英语语言学练习题[1]
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
英语语言学练习题_key
英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmental feature4.deep structure5.predication analysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes 9.interlanguage10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broad transcription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponential analysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learning strategies22.selectional restrictions23.phrase structure rules24.culture diffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native languagenor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts nlearning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part ofculture B. 24E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social,gender, and age variations. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speakdifferent languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorizationproperties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 15S. A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.12U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, andperformance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no o____. Thismarks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. They aresaid to be in c____ distribution. Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head, specifier,and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12.The sense relation bet ween “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World Health Organization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become partof culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second or foreign language is more commonlylearned consciously. Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v”, which is afeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is called s____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe the four maxims of the co-operativeprinciple. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regardingregional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. Received31.B____ refers to the situation that in some speech communities two languages are used sideby side with each having a different role to play. Bilingualism32.A: Where does Gérard live? B: Somewhere in the South of France. B’s answer violates themaxim of q . quantity33.Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe that language learning issimply a matter of i____ and habit formation. Imitation34.I____ refers to learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither thenative language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Inter-language35.M_____ can be defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, havinga strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. Motivation36.By saying language is p__________, we mean that every language contains an infinitenumber of sentences, which however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words. Productive37.D_______affixes create new words and very often cause a change in grammatical class.Derivation25.S r e s t r i c t i o n s c o n s t r a i n t s o n w h a t l e x i c a l i t e m c a n g o w i t h o t h e r s.Selectionalrestrictions38. E reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible.Errors39.“Piece” and “peace” belong to h. homophones40.Material culture, as the term itself, is concrete, substantial and o . observable41. C are committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. Commissives42.Meat originally meant “food” but now refers to “edible part of an animal”, this is an exampleof n of meaning. Narrowing43.The word “edit” is formed through b. back formation44. D refers to the property that human language can communicate about things that areabsent as easily as about things that are present. Displacement45.P is a phonetic unit, which does not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phone46.The word “unreliability” consists of morphemes. 547.Child directed speech is also called m . motherese48.C strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned.Cognitive49.The [i:] sound is n in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in allthese sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m]. nasalized50. A l act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. Locutionary51.There are two versions of CPH. While the strong one suggests that children must acquiretheir first language by p or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.Puberty52.The mode of a lecture on semantics in the English Department could be identified as o .oral53.T of discourse to a great extent determines the level of formality and the level oftechnicality of the language we use. Tenor54.Errors suggest failure in competence, and m suggest failure in performance. Mistakes Ⅲ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived bythe hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [ŋ]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, our language might become____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input HypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and childrenlearn it as their first language, it becomes .B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv. Thus, the process of puttingwords of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings arebiologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaningand in the part of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. application61.Many Chinese learners of English use although and but in the same sentence. This is aninstance of .A. transferB. interferenceC. overgeneralizationD. cross-association62.If the sounds appear in the same environment, and the substitution of one another result inchange of meaning. The sounds belong to .A. free variationsB. allophonesC. phonemesD. speech sounds63.The following pairs all belongs to “reversal antonyms” except.A. push / pullB. buy / sellC. employer / employeeD. pass / fail64.Please tell which of the following semantic relations is held within sentence.A. presuppositionB. entailmentC. inconsistencyD. contradiction65.Which kind of morphological process does the following words: desks, easier, worked,John’s illustrate?A. derivationB. inflectionC. compoundingD. affixation66.Which of the followings is NOT an analysis of learners’ language?A. contrastive analysisB. error analysisC. predication analysisD. interlanguage67.Bull: [+BOVINE], [+MALE], [+ADULT] is an example of .A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction68.The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a wordA. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D. is the image it is represented in the mind.Ⅳ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not any particular language, e.g. English,Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium of humanlanguage. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence. T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the mosthighly developed, is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of t he word “seal” in the sentence “the seal could not be found” cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims, so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the age of three or four can learnthe new language without the trace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what is grammatical is not acceptable, andwhat is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teachingand learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls onthe first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items. F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a language-specific culture andbecomes socialized in certain ways. T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used to perform an action, it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language hastwo levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. F26.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T27.We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of acompound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. F28.The meaning of an utterance is, in a sense, richer than the meaning of the sentence fromwhich it is derived. T29.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments more than Chinesespeakers and they tend to accept thanks and compliments more than we Chinese do. TⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. What arethey and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday, what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-118语言学练习题3.What are the main features of human language that essentially make it different from otheranimal communication systems? P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggested by Ogden and Richards.P63-645.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is performing while making an utterance?Give an example to illustrate this. P80-826.Explain with examples the three notions: phone, phoneme, allophone.P23-24Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maximsgives rise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules doeseach of the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning? Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components. And itincludes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, which is governed bythe grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there isno red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.11共11页。
英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
(完整版)语言学练习题(附答案)Chapter1Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
(完整版)英语语言学习题与答案
Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rulesof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn't be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.anyof details the means which language, acquire to ability the with born all were We 15.language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure's langue and Chomsky's __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)）1999（青岛海洋大学，How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? 37.Key:[In the reference keys, I won't give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. –icywarmtea]I.1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, ina way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –checkagainst the observable facts –come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merelya different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.15.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give37.an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change theword-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and__________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCOoverwhelmedd. inflectional morpheme (4)(5) prefix e. calculationKey:I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combiningthe meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.D. subordinatorC. preposition B. particle A. coordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a__________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an__________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in oneway or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and amongnatural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key:I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded28. Adjacency27. open29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It's suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure.E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, oppositeto the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples ofthis type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w's exercises. –icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features。
英语语言学 作业100分
作业1．第1题Which of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme?A.booksB.renameC.activeD.sleepy您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题The word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____morphemes.A.four/threeB.five/twoC.five/threeD.three/five您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acq uisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A.eyesB.earsC.sheepD.foots您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第17题Which of the following forms a minimal pair?A.fear, pearB.tip, pitC.food, footD.beat, bit您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第18题Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme?B.speakingC.takenD.chaos您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第19题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第20题Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase?A.a book on biologyB.play basketballC.a rainy dayD.dance happily您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第21题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第22题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第23题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第35题The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d]B.[s]C.[u]D.[i:]您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第36题Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoineD.criket---criket您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第37题The word “TV” is a(n) ____.A.acronymB.blendC.clipped wordD.coined word您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第38题Which of the following best describes the relations between “He paid a visit to Japan.” and “He paid a visit to East Asia.”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.019．第39题The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.materialB.spiritualC.folkD.none of the above您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.020．第40题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第8题Phonology is of a general nature.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.022．第9题In ‘a book about ghosts’, the complement is ‘ghosts’.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.023．第10题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.024．第11题The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.025．第12题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.026．第13题ISBN means International Standard Book Number.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.027．第14题Accent is an important marker of sociolect.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第15题Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第16题Frequent repetition is one of the features of the caretaker talk. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.030．第24题A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.031．第25题Semantics is the study of word meaning.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.032．第26题The words ‘shock’ and ‘surprise’ are semantically different synonyms.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.033．第27题Langue means competence.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.034．第28题The word ' walkman' is a blend.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.035．第29题UNESCO is a blend.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.036．第30题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].您的答案：正确题目分数：3.037．第31题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第32题In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第33题The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第34题Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words. This is called the frequency effect.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第41题[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.042．第42题Pronouns belong to closed class words.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.043．第43题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.044．第44题The word ' mike' is a clipped word.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.045．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.046．第46题Writing is more basic than speech.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.047．第47题The word ' dinner' comes from French.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.048．第48题An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第49题It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!' .您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第50题The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注。
《英语语言学》练习题一
《英语语⾔学》练习题⼀《英语语⾔学》练习题⼀⼀、I Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:1. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.2. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.3. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.4. Chinese is an agglutinating language.5. Not all vowels are voiced.6. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.7. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.8. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.9. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.11. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.12. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.13. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.14. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.15. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.II Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.Example: vowel front high [i:]1.bilabial nasal2.voiced labiovelar glide3.literal liquid4.voiced bilabial stop5.front high laxIII Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence.Pat found a book on Wall Street.IV How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. a bluebird a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperV.Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute).VI.Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.a)My uncle is male.b)The spinster is married.c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.VII.Answer the following questions:a)How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?b) What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?c) What are the components of metaphor?⼆、I、Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:2.Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.3.Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of articulation, andv_______.4.A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts.5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.6.According to Saussure, a linguistic sign is composed of s________ and s_______.7.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system composed of three aspects: sound, s________ and meaning.8.Monophthongs and d_________ are two major types of vowels.9.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called a_________ gap, e.g. /blik/, /bilk/, /klib/, and /kilb/.10.M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language.11.The language used to talk about language is called m___________.12.According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.II、For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share:Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless1、[g] [z] [d]2、[v] [h] [s]3、[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]4、[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]5、[i:] [i] [u] [u:]III、Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.a.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.b.Those who went there quickly made a fortune.IV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coatV. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences:1、A clever magician fooled the audience.2、The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. Answer the following questions:1、What is reference and what is sense ? How are they related ?2、What are the features of metaphors?3、How do you distinguish homonymy from polysemy?《英语语⾔学》练习题⼆⼀、I、Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: ( ) 1. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. ( ) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language. ( ) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.( ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.( ) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.( ) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.( ) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.( ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.( ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.( ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.( ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.( ) 14. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker meaning.( ) 15. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed cataphoric reference.II、Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it.Example: heat [i:] vowel front higha)photob)writec)card)actore)cityIII、Consider the following words and answer the questions below:a)fingerb)disgracefulc)stepsisterd)psycholinguisticse)antidisestablishmentarianismi. Tell the number of morphemes in each word.ii. Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so.IV、Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity in the following sentence:They can fish.V、Data Analysis:1）What is the illocution of A’s utterance in the following brief encounter?A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir.B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).2）What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries working in the same office.)A: Are you going to be here long?B: You can go if you like.A: I’ll just be outside. Call me if you need me.B: OK.VI Answer the following questions1．What are the components of metaphor?2．What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence?3．What is the difference between referential meaning and associative meanings of words?⼆、I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:1．Chinese is a typical t________ language. M(mother), m(hemp) m(horse) m(scold), for example, are four distinguished words.2．The total number of words stored in the brain is called l_______, which can be understood as a mental dictionary. 3．Words like went, which is not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with the root, are called s_____.4．S_________ is defined as the study of meaning.5．S_________ are words which have different forms but similar meanings.6．M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language.7．The language used to talk about language is called m___________.8．According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.9．Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.10．Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of articulation, and v_______.11．A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts.12．The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.II. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) they share:Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voicelessa)[g] [z] [d]b)[v] [h] [s]c)[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]d)[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]e)[i:] [i] [u] [u:]III. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.IV. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration:a) Allophoneb)VarietyV. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences: (10%)1. A clever magician fooled the audience.2. The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:1. The room is messy.2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on.VII. Answer the following questions:1.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?2.What are the three metafunctions that language plays accordingto M. A. K Halliday?。
英语语言学练习题(8页)
Linguistics supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45.Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。
英语语言学题库
How many syllables are there in the word “rhythmical”?A.ThreeB.FourC.FiveD.Ten答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.02．第2题Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?A.relationshipB.bedroomkmanD.childlike答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.04．第4题Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme?rgerB.dataC.traineeD.Kat e’s答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.06．第6题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.07．第108题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.08．第109题The relation between ‘furniture’ and ‘wardrobe’ is ___.A.homophonyB.homographyC.hyponymyD.polysemy答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0Which of the following is a representative?A.You’d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.010．第111题Which of the following is a directive?A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.011．第119题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.012．第120题The word "realization" consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/fiveB.five/fourC.four/threeD.four/four答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.0The words “subway” and “underground” are ______ synonyms.A.nearB.dialectalC.collocationally-restrictedD.stylistic答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.014．第122题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.015．第123题‘It is 8 o’clock’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.016．第124题‘She sings very well’ is a ___-place predication.A.noB.oneC.twoD.three答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.517．第125题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.018．第126题‘Handsome’ and ‘pretty’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.019．第127题Which of the following pairs of words are homographs?A.sew---sowB.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear (to pull apart)C.tec---techD.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.020．第128题Which of the following words is NOT a coined word?A.dacronB.kodakC.xeroxD.gym答案:D标准答案：D您的答案：题目分数：0.521．第129题“Up you go, chaps!” belongs to ____ language.A.intimateB.frozenC.consultativeD.casual答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.022．第130题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language答案:A标准答案：A您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.023．第131题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]D.[t,d,m]答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.024．第132题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：此题得分：0.025．第7题Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.026．第8题[i] is a semi-close vowel.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.027．第9题[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.028．第10题Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.029．第11题Tsled’ is a possibl e word in English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.030．第12题English is a tone language.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.031．第13题‘Teach-in’ is a compound word.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.032．第14题The morpheme ‘–or’ in ‘actor’ is an inflectional morpheme.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.033．第15题The –s in ‘works’ of ‘He works hard.’ is a bound morpheme.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.034．第16题In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.035．第17题The words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’ are relational opposites.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.036．第18题The words ‘lead’(领导) and ‘lead’(铅球) are homographs. 答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.037．第19题The words ‘flat’ and ‘apartment’ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.038．第20题The words ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’ are collocational synonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.039．第21题The words ‘buy’ and ‘purchase’ are dialectal sy nonyms.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.040．第22题‘His friend is coming.’ presupposes ‘He has a friend.’答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.041．第23题' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.042．第24题' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.043．第25题B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.044．第26题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture? (The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.045．第27题B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you? B: I am 80.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.046．第28题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you?答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.047．第29题The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.048．第30题In Chaucer' s the Canterbury Tales, we can find ' his' to replace ' it' in Modern English, as in ' Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth' . This reflects the change in the ' agreement' rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.049．第31题' I love thee not.' before the 16th century, has now become ' I do not love you.' This means the change in negation rule.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.050．第32题The word ' walkman' is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.051．第33题Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.052．第34题General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.053．第35题Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.054．第36题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.055．第37题Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.056．第38题F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.057．第39题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.058．第40题Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.059．第41题Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.060．第42题Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.061．第43题Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.062．第44题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.063．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time. 答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.064．第46题Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.065．第47题The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.066．第48题UNESCO is a blend.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.067．第49题The word ' tea' is a loan word from Chinese.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.068．第50题The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.069．第51题Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.070．第52题Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.071．第53题One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.072．第54题Of ' reply' and ' answer' , the latter is more formal.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.073．第55题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：此题得分：0.074．第56题The use of such sentences as ' I ain' t afraid of no ghosts' to mean ' I' m not afraid of ghosts' is one of the syntactic features of Black English.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.075．第57题Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案:错误标准答案：0您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.076．第58题The word ' dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.077．第59题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确标准答案：1您的答案：题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.078．第60题It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。
英语语言学练习题
g119. Among the following vowels, only__C__ is a close vowel.A. [e].B.[ ə]C. [ə]D.[u]20. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are ____B_vowels.A. unroundedB. tenseC. laxD. rounded21. The vowel [u:]as in [ru:f] is described as a____A__ vowel.A. close back roundedB. close back unroundedC. open back roundedD. open front rounded22. The consonant sound /p/ is described as____A___.A. voiceless labial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD. voiced alveolar stop23. There are___c__ diphthongs双元音in English.A.7B. 9C.8D.624. Clear [l] and dark [l] are the __D___ of the phoneme /l/.A. phonesB. allophonesC. phonemesD. morphemes25. ___C____is a phonological音位学unit which is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. AllophoneC. PhonemeD. Morpheme26. __A___is a phonetic语音的unit or segment which does not necessarily distinguish meaning.A. PhoneB. AllophoneC. PhonemeD. Morpheme27. While bike, klib, bilk, and kilb are permissible arrangements of phonemes, lbki, ilbk, bkil, and ilkb are not possible words in English. This is underlined by in__C_____ phonology.A. sequential ruleB. assimilation ruleC. deletion ruleD. no particular rule28.While the [n] sound in the prefix in- of indiscreet is actually pronounced as an alveolar nasal,i.e. [n]. This could be explained by _D___ in phonology.A. sequential ruleB. assimilation ruleC. deletion ruleD. no particular rule29.The main supra-segmental features include the level of segment of ___B__.A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. all of the above30. ___A___is a typical tone language.A. ChineseB. EnglishC. FrenchD. Spanish31. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an Englishsentence are___D__A. NounsB. V erbsC. AdverbsD. prepositions32. Generally speaking, the___A__ indicates that what is said is a matter-of-fact statement.A. fall-rise toneB. rise-fall toneC. risingD. falling toneA211. The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a ________.cA. phonemeB. phoneC. morphemeD. morph12. Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the ____ letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.dA. InimicalB. initiativeC. suffixingD. initial13. ______ is a minimal pair.bA. moon/noonB. foot/foodC. she/sheetD. sea/sea14. ______ is a process which puts an existing word of one class into another class.aA. ConversionB. AbbreviationC. EponymsD. Blending15. ____ is a typical tone language.aA. EnglishB. JapaneseC. ChineseD. Korean16. The longest ____ in English may contain four consonants, as shown by prompts.cA. wordB. onsetC. nucleusD. coda17. This （vet ）is famous in the town. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）cA. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping18. In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________.dA. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic19. __________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.bA. V oicing牵动声带的B. V oiced浊音C. nasalizationD. aspiration20. The sense relation between flour and flower is ______.dA. synonymyB. antonymC. polysemyD. homonymy 同音异义31. Linguistics refers to the scientific study of _______.aA. languageB. wordsC. sentencesD. paralanguage2. The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is ______.dA. phonemesB. pragmaticsC. phoneticsD. phonologyPhoneme音素:the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word.Pragmatics语用学：the study of how words and phrases are used with special meaning in particular situations.Phonetics语音学：the science and study of speech sounds.Phonology音系学:the study of the system of speech sounds in a language, or the system of sounds itself.3. The study of use of language is called _______.dA. morphologyB. syntaxC. semanticsD. pragmaticsMorphology词法形态学：the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words.Syntax句法：the rules of grammar that are used for ordering and connecting words to form phrases or sentences.Semantics语义学：the study of the meaning of words and other parts of language.Pragmatics语用学:the study of how words and phrases are used with special meanings in particular situations.4. _____ is the smallest unit of grammar of language.bA. WordB. Morpheme语素C. SyllabusD. Phoneme5. The following are design features of human language EXCEPT_____.aA. PerformanceB. dualityC. arbitrarinessD. productivity46. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?dA. PhoneticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Speech7. The notion that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the _____feature of language.dA. dualityB. creativityC. displacementD. arbitrariness8. That language can be used to refer to things which are not present; real or imaged mattes in the past, present, or future or in a far-away places is a good illustration of the _____ feature of language.cA. dualityB. creativityC. displacementD. arbitrariness9. ______ is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences aA. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. StylisticsD. Pragmatics10. ______ is the study o speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.aA. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. MorphologyPhonology音系学:the study of the system of speech sounds in a language, or the system of sounds itself.Lexicography：词典编纂技术Lexicology词汇学：the study of the meaning and uses of words.Morphology词法形态学：the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words.51. The study of the phonic medium of language is defined as A.A. phonologyB. phonemeC. phoneticsD. phone2. __b____ studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. phonetics3.____b_ studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. Acoustics phoneticsB. Auditory phoneticsC. Articulatory phoneticsD. Phonetics4. V ibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sound called_____C___.A. voicelessB. plosiveC. voicingD. nasals5. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the___a___.A. oral cavityB. lungC. pharyngeal cavityD. nasal cavity6. Among the following, the__d___ isn’t the organ located in the oral cavity.A.soft palateB. teeth ridgeC. uvulaD. glottisSoft palate软腭Teeth range 牙床Glottis声门Uvula 小舌7. Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of___c___.A. [f] and [v]B. [p] and [b]C. [t] and [d]D. [k] and [g]8. Obstruction between the lips creates the sound___c___.A. [f] and [v]B. [t] and [d]C. [p] and [b]D. [k] and [g]9. As for the orthographic representation 正视表示法of speech sounds, transcription with letter-symbols only is called___A__.A. broad transcriptionB. diacriticsC. orthographyD. narrow transcription10. Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT____d_.A. fricativesB. lateralC. affricatesD. bilabial发音方式与发言位置不同11. Classification of English speech sounds in terms of place of articulation involves the following EXCEPT____C__.A. glottalB. palatalC. nasalsD. alveolar12. Which of the following isn’t the plosives in English? CA. [t].B. [g].C. [f].D. [b]13.Which of the following isn’t the fricatives in English? CA.[v].B.[z].C.[ts].D.[s]14. [d3] is a (an) __d___ sound.A. plosiveB. fricativeC. alveolarD. affricate15.The only glottal sound in English is .bA. [l]B. [h]C. [r]D. [j]16. V owels may be classified according to the following factors EXCEPT __d_.A. position of tongue in mouthB. shape of the lipsC. the openness of the mouthD. place of articulation17. Which of the following is the front vowel? aA. [i:].B. [u:].C. [ə]D.[A].18. The following vowels are back vowels EXCEPT___B__.A. [u]B. [α]C. [u:]D. [α:]61.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? cA. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? aA. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?cA. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? aA. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? aA. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is b .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies d .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in b .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips 来9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? AA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. PragmaticsPhoneme音素:the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word.Pragmatics语用学：the study of how words and phrases are used with special meaning inparticular situations.Phonetics语音学：the science and study of speech sounds.Phonology音系学:the study of the system of speech sounds in a language, or the system of sounds10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?bA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to bA. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of languageually, s uprasegmental超语段音标features include,length and pitch. dA. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensabl必须的e part of a syllable音节? dA. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak neuclueb14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. Roota15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semanticsb16.Lexeme is cA. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs语素变体同质异象变体of the English plural morpheme ? cA. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a a .A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffixb19.The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" isA. Homonymy同形异义词B. Hyponymy下义关系C. Polysemy一词多义D. Synonym同义c20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexiconB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semanticsd21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? A. gender B. number C. case D. voice最佳答案1.C2.A3.C4.A5.A6.B7.D8.B9.Ba 10.Ab11.B 12.D 13.Ad 14.B 15.A16.Db 17.Dc 18.A 19.B 20.C 21.D。
英语语言学-练习题（含答案））
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociological C. applied…pragm atic D.semantic…linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness 53. Productivity 54. Displacement 55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. Parole Suggested answers to supplementary exercises: Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. F Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic) Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. D Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication user’s kn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal owledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowle dge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conven tions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is rel atively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation. 。
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
英语语言学练习题
读书破万卷下笔如有神《英语语言学》练习题1．第20题Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme(屈折语素)?A. teethB. speakingC. takenD. chaos答案: D2．第21题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice's brother is in UK. ”and “Alice has a brother. ”?A. The former is synonymous with the latter.B. The former is inconsistent with the latter.C. The former entails the latter.D. The former presupposes the latter.答案: D3．第22题Which of the following is a representative?A. You'd better go to see a doctor.B. I promise to buy you something when I come back.C. I now declare the meeting close.D. I have never seen the man before.答案: D4．第23题Which of the following is a commissive?A. I'm really sorry to hear that.B. I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.C. You'd better go and see her.D. I now declare the meeting open.答案: B5．第24题How many arguments are there in “I'm not feeling very well”?A. noB. oneC. threeD. five答案: B读书破万卷下笔如有神6．第25题‘I like both Chinese and western food' is a ___-place predication.A. noB. oneC. twoD. three答案: C7．第26题The design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____.A. duality of structureB. genetic featureC. arbitrarinessD. displacement答案: B8．第27题Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme?A. understandableB. eastwardC. otherwiseD. without答案: D9．第28题The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A. materialB. spiritualC. folkD. none of the above答案: A10．第29题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A. [p, b, n]B. [p, b, m]C. [t, d, n]D. [t, d, m]答案: B11．第30题Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A. pronunciationB. syntax读书破万卷下笔如有神C. vocabularyD. all of the above答案: D12．第31题Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization(过度法则化)?A. eyesB. earsC. sheepD. foots答案: D13．第62题How many morphemes are there in the word “disorderly”?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five答案: B14．第63题Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme (派生语素)?A. largerB. dataC. traineeD. Kate's答案: C15．第64题Which of the following word does NOT belong to the open classes (开放类)?A. hateB. ableC. theD. rapidly答案: C16．第65题“Why don't you ask Mary for help?”is an instance of ____.A. representativesB. expressivesC. directivesD. commissives答案: C读书破万卷下笔如有神17．第66题Which of the following is a directive?A. Your money or your life!B. You are fired!C. The earth is round.D. Thank you very much.答案: A18．第67题Which of the following underlined parts is the complement (补语) of the phrase?A. a book on biologyB. play basketballC. a rainy dayD. dance happily答案: B19．第68题Which of the following best describes the relations between “The police stopped the minors from drinking”and “The minors were drinking”?A. The former is synonymous with the latter.B. The former is inconsistent with the latter.C. The former entails the latter.D. The former presupposes the latter.答案: D20．第69题‘She sings very well' is a ___-place predication.A. noB. oneC. twoD. three答案: B21．第70题Language acquisition refers to the child's acquisition of his ____.A. first languageB. second languageC. foreign languageD. target language答案: A22．第71题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word . “Daddy”读书破万卷下笔如有神A. overgeneralizedB. overextendedC. overusedD. overstressed答案: B23．第72题Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A. Jane told me to give up smoking.B. Jane asked me to give up smoking.C. Jane advised me to give up smoking.D. Jane suggested me to give up smoking.答案: D24．第73题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A. both left and rightB. leftC. rightD. sometimes left, sometimes right答案: C25．第32题N. Chomsky is an American linguist.答案: 正确26．第33题Details of language system are genetically transmitted.答案: 错误27．第34题[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds (舌根音).答案: 错误28．第35题The word ‘boy' is a free morpheme.答案: 正确29．第36题The word ‘unsad' is acceptable in English.答案: 错误30．第37题The expression 'It' s me' is Not acceptable in English.读书破万卷下笔如有神答案: 错误31．第38题The term 'diglossia' (双言制)was first used by Ferguson in 1959.答案: 正确32．第39题A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.答案: 正确33．第40题The word 'quake' is the result of back-formation (逆构词法).答案: 错误34．第41题The use of the expressions 'to update', 'to host' and 'to check up' indicates the influence of American English.答案: 正确35．第42题The deletion of the link verb 'be' as in 'You crazy' is typical of the syntax of Black English.答案: 正确36．第43题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in 'desk' [des].答案: 正确37．第44题Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案: 错误38．第45题The word 'dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案: 正确39．第46题People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.答案: 正确40．第47题It is proper in English to say 'no, no' in response to such a praise as ' You' ve made good progress. ' 读书破万卷下笔如有神to show one' s modesty.答案: 错误41．第48题You can never ask an English native the question of his name or age.答案: 错误42．第49题In English, the word 'blue' is associated with unhappy feelings.答案: 正确43．第50题If you were a Cantonese and talked to a person from Shanghai, then you were having intercultural communication.答案: 错误44．第51题The behaviourist view of LA was not prevalent until the 1960s.答案: 错误45．第52题The sounds [z] and [∫] are among the consonants that are supposed to be acquired with most difficulty by a child.答案: 正确46．第53题If a child calls every man ' Daddy' , then he is over-extending the meaning of the word ' Daddy' . 答案: 正确47．第54题A target language is always a foreign language.答案: 错误48．第55题The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.答案: 正确49．第56题If you scratch your nose with your left hand, it is the right hemisphere that has controlled the actions.答案: 正确50．第57题The test where subjects are played two different words or sounds twice, one into each ear, is called 读书破万卷下笔如有神dichotic listening (双听技术).答案: 正确51．第58题Broca' s aphasics (失语症) show that a patient who cannot pronounce the word spoon will also not be able to write it correctly.答案: 正确52．第59题Errors people make in spontaneous speech often involve a phonological feature such as voicing. For example, people sometimes say 'pig' instead of 'pick' .答案: 正确53．第60题'The shooting of the man' is ambiguous.答案: 正确54．第74题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.答案: 错误55．第75题Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.答案: 错误56．第76题‘Teach-in' is a compound word.答案: 正确57．第77题The –s in ‘works' of ‘He works hard.' is a bound morpheme (粘着语素).答案: 正确58．第78题The prefix a- in ‘asexual' means ‘without'.答案: 正确59．第79题Hyponymy (上下义关系) is a relation of exclusion of meaning.答案: 错误60．第80题The words ‘lead'(领导) and ‘lead'(铅球) are homographs (同形异义词).正确: 答案．读书破万卷下笔如有神61．第81题The words ‘buy' and ‘purchase' are dialectal synonyms.答案: 错误62．第82题Pragmatics (语用学) is a linguistic branch that developed in the 1890s.答案: 错误63．第83题Course in General Linguistics was published in 1889.答案: 错误64．第84题Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.答案: 错误65．第85题If I said to you, 'It' s very stuffy here.' , then my illocutionary act(行事行为) may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.答案: 正确66．第86题If Smith said to you in a supermarket, 'I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me' , then his perlocutionary act (取效行为) is your buying him a coca-cola.答案: 正确67．第87题According to Austin, 'I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.' is a performative (施为句). 答案: 正确68．第88题'We have never met before.' is a representative.答案: 正确69．第89题'I will return the book to you soon.' is an expressive.答案: 错误70．第90题'I love thee not.' before the 16th century, has now become 'I do not love you.' This means the change in negation rule.答案: 正确读书破万卷下笔如有神71．第91题The word 'fridge' is a loan word.答案: 错误72．第92题The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system 答案: 正确73．第93题Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.答案: 错误74．第94题General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案: 错误75．第95题General linguistics does not study theories of language.答案: 错误76．第96题Phonology (音系学) studies how a sound is produced.答案: 错误77．第97题Syntax (句法) is the study of the rules of words.答案: 错误78．第98题Semantics (语义学) is the study of word meaning.答案: 错误79．第99题Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案: 错误80．第100题Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.答案: 错误81. 第101题F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案: 正确读书破万卷下笔如有神82．第102题Performance is the focus of Chomsky's linguistic study.答案: 错误83．第103题Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.答案: 错误84．第104题Phonetic similarity, not phonetic identity, is the criterion with which we operate in the phonological analysis of languages.答案: 正确85．第105题Linguistics is the systematic study of language.答案: 正确86．第106题Morphology (形态学)is the study of sentences.答案: 错误87．第107题Diachronic linguistics (历时语言学) is also called historical linguistics.答案: 正确88．第108题The word 'videophone' is an acronym (首字母缩略词).答案: 错误89．第109题UNESCO is a blend (混合词).答案: 错误90．第1题Instrumental motivation答案:Instrumental motivation occurs when people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, etc.91．第2题Deletion rule (删除规则): 答案．读书破万卷下笔如有神The deletion rule is a phonological rule that tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, [g] deletion occurs before a final nasal consonant, as in ‘signature'.92．第3题Matrix clause (主句从句)答案:Matrix clause is a construction in which the complement phrase is embedded, as shown below: She reads books that are interesting.93. 第4题Subcategorization (子范畴)答案:Subcategorization is the information about a word's complement that is included in the head, as in: a story about the student.94．第5题Aphasia (失语症)答案:Aphasia refers to the partial or total loss of language due to brain damage.95．第6题Utterance meaning (语句意义)答案:Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.96．第61题Linguistic relativity (语言相对主义)答案:Linguistic relativity refers to the fact that different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and they think and speak differently.97．第110题Denotative meaning (外延意义)答案:Denotative meaning is the meaning that can be found in a dictionary.读书破万卷下笔如有神98．第111题Perlocutionary act (取效行为)答案:Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.99．第112题Blending答案:Blending refers to the formation of a word by combining parts of other words, e. g. smog—smoke + fog; motel—motor + hotel.100．第113题Minimal pair (最小对比对)答案:A minimal pair is such a pair of different forms as identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings (as ‘pill' and ‘till').101．第114题Functional words (功能词)答案:Functional words are grammatical words such as the article ‘the' in English, which do not express the content of objects in the world.102．第115题Productive morphological rules答案:Productive morphological rules refer to the morphological rules (such as the ‘un- + Adj. =not +Adj.' rule) that can be used quite freely to form new words.103．第116题Productivity (多产性)答案:Productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. This feature is unique to human language.题117．第104．读书破万卷下笔如有神Syntax答案:Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.105．第118题Coordination (并列)答案:Coordination refers to the phenomenon of forming phrases by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as ‘and' or ‘or'.106．第119题Top-down processing答案:Top-down processing refers to the spontaneous and automatic interpretation of a sentence on the basis of whatever information is available before the analysis of all the phonemes in the sentence.107．第120题Category (范畴)答案:Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.108．第121题Representatives答案:Representatives are the speaker's attempts to state or describe, say what the speaker believes to be true, e. g. ‘I have never been to England before.', ‘The man is a rich man. '109．第122题Commissives答案:Commissives are the speaker's attempts to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action, e. g. ‘I promise to come.', ‘I will call you tomorrow morning without fail. '110．第123题Material culture读书破万卷下笔如有神答案:Material culture is the concrete, substantial and observable aspect of the life of a people.111．第124题Linguistic repertoire (全部技能)答案:Linguistic repertoire refers to the totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual.112．第125题Fossilization (化石作用)答案:Fossilization refers to a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.113．第126题Micro-sociolinguistics答案:Micro-sociolinguistics refers to the study of society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm's-eye view of language in use.114．第127题Grammaticality (语法性)答案:Grammaticality refers to the grammatical meaning of a linguistic unit (such as ‘a sentence'),which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.115．第128题Interlanguage (中介语)答案:According to Selinker, interlanguage refers to an abstract system of learner's target language system. It has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.116．第129题Error analysis答案:ordependently infirst involves which errors, learners' of analysis the to refers analysis Error读书破万卷下笔如有神objectively, describing the learners' interlanguage, then a comparison of their version of the target language and the target language itself is followed to locate mismatches.117．第130题Pidgin (洋泾浜语)答案:A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.118．第131题Universal Grammar (普遍语法)答案:Universal Grammar refers to the innate endowment to discover language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.119．第132题Learning strategies (学习策略)答案:Learning strategies are learners' conscious goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.120．第7题What is the difference between prescriptive (规定) and descriptive (描写) linguistics?答案:The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are. Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific121．第8题What is Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (莎丕尔-沃尔夫假设)?答案:According to Sapir and Whorf, language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences. This is termed Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. It comes in two versions, the strong and weak versions. The strong version holds that the language patterns determine people's thinking and behavior. The weak version holds that the language patterns influence people's thinking and behavior.读书破万卷下笔如有神122．第9题What is componential analysis (成分分析)?答案:It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning into semantic features, using such labels as ‘+HUMAN', ‘+ADULT', ‘+ANIMATE', ‘+MALE', and so on. Componential analysis makes it possible to show how the words analyzed are related in meaning.123．第10题what is the relationship between pragmatics and semantics?答案:The relation between pragmatics and semantics is that both are linguistic studies of meaning. But they differ in that semantics traditionally studies meanings of words, meanings of sentences in isolation from language use, whereas pragmatics studies meanings in the context of language use.124．第11题What is conversational implicature (会话含义)?答案:Conversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on an addressee's assumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims (会话准则) or at least the cooperative principle. It occurs when any of the four maxims is violated.125．第12题What is the interactionist view of language acquisition?答案:The interactionist view of language acquisition is that language develops as a result of the complex interplay (相互作用) between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.126．第13题What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (? )关键期假说答案:The Critical Period Hypothesis refers to the specific and limited time period for language acquisition. It has two versions. The strong version suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty (青春期) or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure. The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty.127．第14题What is motherese (儿语，妈妈语)?读书破万卷下笔如有神答案:Motherese is a “special”speech adults use in talking to little children with slow rate of speech, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures, frequent repetition, paraphrasing and limited vocabulary. It is also termed ‘caretaker talk' or child directed speech.128．第15题What are derivational morphemes (派生语素)?答案:Derivational morphemes refer to morphemes (such as ‘-ic' and ‘-ism') that can be conjoined to other morphemes or words to derive a new word.129．第16题What is the distinction between competence (能力) and performance (语言运用)?答案:According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, while performance is the actual realization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.130．第17题What are the possible different readings of the sentence ‘That's not the book he wants. '?答案:The sentence ‘That's not the book he wants. ' may have the following readings:A. 'That's 'not the 'book he ‘wants. (falling tone: fact)B. 'That's 'not the 'book he? wants. (rising tone: question)C. ‘That's 'not the 'book he? wants. (fall-rise tone: implying ‘some other book')131．第18题What is reference (所指)?答案:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. For instance, if we say ‘The dog is barking', we must be talking about a certain dog in the situation; here, ‘dog' refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word ‘dog' in this particular situation.132. 第19题How does a sentence differ from an utterance (语句)?答案:A sentence and an utterance differ in that a sentence is a grammatical and self-contained unit in读书破万卷下笔如有神isolation from context, whereas utterance is something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose.133．第133题What is cross-association (叠加)?答案:Cross-association refers to the internal interference, or the close association of the two similar linguistic forms which leads to confusion, e. g.*The apricot is too sour to eat it. [I can't eat it. ]134．第134题How are sentence meaning (语义) and utterance meaning (语句意义) different from each other?答案:Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. Whereas utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context. So the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning is that the former is abstract and decontextualized, while the latter is concrete and context-dependent.。
英语语言学练习题
英语语言学练习题英语语言学概论练习题一、名词解释1、任意性2、二重性3、创造性4、人际功能5、句法学6、语言7、语音学8、逆构词法9、音位10、语篇功能11、能力倾向测试12、模拟交际性操练13、综合训练14、水平测试15、整体教学二、选择题1、人类可以发出各种声音，但只有其中一部分成为语言（）的单位。
A、统一B、系统C、规定D、确定2、言语器官也经常被称作“（）”。
它们是人体中参与制造言语的部分。
A、语言器官B、发出器官D、语音器官3、语义学在语境中研究意义，它是在特定的场景中处理（）的话语尤其注重于不同社会场景影响语言诠释的方法。
A、假定B、确定C、特定D、指定4、话语是一个连续的过程，所以发音器官不是从一毓分离的步聚中从一个音段移到（）音段。
A、每个B、上一个C、下一个D、前音段5、音位分析的这样一个原则为依据：一些语音会导致词的意义的变化。
A、语言B、语音C、语法D、语句6、建立一套语音符号的想法是（）年最先由丹麦语法学家叶斯伯森提出的。
A、1900B、1892C、1886D、19217、发音器官因为气流而产生颤动，形成（）。
A、颤音B、触音C、闪音8、封闭词类的成员数目是确定的、有限的，新成员不会有规律地增加，国此代词、介词、连词、（）等是封闭词类。
A、名词B、动词C、形容词D、冠词9、聚合关系，索绪论尔原本叫做（）关系，是指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之间的关系。
A、组合B、联想C、替换D、系统10、根据音系学中的区别特征，一些语言学家建议也应设语义特征或叫（）。
A、语义成分B、语义结构C、语义词汇D、语义体11、（）作为语境，影响句子和词平面的解释，给可能有歧义的词或短语指示一个确定的解释方向。
A、效应B、话语C、假定D、特殊语境12、从20世纪20年代到（）年代，美国人类学家如鲍阿斯、萨丕尔、沃尔夫，进行了一项紧迫而重要的工作——重建美洲印第安语。
A、40B、50C、60D、7013、奥斯汀理论的第一步认为句子有两类：施为句和（）。
英语语言学试题1
英语语言学试题1I. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2’×10=20’)1.An i________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in sayingsomething.2.L_____ is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3.Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and so they thinkand speak differently: this is the well-known linguistic r_________.4.Clear ［1］and dark［ł］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the sameposition in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c__________ distribution.5.Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items, such as “father”and “son”, are called r________ antonyms.6.The ways words are formed are called m_______ rules and these rules determine how morphemesare combined together to form words.7.The study of the linguistic meaning of word, phrase and sentence is called s_________.8.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concreteand context-dependent.9.Sound a___________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In this process,successive sounds are made identical and similar to one another in terms of place and manner of articulation.10.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Ⅱ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (2’×10=20’)1.Which of the followings is not a design feature of language? ( )A. ArbitrarinessB. MeaningfulnessC. DualityD. Displacement2.The consonant /b/ in English can be correctly described as having the following phoneticfeatures___________. ( )A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless labiodental affricativeC. voiced bilabial stopD. voiced labiodental affricative3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to beA. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. linguisticD. analytic4.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”. ( ) A.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalponential analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence6.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit (promise) the speaker tosome future course of action are called _______.( )A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studieslanguage change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.( )A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative8.________ refers to the relationship between a more general word and a more specific one，such asbetween color: red, green ,blue, white and black. ( )A. SynomymyB. HyponymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy9.A_______ is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by peoplewho speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Nobody takes it as his mother tongue. ( ) A creole B diglossia C pidgin D dialect10.________ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional,social, gender, and age variations.A. Ethnic dialectB. SociolectC. IdiolectD. Regional dialectⅢ. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (1’×15=15’)1.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concept,theories, descriptions, models and method applicable in any linguistic study.2.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.3.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.4.The sentence that “it is hot” is no-place predication because it contains no argument.5.A sociolect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.6.An important distinction between traditional grammar and modern linguistics in their study oflanguage is that the former tend to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate “the best author”for language usage.7.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.8.Judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic variety are entirely linguistic.9.When the two forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but alsothe combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussre.12.Despite the cultural differences, there exist a greater and lesser degree of cultural overlap betweentwo societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.13.Once a maxim of cooperation principles is violated, the “conversational implicature” occur.14.The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components, that is, themeaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up the meanings of all its constituent words.15.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.Ⅳ. Explain three terms of the following four ones, using one or two examples for illustration. (5’×3=15’)1.Head movement2.Speech act theory4. The naming theory3.Inflectional morphemesⅤ. Answer the following questions. (15’×2=30’)1.What are the major branches which form the core of modern linguistics? And what does each ofthem study?2.Draw a tree diagram of the following sentence “I bought three books about linguistics in thebookstore.”答案I. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2’×10=20’)11.illocutionary 2. Language 3. relativity 4. complementary 5. relational7.morphological 8. semantics 9. utterance 9. assimilation 10. bilingualismⅡ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (2’×10=20’)1-5：B;C;B;B;B 6-10:A; B; B;C;CⅢ. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (1’×15=15’)1-5: F; T; T; T; F; 6-10: T; F; F; F; F 11-15: F; T; F;T; TⅣ. Explain three terms of the following four ones, using one or two examples for illustration. (5’×3=15’)4.Head movement: The type of inversion operation involving the movement of a word from the headposition in one phrase into the head position in another is also known as head movement, such as the auxiliary movement.5.Speech act theory: It is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language, which wasoriginated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50s of the 20th century. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.6.The naming theory: it is proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names and labels for things.7.Inflectional morphemes: There are bound morphemes which are for the most part purelygrammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Such bound morphemes are called inflectional morphemes.Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (15’×2=30’)3.What are the major branches which form the core of modern linguistics? And what does each ofthem study?The are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.Phonetics : is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology: as linguists became interested in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication, they developed another branch of study related to sounds called pholology.Morphology: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study is called morphology.Syntax: the study of these rules which govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is called syntax.Semantics: the study of meaning is known as semantics.Pragmatics: when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study, it is called pragmatics.2 Draw a tree diagram of the following sentence “I bought three books about linguistics in the bookstore.”N. V. Adj. N. Prep. N. Prep. Det. N.I bought three books about linguistics in the bookstore.。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英语语言学练习题Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu-nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。