）／过失（名词）22.inadmissible evidence不予采信的证据23.objection by defendant’s counsel被告律师的抗辩24.hearsay 传闻证据25.present evidence举证26.call witness传唤证人27.counsel for plaintiff原告律师28.burden of proof举证责任29.charge to the jury/ jury instruction 下指令给陪审团／陪审团发出的指令30.litigation 诉讼31.deliberation （陪审团）审议32.general/special verdict 一般／特别的裁决33.reasonable person 有理性的人34.judgment non obstante verdicto 与陪审团相反的判决35.judgment for plaintiff原告胜诉的判决36.res judicata 已决案件37.execution of the jurgement判决的执行38.sheriff治安官39.proceeds收益40.insolvency 清偿41.pleading 诉讼请求42.brief诉讼要点43.transcript of the testimony 证词的记录44.court’s ruling法院的裁决Unit 8 Text B1.Drive-through 免下车的，可坐在汽车里购物的路边商店麦当劳得来速汽车餐厅pensatory and punitive damages3.Cause of action 诉讼理由；诉因指原告起诉时的根据。
《债权法》教学大纲2021
《债权法》教学大纲2021《债权法》教学大纲课程编号：课程名称：债权法英文名称：Obligation Law 总学时：48 学分：3课程类别：专业必修课先修课程：法理学、民法学A适用范围：本课程教学大纲适用于法学专业本科教学任务一、课程简介《债权法》是法学专业的专业必修课。
本课程属于法学专业核心课程，是民法学的一个分支学科。
通过学习该课程，目的在于培养本科学生系统全面掌握债、合同及侵权责任的基础原理和理论知识、具备基本应用分析债权债务法律问题能力，使学生既掌握债法理论又具备相应的综合应用分析问题能力，为后续课程提供必要的理论知识基础和实践能力基础。
二、课程教学目标通过对债权法的学习，应达到以下要求：1.掌握债权法的主要内容，包括债的一般原理、合同之债、无因管理之债、不当得利之债和侵权行为之债。
2.了解各种债的成因，熟悉各种债之间的区别和联系。
3.能够灵活运用债的知识分析各种发生在社会实践中的与债有关的案例和法律现象。
三、教学内容及主要教学方法（一）债的概述 1.债的概念和特征 2.债的要素 3.债的发生原因4.债的分类主要采用讲授式教学法和研讨式教学法，要求学生掌握债的概念及其性质，熟悉债的各种要素，理解债的各种发生原因、债的种类。
（二）债的履行 1.债的履行概述2.债的履行的具体要求主要采用讲授式教学法和案例式教学法，要求学生了解债的履行的概念，掌握债的履行的原则及其债的履行的具体规则。
(三) 债的担保与保全 1.债的担保 2.保证 3.定金 4.债的保全 5.代位权6.撤销权主要采用讲授式教学法、案例式教学法及模拟式教学法，要求学生了解债的担保的概念以及特征，掌握债的担保的各种种类，理解债的保全，熟悉债的担保与保全的区别。
（四）债的移转和消灭 1.债的移转 2.债权让与 3.债务承担 4.债的概括承受 5.债的消灭主要采用讲授式教学法和案例式教学法，要求学生掌握债的移转的种类、程序和法律效力，掌握债的消灭的各种原因。
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侵权法
一．介绍
侵权法概念
侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。
虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。
令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。
所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。
除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。
事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。
这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。
如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。
明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。
侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。
受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。
侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。
侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由
侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。
（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。
（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。
1．补偿
侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。
侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。
最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。
2．公正
（1）公平（2）现实原因（3）过失（4）无过失责任
（5）原告过失与赞成？
3．对将来损失的预防
第三个主要的侵权法的作用和目标是控制人类行为表现来防止未来的侵权行为。
在这方面，法律起到了教育的作用。
以及在未来适用。
理论上，背负债务的罪犯自己也会在将来更加小心，来自侵权行为的赔偿责任的威胁也刺激了调整他们的行为与行为准则相一致。
二．过失
侵权行为的赔偿责任通常划分成故意，过失与严格上来说的侵权行为。
中心与重点是对过失行为引起侵权问题。
这种债务有几个元素：（1）被告人对原告负有的义务（2）因为被告人玩忽职守的错误符合行为要求（过失）（3）一个在过失行为和伤害结果之间的重要联系（4）公认的一种伤害或损失
在分析过失引起的案例时，我们首先要考虑具有过失性质的行为本身。
我们要用哪种方法来决定被告的行为或者疏忽失职是否可以被视为过失呢？
过失的通性
理性之人的标志
过失的证据
1．举证责任
2．专业和初步的证据
3．事实即证据法则和间接证据
（1）如果没有过失，事故不可能发生
（2）由被告控制的环境
（3）被告没有其他辩解
谨慎义务
（1）造成的伤害和被告人之间的紧密联系度
（2）附属于被告人行为上的精神的谴责
（3）防止未来伤害的政策
玩忽职守
（1）对危险的合理遇见（2）完成的客体
（3）预防措施的可行性（4）普遍认可的惯例
因果关系
（1）“若非”标准（2）多个连续原因（3）介入原因
辩护
1．共同过失2．相对过失
在分析行为过错的原因时，我们会首先考虑过失其本身的自然性。
我们以什么样的标准区认定被告的行为或疏忽是否能被视作过失？
一般过失的特征
根据已被接受的定义，“过失是低于法律对于防止他人收到原因不明的损害风险的标准的行为。
”在判断行为是否是过失时，行为人被指控他实际上知道什么或察觉了什么，以及他应该知道或察觉的。
明理的人的特征
知识，经验和领悟力。
物理伤害的侵权责任是基于被告对于风险和对于一定程度的应当意识到（对原告的损害）的可能性的知识（实际的或推定的）。
在过失中（与故意的侵权行为不同的），行为人并不希望由其行为造成的伤害性后果；他不知道它们很大程度上注定会发生，也不相信它们会发生。
因此，正常的行为人（原告或被告）依照他们实际的知识和领悟力参加指控，同样的，也包括一定的基本对社会的基本常识以及对他所在的环境的观察和理解的技能。
显然，行为必须依据行为人实际知道和观察到的事实来判断。
过失的证明
1. 举证责任
从可能性（方面）考虑，举证责任由原告承担。
2. 专家和舆论的证据
在侵权诉讼中，专家证人常常是必要或理想的。
他们在答辩中的主要作用是：（1）在陪审员的常识之外为陪审团提供信息，例如科学信息，计算，测试，实验，以及一些类似的东西；（2）通过他们对于案件的事实和（各方）呈递的观点，以他们的经验进行适用，为陪审团提供协助；（3) 在涉及专业的过失案件中，设立案件的标准。
3.事实自证与简介证据
事实自证。
“事情为自己说话。
”首先，应该注意，这是个举证责任问题；其次，在援引这一规则以前，必须满足三个条件。
（1）如果没有过失，事故不可能发生。
情况必须是这样的，可以推论出被告方的某些过失是损害的起因。
（2）由被告控制的环境。
必须表现出在适当的时机，原告的伤害或损害起于有被告唯一管理或控制的某项工具或形势。
（3）被告没有其它辩解。