机械毕业设计英文外文翻译585主减速器和差速器
机械工程外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a newEngineering –separated from the civil engineering tools andmachines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham andthe establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineersin 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle largevolumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,threerotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type(petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complexsurgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Someenviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producingnoise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical sciencefoundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automaticcontrol;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,thedesing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,includeplan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,theconsultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use thescience for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanicalengineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,markedcharacteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,suchas:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desginincludeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnicalengineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Designstages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed forit and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Designconsiderations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especiallystudents,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,forexample,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not theother point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.Theyare:input,processingexprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.Forexample,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to productperformance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,someproducts,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,syntheticrubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/founding,heattreatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materalcutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manusllyproduced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needsindentification,collectionmaterials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.Onecan not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdualprocesses,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous withthem .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causingbottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommthoperation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics ofthe disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,morespecifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study ofits impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,foresample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
汽车差速器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Failure analysis of an automobile differential pinion shaft AbstractDifferential is used to decrease the speed and to provide moment increase for transmitting the movement coming from the engine to the wheels by turning it according to the suitable angle in vehicles and to provide that inner and outer wheels turn differently. Pinion gear and shaft at the entrance are manufactured as a single part whereas they are in different forms according to automobile types. Mirror gear which will work with this gear should become familiar before the assembly. In case of any breakdown, they should be changed as a pair. Generally, in these systems there are wear damages in gears. The gear inspected in this study has damage as a form of shaft fracture.In this study, failure analysis of the differential pinion shaft is carried out. Mechanical characteristics of the material are obtained first. Then, the microstructure and chemical compositions are determined. Some fractographic studies are 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Differential; Fracture; Power transfer; Pinion shaft1. IntroductionThe final-drive gears may be directly or indirectly driven from the output gearing of the gearbox. Directly driven final drives are used when the engine and transmission units are combined together to form an integral construction. Indirectly driven final drives are used at the rear of the vehicle being either sprung and attached to the body structure or unsprung and incorporated in the rear-axle casing. The final-drive gears are used in the transmission system for the following reasons [1]:(a) to redirect the drive from the gearbox or propeller shaft through 90°and,(b) to provide a permanent gear reduction between the engine and the driving road-wheels.In vehicles, differential is the main part which transmits the movement coming from the engine to the wheels On a smooth road, the movement comes to both wheels evenly. The inner wheel should turn less and the outer wheel should turn more to do the turning without lateral slipping and being flung. Differential, which is generally placed in the middle part of the rear bridge, consists of pinion gear, mirror gear, differential box, two axle gear and two pinion spider gears.A schematic illustration of a differential is given in Fig, 1. The technical drawing of pinion the fractured pinion shaft is also given in Fig, 2, Fig. 3 shows the photograph of the fractured pinion shaft and the fracture section is indicated.In differentials, mirror and pinion gear are made to get used to each other during manufacturing and the same serial number is given. Both of them are changed on condition that there are any problems. In these systems, the common damage is the wear of gears [2-4]. In this study, the pinion shaft of the differential of a minibus has been inspected. The minibus is a diesel vehicle driven at the rear axle and has a passenger capacity of 15 people. Maximum engine power is 90/4000 HP/rpm, and maximum torque is 205/1600 Nm/rpm. Its transmission box has manual system (5 forward, 1 back). The damage was caused by stopping and starting the minibus at a traffic lights. In this differential, entrance shaft which carries the pinion gear was broken. Various studies have been made to determine the type and possible reasons of the damage. These are:•studies carried out to determine the material of the shaft;•studies carried out to determine the micro-structure;•studies related to the fracture surface.There is a closer photograph of the fractured surfaces and fracture area in Fig. 4. The fracture was caused by taking out circular mark gear seen in the middle of surfaces.2. Experimental procedureSpecimens extracted from the shaft were subjected to various tests including hardness tests and metallographic and scanning electron microscopy as well as the determination of chemical composition. All tests were carried out at room temperature.2.1 Chemical and metallurgical analysisChemical analysis of the fractured differential material was carried out using a spectrometer. The chemical composition of the material is given in Table 1. Chemical composition shows that the material is a lowalloy carburizing steel of the AISI 8620 type.Hardenability of this steel is very low because of low carbon proportion. Therefore, surface area becomes hard and highly enduring, and inner areas becomes tough by increasing carbon proportion on the surface area with cementation operation. This is the kind of steel which is generally used in mechanical parts subjected do torsion and bending. High resistance is obtained on the surface and high fatigue endurance value can be obtained with compressive residual stressby making the surface harder [5-7].In which alloy elements distribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound and carbide forming tendencies of each element. Nickel dissolves in the αferrite of the steel since it has less tendency to form carbides than iron Silicon combines to a limited extent with the oxygen present in the steel to form nonmetallic inclusions but otherwise dissolves in the ferrite. Most of the manganese added to carbon steels dissolves in the ferrite. Chromium, which has a somewhat stronger carbide-forming depends on the iron, partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases. The distribution of chromium depends on the amount of carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such as titanium and columbium amount of carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such as titanium and columbium are absent. Tungsten and molybdenum combine with carbon to form carbides is there is sufficient carbon present and if other stronger carbide-forming elements such da titanium and columbium are absent. Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature [8]. Preliminary micro structural examination of the failed differential material is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the material has a mixed structure in which some ferrite exist probably as a result of slow cooling and high Si content. High Si content in this type of steel improves the heat treatment susceptibility as well asan improvement of yield strength and maximum stress without any reduction of ductility [9]. If the micro-structure cannot be inverted to martensite by quenching, a reduction of fatigue limit is observed.There are areas with carbon phase in Fig. 5(a). There is the transition boundary of carburization in Fig. 5(b) and (c) shows the matrix region without carburization. As far as it is seen in there photographs, the piece was first carburized, then the quenching operation was done than tempered. This situation can be understood from blind martensite plates.2.2 Hardness testsThe hardness measurements are carried out by a MetTest-HT type computer integrated hardness tester. The load is 1471 N. The medium hardness value of the interior regions is obtained as obtained as 43 HRC. Micro hard-ness measurements have been made to determine the chance of hardness values along cross-section be-cause of the hardening of surface area dueto carburization. The results of Vickers hardness measurement under a load of 4.903 N are illustrated in Table 2.2.3 Inspection of the fractureThe direct observations of the piece with fractured surfaces and SEM analyses are given in this chapter. The crack started because of a possible problem in the bottom of notch caused the shaft to be broken completely. The crack started on the outer part, after some time it continued beyond the centre and there was only a little part left. And this part was broken statically during sudden starting of the vehicle at the traffic lights. As a characteristic of the fatigue , there are two regions in the fractured surface. These are a smooth surface created by crack propagation and a rough surface created by sudden fracture. These two regions can be seen clearly for the entire problem as in Fig. 4. The fatigue crack propagation region covers more than 80% of the cross-section.Shaft works under the effect of bending, torsion and axial forces which affect repeatedlydepending on the usage place. There is a sharp fillet at level on the fractured section. For this reason, stress concentration factors of the area have been determined. K t = 2.4 value (for bending and tension), and K t = 1.9 value (for torsion) have been acquired according to calculations. These are quite high values for areas exposed to combined loading.These observations and analysis show that the piece was broken under the influence of torsion with low nominal stresses electron microscopy shows that the fracture has taken place in a ductile manner (Fig.6). There are some shear lips in the crack propagation region which is a glue of the plastic shear deformations. Fig. 7 shows the beach marks of the fatigue crack propagation. The distance between any lines is nearly 133 nm.3. ConclusionsA failed differential pinion shaft is analysed in this study. The pinion shaft is produced from AISI 8620 low carbon carburising steel which had a carbursing, quenching and tempering heat treatment process. Mechanical properties, micro structural properties, chemical compositions and fractographic analyses are carried out to determine the possible fracture reasons of the component. As a conclusion, the following statements can be drawn:•The fracture has taken place at a region having a high stress concentration by a fatigue procedure under a combined bending, torsion and axial stresses having highly reversible nature.•The crack of the fracture is initiated probably at a material defect region at the critical location.•The fracture is taken place in a ductile manner.•Possible later failures may easily be prevented by reducing the stress concentration at the critical locationAcknowledgementThe author is very indebted to Prof. S. Tasgetiren for his advice and recommendations during the srudy.References[1]Heisler H. Vehicle and engine technology. 2nd ed. London: SAE International; 1999.[2]Makevet E, Roman I. Failure analysis of a final drive transmission in off-road vehicles. EngFailure Anal 2002;9:579-92.[3]Orhan S, Aktu ¨rk N. Determination of physical faults in gearbox through vibrationanalysis. J Fac Eng Arch Gazi University 2003;18(3):97–106..[4]Tasgetiren S, Aslantas ? K, Ucun I. Effect of press-fitting pressure on the fatiguedamages of root in spur gears. Technol Res: EJMT 2004;2:21–9.[5]Nanawarea GK, Pableb MJ. Failures of rear axle shafts of 575 DI tractors. EngFailure Anal 2003;10:719–24.[6]Aslantas K, Tasgetiren S. A study of spur gear pitting formation and life prediction.Wear 2004;257:1167–75.[7]Savas V, O ¨ zek C. Investigation of the distribution of temperature on a shaft withrespect to the deflection. Technol Res: EJMT 2005;1:33–8.[8]Smith FW. Principles of materials science and engineering. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-HillSeries; 1996. p. 517–18.[9]ASM metal handbook, vol. 1. Properties and selection, irons, steels, and highperformance alloys; 1991.[10]Voort GFV. Visual examination and light microscopy. ASM handbook metallographyand microstructures. Materials Park (OH): ASM International; 1991. p. 100–65.汽车差速器小齿轮轴的失效分析摘要差速器是用来降低速度增加扭矩并根据合适的角度向两轮传递动力。
机械专业中英文对照翻译大全.
机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center 车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel Assembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts 良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism 串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth 当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment 公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design 共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD 机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD 机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain 空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action 隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank。
《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照
《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照- common words in Basis of Mechanical Designing一画1.V带V belt2.力force3.力矩moment4.工作载荷serving load5.干摩擦dry friction6.飞轮flier, flywheel7.内圈inner ring8切向键tangential key9.切应力tangential stress10.切削cutting11.双头螺柱stud12.尺寸dimension13.尺寸公差dimensional tolerance14.计算载荷calculating load15.主动轴drive shaft16.凸轮cam17.加工working18.半圆键half round key19.外圈outer ring.20.失效failure21.尼龙nylon22.平键flat key23.打滑slippage24.正火normalizing treatment25.正应力normal stress26.优化设计optimum design27.冲压punching28.动平衡dynamic balance29动载荷moving load30.压力pressure31.压应力compressive stress32压强pressure intensity33.压缩compress34.压缩应力compressive stress35.合金钢alloy steel36.向心轴承centripetal stress37.向心推力轴承centripetal thrust bearing38.导向键guide key39.导轨guide track40当量动载荷equivalent dynamic load41.曲柄 crank42.曲轴crank axle43.曲率半径curvature radius44.有色金属non ferrous metal45.机构mechanism46.机架framework47.机座machine base48.机械machine49.机械加工mechanical working50.机械零件machine element51.机器machine52.灰铸铁gray cast iron53.自锁self locking54.行星轮系planetary gear train55.许用应力allowable stress56.防松locking57.刨削planning58.寿命life59.应力stress60.应力集中stress concentration61.应变strain62.扭转torsion63扭转角angle of torsion64.抗压强度compression strength65抗拉强度tensile strength66.抗弯强度bending strength67.材料material68.极限应力limit stress69.极惯性矩polar moment of inertial70.花键spline71.连杆connecting rod72.周转轮系epicyclic gear train73.屈服强度yield strength74.底板base plate75.底座underframe76.径向力radial force77.径向当量动载荷radial equivalent dynamic load78.径向轴承journal bearing79.径向基本额定动载荷radial elementary rated life80.性能performance81.承载量load carrying capacity82.拉力pulling force83.拉伸tension84.拉伸应力tensile stress85.油膜oil film86.泊松比Poisson’s ratio87.直径diameter88.空心轴hollow axle89.空气轴承air bearing90表面处理surface treatment91.表面淬火surface quenching92转矩torque93.金属材料metallic material94.青铜合金bronze alloy95.非金属材料non metallic material96.齿轮gear97.齿轮模数module of gear teeth98.齿数tooth number99.保持架holding frame100.变应力dynamic stress101.变形deflection, deformation102.变载荷dynamic load103.轮系gear train104.垫片shim105.垫圈washer106.复合材料composite material107.带传动belt driving108.弯曲bend109.弯曲应力bending stress110.弯曲强度bending strength111.弯矩bending moment112.挡圈retaining ring113.残余应力residual stress114.残余变形residual deformation115.点蚀pitting116.相对运动relative motion117.相对滑动relative sliding118.相对滚动relative rolling motion119.矩形花键square key120.结构structure121.结构设计structural design121.结构钢structural steel122.耐磨性wearing quality123.脉动循环应力repeated stress124.轴shaft125.轴瓦bushing126.轴向力axial force127.轴向当量动载荷axial equivalent dynamic load 128.轴向基本额定动载荷axial elementary rated life129.轴承bearing130.轴承合金bearing metal131.轴承油沟grooves in bearing132.轴承衬bearing bush133.轴承座bearing block134.轴承盖bearing cap135.轴环axle ring136.轴肩shaft neck137.轴套shaft sleeve138.退刀槽tool escape139.钢材steel140.钩头楔键gib head key150.钩头螺栓gib head bolt151.挺杆tappet, tapper152.圆柱销cylindrical pin153.圆锥销cone pin154.圆螺母circular nut155.流体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 156.流体静力润滑hydrostatic lubrication 157.润滑lubrication158.润滑油膜lubricant film159.热处理heat treatment160.热平衡heat balance161.疲劳fatigue162.疲劳失效fatigue failure163.疲劳寿命fatigue Life164.疲劳强度fatigue strength165.疲劳裂纹fatigue cracking166.离合器clutch167.紧定螺钉tightening screw168.胶合seizing of teeth169.能量energy170.脆性材料brittle material171.调质钢quenched and tempered steel 172.载荷load173.载荷谱load spectrum174.通用零件universal element175.速度velocity176.部件parts177.铆接riveting178.陶瓷ceramics179.预紧pretighten180.高速传动轴high speed drive shaft181.偏心载荷eccentric load182.偏转角deflection angle183.减速器reductor184.剪切应力shearing stress185.剪切应力shear stress186.基本额定动载荷elementary rated dynamic load 187.基本额定寿命elementary rated life188.密封seal189.密度density190.弹性变形elastic deformation191.弹性流体动力润滑elastohydrodynamic lubrication 192.弹性啮合elastic engagement193.弹性滑动elastic slippage194.弹性模量modulus of elasticity195.弹簧spring196.弹簧垫圈spring washer197.惯性力inertial force198.惯性矩moment of inertia199.接触应力contact stress200.接触角Contact Angle201.推力轴承thrust bearing202.断裂break203.液压hydraulic pressure204.混合润滑mixed lubrication205.渐开线花键involute spline206.焊接welding207.球形阀globe valve208.球墨铸铁nodular cast iron209.粗糙度roughness210.铜合金copper alloy211.铝合金aluminum alloy212.铰链hinge213.黄铜brass214.剩余预紧力residual initial tightening load215.喷丸sand blast216.强度strength217.强度极限ultimate strength218.最小油膜厚度minimum film thickness219.棘轮传动ratchet wheel220.滑动轴承sliding bearing221.滑块slide block222.滑键slide key223硬度hardness224.联轴器coupling225.装配assembly226.铸件casting227.铸钢cast steel228.铸造cast229.铸铁cast iron230.铸铝cast aluminum231.链chain232.链轮chain wheel233.销pin234.销钉联接pin connection235.塑性材料ductile material236.塑性变形plastic deformation 237.塑料plastics238.摇杆rocker239.楔键wedge key240.滚动体Rolling Body241.滚动轴承rolling bearing242.滚压rolling243.滚珠丝杆ball leading screw 244.锡青铜tin bronze245.锥形阀cone valve246.键key247.键槽keyways248.碳化carbonization249.碳素钢carbon steel250.稳定性stability251.腐蚀corrosion252.锻件forged piece253.锻钢forged steel254.锻造forging255.静压轴承hydrostatic bearing 256.静应力steady stress257.静载荷／应力static load／stress 258.摩擦friction259.摩擦力friction force260.摩擦功friction work261.摩擦系数friction coefficient 262.摩擦角friction angle263.摩擦学tribology264.槽轮sheave wheel265.橡胶rubber266.箱体box267.磨削grinding268.磨损wear269.磨损过程wear process270.螺母nut271.螺纹screw272.螺纹threads273.螺纹联接threaded and coupled 274.螺钉pitch275.螺栓bolt276.螺栓联接bolting277.螺旋传动screw-driven机械设计名词术语中英对照机械设计名词术语中英文对照表Chinese English阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照寿命life应力stress应力集中stress concentration应变strain扭转torsion扭转角angle of torsion抗压强度compression strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗弯强度bending strength材料material极限应力limit stress极惯性矩polar moment of inertial花键spline连杆connecting rod周转轮系epicyclic gear train屈服强度yield strength底板base plate底座underframe径向力radial force径向当量动载荷radial equivalent dynamic load 径向轴承journal bearing径向基本额定动载荷radial elementary rated life 性能performance承载量load carrying capacity拉力pulling force拉伸tension拉伸应力tensile stress油膜oil film泊松比Poisson’s ratio直径diameter空心轴hollow axle空气轴承air bearing表面处理surface treatment表面淬火surface quenching转矩torque金属材料metallic material青铜合金bronze alloy非金属材料non metallic material齿轮gear齿轮模数module of gear teeth齿数tooth number保持架holding frame变应力dynamic stress变形deflection, deformation变载荷dynamic load。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译259减速器和差速器的调整与装配
附录 A 外文文献Farm Machinery Using & MaintenanceThe most important thing is the meshing mark and meshing backlash of the driven bevel gears and active bevel gears, the firmness adjustment of half axle gears and planetary gear in maintenance of the BJ2020S jeep driving axle . This is an important and difficult job ,because the rear axle and driven working under the large load and high speed. And the bear is alternating load. If the meshing mark is not conforming to requirements or the meshing backlash is not good, it will appear smooth transmission speed and noise, wear, or even broken tooth gear, which directly influences the car service life and various tasks when it is working. At the same time , lord and driven tapered gear meshing mark and the check assembly and adjustment became a complicated problem although automobile driving axle structure is not a very complicated but some people is not familiar with the principle on gear transmission. Based on years of teaching and practice in the maintenance work with the adjustment of BJ2020S jeep driving axle differential gears and bearings has some method and steps of the relevant views and comments about something.ⅠAdjustment of the axis gear differential planetary gear mesh clearanceHalf axle gears and planetary gear mesh clearance is adjusted by half axle gears and differential shell thickness between three different (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.2 mm) thrust washers . Because of the planetary gear differential between shell with the thrust washers, so it must be the half axle gears through the thrust washers (two half axle gears and add, subtract washers), and the gap of the planetary gear mesh. Then using pins will planetary gear axle fixed. ⅡAdjustment of differential backlashThis bearing clearance is adjusted by adding, subtracting differential bearings and differential between shell thickness (0.5 mm in four different, o. mm, 0.15 ram, 0.10 ram) to adjust the adjustment of the gasket. In the adjustment of the former ready right and left bridge between shell of gasket, installation fixed good follower bevel gears. Active bevel gears should not installed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the torque (40-60N, m) installed left and right with tapered bridge housing, active gear with long bar, or a screwdriver to turn down, or pry differential assembly, to check differential assembly bearings between differential to feel no axial clearance and rotate freely.ⅢActive bevel gears bearing clearance adjustmentIn active position of bevel gears can be determined by the basic, increase and decrease active bevel gears with active before bearings taper gear bearing thrust ring between four different thickness (0.10 mm, 0.15 ram, 0.25 mm mm) adjustment, 0.50 gasket to adjust, the flexible rotation, no axial and radial clearance. ⅣActive bevel gears and driven bevel gears clearance and meshing mark adjustmentDomestic automobile gear for no modifier, assembling widely adopted, the first meshing mark check whether the meshing mark requirements, such as requirements, through the change of bevel gears, driven axial position to get to meet the requirements of meshing mark, the active bevel gears bearing and differential bearing clearance (pre-tightening degrees) basis, rub-up, driven bevel gears, initiative on 3-4 taper gear teeth are coated with thin layer opposite, oil (or face turns into oil), according to the requirements and differential assembly installed left, right, forward and backward bridge housing, then turn active bevel gears decomposition of left and right to bridge housing, driven gear tooth surface of conical whether imprint requirements. If meshing mark requirements, visible to the situation by outward, to the right or left, bevel gears, driven to adjust. When the meshing mark to tooth root cap, the main, small or client, the formula for the Lord: "the Lord,from (i.e., big into bevel gears into active driven gear), small (i.e. driven out from bevel gears removed from active gear)." When the Lord, driven gear cone of meshing mark complies with the standards and inspection, driven bevel gears, active bevel gears and clearance of bevel gears driven backlash should actively bevel gears in the radius of 45mm flanges on the circumference displacement measurement, the arc length) should be in (0.2-0.6 mm. If does not accord with a standard, can increase and decrease active bevel gears and bearings taper gear after the shim between left and right or mobile differential bearing adjustment gasket, driven to adjust the gap, so bevel gears, driven when the bevel gears has adjusted, adjust the marks are not destroyed, small volume, driven tapered gear meshing mark.ⅤDrive and differential assemblyWe can start assemble the drive and differential when the differential gears, driven gear, each bearing, tapered meshing mark adjustment is over. Based on the thickness of the gasket and the bolt torques, we should coated with rubber seal, assembled active bevel gears, mount differential assembly, then closed the bridge housing.附录 B 中文译文减速器和差速器的调整与装配在对BJ2020S吉普车后桥的维修中，最主要的就是减速器主、从动圆锥齿轮的啮合印痕及啮合间隙；差速器半轴齿轮、行星齿轮啮合间隙和各轴承松紧度的调整。
机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，beltconveyors play a very important part in the reliablecarrying of material over long distances at competitivecost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need forlarger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case forthe conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to beltconveyors’ performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’sdesign. Due to the advances in conveyor drive controltechnology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’choices[1].1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies1．1 Direct drivesFull-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate forrelatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With directfu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are limited to the low-power, simple-profile conveyor belt drives．Reduced-voltage starters．As conveyor power requirements increase，controlling the applied motor torque during the acceleration period becomes increasingly important．Because motor torque 1s a function of voltage，motor voltage must be controlled．This can be achieved through reduced-voltage starters by employing a silicon controlled rectifier(SCR)．A common starting method with SCR reduced-voltage starters is to apply low voltage initially to take up conveyor belt slack．and then to apply a timed linear ramp up to full voltage and belt speed．However, this starting method will not produce constant conveyor belt acceleration．When acceleration is complete．the SCRs,which control the applied voltage to the electric motor． are locked in full conduction, providingfu11-line voltage to the motor．Motors with higher torque and pull—up torque，can provide better starting torque when combined with the SCR starters, which are available in sizes up to 750 KW．Wound rotor induction motors．Wound rotor induction motors are connected directly to the drive system reducer and are amodified configuration of a standard AC induction motor．By inserting resistance in series with the motor’s rotor windings．the modified motor control system controls motor torque．For conveyor starting，resistance is placed in series with the rotor for low initial torque．As the conveyor accelerates，the resistance is reduced slowly to maintain a constant acceleration torque．On multiple-drive systems．an external slip resistor may be left in series with the rotor windings to aid in load sharing．The motor systems have a relatively simple design．However, the control systems for these can be highly complex，because they are based on computer control of the resistance switching．Today，the majority of control systems are custom designed to meet a conveyor system’s particular specifications．Wound rotor motors are appropriate for systems requiring more than 400 kW ．DC motor．DC motors．available from a fraction of thousands of kW ，are designed to deliver constant torque below base speed and constant kW above base speed to the maximum allowable revolutions per minute(r/min)．with the majority of conveyor drives, a DC shunt wound motor is used．Wherein the motor’s rotating armature is connected externally．The most common technology for controlling DC drives is a SCR device． which allows for continual variable-speed operation．The DC drive system is mechanically simple, but can include complex custom-designed electronics to monitor and control the complete system．This system option is expensive in comparison to other soft-start systems．but it isa reliable, cost-effective drive in applications in which torque,1oad sharing and variable speed are primary considerations．DC motors generally are used with higher-power conveyors，including complex profile conveyors with multiple-drive systems，booster tripper systems needing belt tension control and conveyors requiring a wide variable-speed range．1．2 Hydrokinetic couplingHydrokinetic couplings，commonly referred to as fluid couplings．are composed of three basic elements; the driven impeller, which acts as a centrifugal pump；the driving hydraulic turbine known as the runner and a casing that encloses the two power components．Hydraulic fluid is pumped from the driven impeller to the driving runner, producing torque at the driven shaft．Because circulating hydraulicfluid produces the torque and speed，no mechanical connection is required between the driving and driven shafts．The power produced by this coupling is based on the circulated fluid’s amount and density and the torque in proportion to input speed．Because the pumping action within the fluid coupling depends on centrifugal forces．the output speed is less than the input speed．Referred to as slip．this normally is between l% and 3%．Basic hydrokinetic couplings are available in configurations from fractional to several thousand kW ．Fixed-fill fluid couplings．Fixed-fill fluid couplings are the most commonly used soft-start devices for conveyors with simpler belt profiles and limited convex/concave sections．They are relatively simple,1ow-cost,reliable,maintenance free devices that provide excellent soft starting results to themajority of belt conveyors in use today．Variable-fill drain couplings．Drainable-fluid couplings work on the same principle as fixed-fill couplings．The coupling’s impellers are mounted on the AC motor and the runners on the driven reducer high-speed shaft．Housing mounted to the drive base encloses the working circuit．The coupling’s rotating casing contains bleed-off orifices that continually allow fluid to exit the working circuit into a separate hydraulic reservoir．Oil from the reservoir is pumped through a heat exchanger to a solenoid-operated hydraulic valve that controls the filling of the fluid coupling．To control the starting torque of a single-drive conveyor system，the AC motor current must be monitored to provide feedback to the solenoid control valve．Variable fill drain couplings are used in medium to high-kW conveyor systems and are available in sizes up to thousands of kW ．The drives can be mechanically complex and depending on the control parameters．the system can be electronically intricate．The drive system cost is medium to high, depending upon size specified．Hydrokinetic scoop control drive．The scoop control fluid coupling consists of the three standard fluid coupling components：a driven impeller, a driving runner and a casing that encloses the working circuit．The casing is fitted with fixed orifices that bleed a predetermined amount of fluid into a reservoir．When the scoop tube is fully extended into the reservoir, the coupling is l00 percent filled．The scoop tube, extending outside the fluid coupling，is positioned using anelectric actuator to engage the tube from the fully retracted to the fully engaged position．This control provides reasonably smooth acceleration rates．to but the computer-based control system is very complex．Scoop control couplings are applied on conveyors requiring single or multiple drives from l50 kW to 750 kW.1．3 Variable-frequency control(VFC)Variable frequency control is also one of the direct drive methods．The emphasizing discussion about it here is because that it has so unique characteristic and so good performance compared with other driving methods for belt conveyor． VFC devices Provide variable frequency and voltage to the induction motor, resulting in an excellent starting torque and acceleration rate for belt conveyor drives．VFC drives．available from fractional to several thousand(kW ), are electronic controllers that rectify AC line power to DC and，through an inverter, convert DC back to AC with frequency and voltage contro1．VFC drives adopt vector control or direct torque control(DTC)technology，and can adopt different operating speeds according to different loads．VFC drives can make starting or stalling according to any given S-curves．realizing the automatic track for starting or stalling curves．VFC drives provide excellent speed and torque control for starting conveyor belts．and can also be designed to provide load sharing for multiple drives．easily VFC controllers are frequently installed on lower-powered conveyor drives，but when used at the range of medium-high voltage in the past．the structure of VFC controllers becomes verycomplicated due to the limitation of voltage rating of power semiconductor devices，the combination of medium-high voltage drives and variable speed is often solved with low-voltage inverters using step-up transformer at the output，or with multiple low-voltage inverters connected in series．Three-level voltage-fed PWM converter systems are recently showing increasing popularity for multi-megawatt industrial drive applications because of easy voltage sharing between the series devices and improved harmonic quality at the output compared to two-level converter systems With simple series connection of devices．This kind of VFC system with three 750 kW /2．3kV inverters has been successfully installed in ChengZhuang Mine for one 2．7-km long belt conveyor driving system in following the principle of three-level inverter will be discussed in detail．2 Neutral point clamped(NPC)three-level inverter using IGBTsThree-level voltage-fed inverters have recently become more and more popular for higher power drive applications because of their easy voltage sharing features．1ower dv/dt per switching for each of the devices，and superior harmonic quality at the output．The availability of HV-IGBTs has led to the design of a new range of medium-high voltage inverter using three-level NPC topology．This kind of inverter can realize a whole range with a voltage rating from 2．3 kV to 4．1 6 kV Series connection of HV-IGBT modules is used in the 3．3 kV and 4．1 6 kV devices．The 2．3 kV inverters need only one HV-IGBT per switch[2,3].2．1 Power sectionTo meet the demands for medium voltage applications．a three-level neutral point clamped inverter realizes the power section．In comparison to a two-level inverter．the NPC inverter offers the benefit that three voltage levels can be supplied to the output terminals，so for the same output current quality，only 1/4 of the switching frequency is necessary．Moreover the voltage ratings of the switches in NPC inverter topology will be reduced to 1/2．and the additional transient voltage stress on the motor can also be reduced to 1/2 compared to that of a two-level inverter．The switching states of a three-level inverter are summarized in Table 1．U．V and W denote each of the three phases respectively；P N and O are the dc bus points．The phase U，for example，is in state P(positive bus voltage)when the switches S1u and S2u are closed，whereas it is in state N (negative bus voltage) when the switches S3u and S4u are closed．At neutral point clamping，the phase is in O state when either S2u or S3u conducts depending on positive or negative phase current polarity，respectively．For neutral point voltage balancing，the average current injected at O should be zero．2．2 Line side converterFor standard applications．a l2-pulse diode rectifier feeds the divided DC-link capacitor．This topology introduces low harmonics on the line side．For even higher requirements a 24-pulse diode rectifier can be used as an input converter．For more advanced applications where regeneration capability is necessary, an active front．end converter can replace thediode rectifier, using the same structure as the inverter．2．3 Inverter controlMotor Contro1．Motor control of induction machines is realized by using a rotor flux．oriented vector controller．Fig．2 shows the block diagram of indirect vector controlled drive that incorporates both constant torque and high speed field-weakening regions where the PW M modulator was used．In this figure，the command fluxis generated as function of speed．The feedback speed is added with the feed forward slip command signal. the resulting frequency signal is integrated and thenthe unit vector signals(cosand sin)are generated．The vector rotator generates the voltageand anglecommands for the PW M as shown．PWM Modulator．The demanded voltage vector is generated using an elaborate PWM modulator．The modulator extends the concepts of space-vector modulation to the three-level inverter．The operation can be explained by starting from a regularly sampled sine-triangle comparison from two-level inverter．Instead of using one set of reference waveforms and one triangle defining the switching frequency， the three-level modulator uses two sets of reference waveforms U r1 and U r2 and just one triangle．Thus, each switching transition isused in an optimal way so that several objectives are reached at the same time．Very low harmonics are generated．The switching frequency is low and thus switching losses are minimized．As in a two-level inverter, a zero-sequence component can be added to each set of reference waveform s in order to maximize the fundamental voltage component．As an additional degree of freedom，the position of the reference waveform s within the triangle can be changed．This can be used for current balance in the two halves of the DC-1ink．3 Testing resultsAfter Successful installation of three 750 kW /2．3 kV three-level inverters for one 2．7 km long belt conveyor driving system in Chengzhuang Mine．The performance of the whole VFC system was tested．Fig．3 is taken from the test，which shows the excellent characteristic of the belt conveyor driving system with VFC controller．Fig．3 includes four curves．The curve 1 shows the belt tension．From the curve it can be find that the fluctuation range of the belt tension is very smal1．Curve 2 and curve 3 indicate current and torque separately．Curve 4 shows the velocity of the controlled belt．The belt velocity havethe“s”shape characteristic．A1l the results of the test showa very satisfied characteristic for belt driving system．4 ConclusionsAdvances in conveyor drive control technology in recent years have resulted in many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive system choices for users．Among these choices，the Variable frequency control (VFC) method shows promising use in the future for long distancebelt conveyor drives due to its excellent performances．The NPC three-level inverter using high voltage IGBTs make the Variable frequency control in medium voltage applications become much more simple because the inverter itself can provide the medium voltage needed at the motor terminals，thus eliminating the step-up transformer in most applications in the past．The testing results taken from the VFC control system with NPC three．1evel inverters used in a 2．7 km long belt conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine indicates that the performance of NPC three-level inverter using HV-IGBTs together with the control strategy of rotor field-oriented vector control for induction motor drive is excellent for belt conveyor driving system．中文译文：带式输送机及其牵引系统在运送大量的物料时，带式输送机在长距离的运输中起到了非常重要的竞争作用。
机械专业中英文对照翻译大全讲解
机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel Assembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts 良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth 当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower 对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel 联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements 挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内齿圈ring gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth权重集weight sets球ball球面滚子convex roller球轴承ball bearing球面副spheric pair球面渐开线spherical involute球面运动spherical motion球销副sphere-pin pair球坐标操作器polar coordinate manipulator燃点spontaneous ignition。
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spendsthe time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profoundinfluence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototypedoes not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses theplaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and thebasic understanding.翻译：机械设计理论机械设计，通过设计新产品或改进老产品，以满足人类需要的应用技术科学。
机械工程毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计论文外文资料原文及译文学院：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号：姓名：Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznical biting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering – separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality ofwork,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree of education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanizationvery good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security,which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase thebody functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable naturalforces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to breakdown into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance eitherenhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering,to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapesand size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases thedesign of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will needreasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess .Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the productionproccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by thenext red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumptionthat they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
汽车主减速器外文翻译中英文对照
本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译毕业设计(论文)题目:汽车主减速器的对比分析与设计外文题目:AUTOMOTIWE FINAL DRIVE译文题目:汽车主减速器AUTOMOTIWE FINAL DRIVEFINAL DRIVEA final drive is that part of a power transmission system between the drive shaft and the differential. Its function is to change the direction of the power transmitted by the drive shaft through 90 degrees to the driving axlesAt the same timeit provides a fixed reduction between the speed of the drive shaft and the axle driving the wheels.The reduction or gear ratio of the final drive is determined by dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear by the number of teeth on the pinion gearIn passenger vehicles, this speed reduction varies from about 3:1 to 5:1. In trucks it varies from about 5:1 to 11:1. To calculate rear axle ratio, count the number of teeth on each gear. Then divide the number of pinion teeth into the number of ring gear teeth. For example, if the pinion gear has 10 teeth and the ring gear has 30 30 divided by 10, the rear axle ratio would be 3:1.Manufacturers install a rear axle ratio that provides a compromise between performance and economyThe average passenger car ratio is 3.50:1.The higher axle ratio, 4.11:1 for instance, would increase acceleration and pulling power but would decrease fuel economy. The engine would have to run at a higher rpm to maintain an equal cruising speedTheloweraxleratio 3:1,wouldreduce acceleration and pulling power but would increase fuel mileageThe engine would run at a lower rpm while maintaining the same speedThe major components of the final drive include the pinion gear, connected to the drive shaft, and a bevel gear or ring gear that is bolted or riveted to the differential carrierTo maintain accurate and proper alignment and tooth contact, the ring gear and differential assembly are mounted in bearingsThe bevel drive pinion is supported by two tapered roller bearings,mountedinthedifferentialcarrier This pinion shaft is straddle mountedmeaning that a bearing is located on each side of the pinion shaft teeth. Oil seals prevent the loss of lubricant from the housing where the pinion shaft and axle shafts protrude. As a mechanic, you will encounter the final drive gears in the spiral bevel and hypoid design.Spiral Bevel GearSpiral bevel gears have curved gear teeth with the pinion and ring gear on the same center line. This type of final drive is used extensively in truck and occasionally in older automobiles. This design allows for constant contact between the ring gear and pinion. It also necessitates the use of heavy grade lubricantsHypoid Gear The hypoid gear final drive is an improvement or variation of the spiral bevel design and is commonly used in light and medium trucks and all domestic rear- wheel drive automobiles. Hypoid gears have replaced spiral bevel gears because they lower the hump in the floor of the vehicle and improve gear-meshing action. As you can see in figure 5-13, the pinion meshes with the ring gear below the center line and is at a slight angle less than 90 degreesFigure 5-13.?Types of final drives This angle and the use of heavier larger teeth permit an increased amount of power to be transmitted while the size of the ring gear and housing remain constant. The tooth design is similar to the spiral bevel but includes some of the characteristics of the worm gear. This permits the reduced drive angle. The hypoid gear teeth have a more pronounced curve and steeper angle, resulting in larger tooth areas and more teeth to be in contact at thesame time. With more than one gear tooth in contact, a hypoid design increases gear life and reduces gear noiseThe wiping action of the teeth causes heavy tooth pressure that requires the use of heavy grade lubricants.Double-Reduction Final DriveIn the final drives shown in figure 5-13, there is a singlefixedgearreduction Thisistheonlygear reduction in most automobiles and light- and some medium-duty trucks between the drive shaft and the wheels.Double-reduction final drives are used for heavy- duty trucks. With this arrangement fig. 5-14 it is not necessary to have a large ring gear to get the necessary gear reductionThe first gear reduction is obtained through a pinion and ring gear as the single fixed gear reduction final drive. Referring to figure 5-14, notice that the secondary pinion is mounted on the primary ring gear shaft. The second gear reduction is the result of the secondary pinion which is rigidly attached to the primary ring gear, driving a large helical gear which is attachedtothedifferentialcase Double-reduction final drives may be found on military design vehicles, such as the 5-ton truck. Many commercially designed vehicles of this size use a single- or double-reduction final drive with provisions for two speeds to be incorporatedFigure 5-14.?Double-reduction final driveTwo-Speed Final DriveThe two-speed or dual-ratio final drive is used to supplementthegearingoftheotherdrivetrain components and is used in vehicles with a single drive axle fig5-15The operator can select the range or speed of this axle with a button on the shifting lever of the transmission or by a lever through linkageThe two-speed final drive doubles the number of gear ratios available for driving the vehicle under variousloadandroadconditions Forexample,a vehiclewithatwo-speedunitandafive-speedtransmission,tendifferentforwardspeedsare available. This unit provides a gear ratio high enough to permit pulling a heavy load up steep grades and a low ratio to permit the vehicle to run at high speeds with a light load or no loadThe conventional spiral bevel pinion and ring gear drives the two-speed unit, but a planetary gear train is placed between the differential drive ring gear and the differential caseThe internal gear of the planetary gear train is bolted rigidly to the bevel drive gear. A ring on which the planetary gears are pivoted is bolted to the differential caseA member, consisting of the sun gear and a dog clutch, slides on one of the axle shafts and iscontrolled through a button or lever accessible to the operator When in high range, the sun gear meshes with the internal teeth on the ring carrying the planetary gears and disengages the dog clutch from the left bearing adjusting ring, which is rigidly held in the differential carrierIn this position, the planetary gear train is locked together. There is no relative motion between the differential case and the gears in the planetary drive trainThe differential case is driven directly by the differential ring gear, the same as in the conventional single fixed gear final drive.When shifted into low range, the sun gear is slid out of mesh with the ring carrying the planetary gears. The dog clutch makes a rigid connection with the left bearing adjusting ring. Because the sun gear is integral with the dog clutch, it is also locked to the bearing adjusting rings and remains stationaryThe internal gear rotates the planetary gears around the stationary sun gear, and the differential case is driven by the ring on which the planetary gears are pivoted. This action produces the gear reduction, or low speed, of the axleDIFFERENTIALACTIONThe rear wheels of a vehicle do not always turn at the same speed. When the vehicle is turning or when tire diameters differ slightly, the rear wheels must rotate at different speeds If there were asolid connection between each axle and the differential case, the tires would tend to slide, squeal, and wear whenever the operator turned the steering wheel of the vehicleA differential is designed to prevent this problemDriving Straight AheadWhen a vehicle is driving straight ahead, the ring gear, the differential case, the differential pinion gears, and the differential side gears turn as a unit. The two differential pinion gears do NOT rotate on the pinion shaft, because they exert equal force on the side gears. As a result, the side gears turn at the same speed as the ring gear, causing both rear wheels to turn at the same speedTurning Corners When the vehicle begins to round a curve, the differential pinion gears rotate on the pinion shaftThis occurs because the pinion gears must walk around the slower turning differential side gearTherefore, the pinion gears carry additional rotary motion to the faster turning outer wheel on the turn Differential speed is considered to be 100 percent. The rotating action of the pinion gears carries 90 percent of this speed to the slowing mover inner wheel and sends 110 percent of the speed to the faster rotating outer wheel. This action allows the vehicle to make the turn without sliding or squealing the wheelsFigure 5-15.?Two speed final drive汽车主减速器主减速器主减速器是在传动轴和差速器之间的一个动力传动系统的组成部分。
汽车主减速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车主减速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译XXX Final DriveA final drive is an essential component of a power XXX primary n is to change the n of the power transmitted by the drive shaft by 90 degrees to the driving axles。
nally。
it provides a fixedn een the speed of the drive shaft and the axle that drives the wheels.The final drive is XXX power from the engine to the wheels。
allowing the vehicle to move。
It is composed of several XXX tothe wheels。
The final drive。
determines the number of ns the wheels make for each n of the engine.There are two types of final drives: the live axle and the independent XXX to the wheels。
while the independent XXX tothe wheels through a series of CV joints and half-shafts.In n。
the final drive is a XXX of power from the engine to the wheels。
It is essential to maintain and service the final drive XXX.The gear。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译576重型车主减速器
附录ATruck Main Reduction GearThe imported technology in steyr 1970s at international level of the early 80s. For the imported technology, steyr heavy CARDS industry of China was up the vacancy of Chinese heavy vehicles, steyr technology group began to absorb, fusion, localization, independent research and development and innovation, etc. In 1986, sinotruk technology development center, successively established after three drawings, organizational culture the digestion and absorption and understood. These drawings of cultural production plan and guarantee the requirements of vehicle, batch steyr technology to quickly radiation of 10 provinces in light of the relevant scientific research units, and will play in domestic advanced steyr heavy-duty vehicle product platform. Since the 1970s, however, since in almost all other automotive supplier technology,'s GKN fundamentally changed its way, in order to adapt to the current conditions, they in the 1980s and 1990s production purpose is to provide complete installation, including the wheel brake, and all of the design and integration, specific design, as well as the car market.For off-road operation, the duty cycles may be entirely different in both torsional and beam loading-denpending on the application. For example, some types of vehicle spend a considerable proportion of theirrunning time at high torque in low gear. In most circumstances, the terrain may be such that the tyres tend to slip more readily than on tarmac; in others, however, for example in fairly firm sandy screes, it may allow tyres to bite into it, and thus lead to torsional fatigue loading significantly greater than on smooth roads. Vertical and lateral loading, too, may be much more severe, though this dose depend to a major extent on speeds. Shock loading can also affect braking and acceleration torques though, again, such effects are speed-dependent.Heavy and general reducer industry products categories include all kinds of gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, the worm and alizarin also includes a special device, such as the growth of devices, including meat device, and flexible transmission device of various composite transmission device etc. Product service involved in metallurgy, non-ferrous, coal, building materials, ship, water conservancy, electric power, engineering machinery and petrochemical industries. Heavy and general reducer industry manufacturers also coexist in various forms, such as foreign enterprises, sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned enterprises, share-holding enterprise and individual enterprise, has large scale to hundreds of millions of yuan, annual small to millions of dollars. Good living conditions, and the product quality control system, perfect the enterprise has more than 100, and the whole industry 2005 sales ofapproximately 200 million yuan, the sales of foreign-funded enterprises accounted for about one fourth.Domestic reducer of key enterprises industry products, specifications and parameters are covered in recent years, the product quality has reached international advanced level, industrial countries similar products can undertake for national economic sectors provides complete responsibility of transmission device, part of our products are exported to Europe and southeast Asia. The speed reducer is used to reduce the speed increases from transmission torque, and rotating torque changes direction, the differential transmission to half axle. The main reducer is mainly based on structure form, reducer gear types and different forms. The main gear reducer of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gear, cylindrical gears and worm and worm wheel etc .Pair of level host reduction gear is compared with single stage , the gap may be 7 ~12 transmission ratio , i0 each other at the same time in swear to be away from a field 12. But the dimension , mass are without exception bigger , cost is higher. It applies to middle, heavy type freight train , go-anywhere vehicle and motor bus mainly go ahead.Dyadic overall pair of level host reduction gear has the various structure scheme: First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is a column gear wheel; First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is epicyclic gear; First order is epicyclic gear , the second stage is a conegear wheel; First order is a column gear wheel , the second stage is a cone gear wheel.Horizontal , askew, face and droop over to the three kinds to first order for the cone gear wheel , the second stage are that pair of column gear wheel level betokens reduction gear, but has direction arrangement scheme.Direction level arrangement can use the assembly drooping over to outline dimension diminution , reducing the automobile quality heart altitude thereby, makes the direction dimension increase by but , that the use on long distance between shafts automobile but appropriate diminution transmission shaft length, is harmful for short distance between shafts automobile's to put arrangement together but, may make a transmission shaft short , leads to a universal transmission shaft intersection angle enlarge. Droop over to arranging a messenger to drive the bridge direction dimension diminution, may diminish a universal transmission shaft intersection angle, since but host reduction gear shell fixes superjacent in bridge shell , make not only droop over enhance to outline dimension, and have reduced bridge shell stiffness , have been harmful for gear wheel to work. This arrangement but easy to be versed in style driving a bridge arrangement. Arranging bridge shell stiffness and improving to the transmission shaft is slanting to arrangement advantageous.When assigning a transmission ratio in pair of level host reduction gear having the cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, the column gear wheel is 1.4 ~ like the ratio auxiliary and boring subsidiary gear wheel transmission ratio 2.0, and the cone gear wheel is 1.7 ~ like subsidiary transmission ratio 3.3, such axial loading may diminish a cone when the gear wheel is engaged and effect loading on the driven cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, may make the active cone gear wheel tooth number appropriate increasing by at the same time , make whose supporting axis neck dimension appropriate enlarge, To improve whose supporting stiffness, improve falling-in stationarity and the job reliability.For modern axles, choice of gear lubricant can be critical. In cars operating at high speeds on motorways, axle oil temperature can ultimately rise even higher than 130℃,so venting of the casing is important. In principle, the oil in the base of the casting is swept around over the crownwheel and then forwards through the two bearings that carry the pinion. Consequently, both the shapes and dimensions of the clearances between the crownwheel and casing can be critical, and adequate drainage has to be provided for the oil to flow, through channels cored in the pinion bearing housings, back to the base of the casing.Within the gear carrier unit, taper roller bearings are employedalmost universally for carrying the input pinion. They have a large load capacity within a small envelope, and can be preloaded for accurate and stable positioning of the gears. For pinion flange seals where resistance to high temperatures at relatively high speeds is essential, polyarcylate may be specified, but the abrasive conditions Viton is generally preferred.That the cone gear wheel tooth goes over width face to face can not enhance gear wheel intensity and life-span , is able to lead to tooth ditch unexpected turn of events small end because of cone gear wheel gear teeth on the contrary narrow the cutting knife the top of the head face width arousing is too narrow and the point of a knife round angle is too small. Like this , not only, have diminished the tooth radical circle radius , have enlarged strain all together, life time having reduced a cutter. Besides , when assembling, have location deviation or wait for cause since fabrication , heat treatment are deformable, loading concentrates minor in gear teeth end when making a gear wheel work , is able to arouse gear teeth holding untimely damage and weary loss for a short time. That besides, the tooth goes over width face to face also is able to arouse assembling space diminution. The flank of a tooth is too narrow but , the gear teeth outside abrasion resistance meeting reduces.For the running-in improving the new gear wheel, prevent the person from dying in working to Model T wear appear on initial stage ,bruising , gluing together or barking, cone gear wheel bonderizing being 0.005 ~ 0.020 mm in heat treatment and finish machining aftercrop, thickness handles or the copper facing , the tin plating handle. The ball carrying out strain on the flank of a tooth gushing is sold at reduced prices , may improve 25%'s gear wheel life-span. To the high speed gear wheel sliding, may be in progress a sulfur oozing handling to improve abrasion resistance. Rub a factor but notable sulfur queen lessening oozes, even if lubricating condition is relatively poor , also, can prevent the flank of a tooth bruise from facing , barks to die and glue together.附录B重型车主减速器我国引进的斯太尔技术在当时处于国际20世纪70年代末80年代初的水平。
汽车起重机主要部件中英文对照
汽车起重机主要部件中英对照随着越来越多的外资品牌起重机进入中国市场,汽车起重机行业的竞争也越来越激烈,用户的选择和需要接触的信息也越来越多.用户在面对一款外国起重机产品手册时,往往束手无策.本文将向大家介绍汽车起重机产品和各项性能的对照英文翻译,让你在面对英文版产品手册时也不再发愁.汽车起重机整体结构〔〕中英文对照①副臂Boom with extension②起重臂伸缩机构Boom telescopic③主臂Main boom④变幅机构Luffing⑤起升机构Hoist⑥卷扬马达Hoist motor⑦支腿机构Outrigger⑧回转机构Slewing⑨底盘Chassis⑩液压系统Hydraulics⑪驾驶室Driver Cab一、汽车起重机外形尺寸〔Mobile Crane Dimensions〕中英文对照接近角Approach angle 30离去角Departure angle 10.5最小离地间隙260〔320〕轴距Wheel Base 3950高度Height 3080长度Length 8440汽车地盘长度ChassisLength 7002基础臂长Base boom length 68001-支腿纵向跨距Outrigger Longitudinal span2-2-支腿横向跨距Outrigger Transverse span3-3、4-机身宽度WidthCrane Weights 起重机总重量Gross vehicle weight <GVW> 车辆总重量<GVW>Axle Loads 桥负荷Steering axle <axle 1> 转向桥<桥1>Drive axle <axle 2> 驱动桥<桥2>Ground Clearances 通过性参数Minimum ground clearance 最小离地间隙Ramp angle 纵向通过角Approach angle 接近角Departure angle 离去角Wheel Base 轴距Distance between axle 1 and 2 桥1 和2 之间的距离Wheel Track 轮距Axle 1 桥1Axle 2 桥2Outrigger Dimensions 支腿跨距Longitudinal span 纵向跨距Transverse span 横向跨距Outrigger Forces 支腿反力Maximum counterforce 最大支反力Overall Dimensions 外形尺寸<Length x Width x Height> <长x 宽x 高>技术描述Lifting Capacity 起重量Maximum rated capacity for main hook主钩额定起重量Maximum load moment最大起重力矩Boom and ponents 主臂和零件Profile截面形状Number of sections节数Base boom length基本臂长度Base boom maximum lift height基本臂最大起升高度Base boom maximum working radius基本臂最大作业半径Fully extended boom length全伸臂长度Fully extended boom maximum lift height全伸臂最大起升高度Fully extended boom maximum working radius 全伸臂最大作业半径Jib 副臂Jib length副臂长度Slewing speed回转速度Winch Performance 起升机构工作速度Main hoist – 3rd layer – single rope speed 主卷扬-第三层-单绳速度Crane Boom Function Speeds 起重臂工作速度Elevation – up起臂Elevation – down落臂Full extension全伸Full retract全缩Outrigger Function Speeds 支腿工作速度Simultaneous full extension同步伸出Simultaneous full retract同步收缩Outrigger Controls 支腿操纵Dual outrigger controls – LH and RH side 支腿操纵-左侧和右侧Ambient working temperature作业温度Engine and Transmission 发动机和变速箱Engine发动机Emission pliance排放标准Number of cylinders缸数Aspiration进气Rated power额定功率Maximum torque最大扭矩Estimated fuel consumption per 100 km100 km 油耗Fuel type燃油类型Fuel tank capacity燃油箱容积Manual gearbox手动变速箱Hydraulics 液压装置bined system with dual pump带有双泵的组合系统Hydraulic controls:液压控制：Mechanical, multi-lever controls机械式,多杆控制底盘基本构造1-发动机Engine2-离合器Cluth3-变速箱Transmission Case4-万向节Universal Flange5-后桥壳Rear Axle Housing6-差速器Differential7-半轴Axle Shaft8-后桥Rear Axle9-中桥Intermediate Axle10-主减速器Reducer11-传动轴Drive ShaftEngineChassis and ponents 底盘与其部件Axle drive system桥驱动系统Minimum turning radius最小转弯半径Maximum gradeability最大爬坡度Maximum traveling speed最高行驶速度Driver Cab 驾驶室Dong Feng truck cab东风卡车驾驶室Adjustable driver seat调式司机座椅可Fitted with heater加热器Operator Cab 操纵室Adjustable seat可调式座椅Ergonomically placed switches and gauges 开关和仪表的布置符合人机工程学Recirculation fan循环风扇主要参数表最大起重量Max.Rated Lifting Capacity最大起升高度Max.Lifting Height主臂Main Boom副臂JibM最大起升力矩ax.Hoisting Moment最大起升速度<单绳> Max.Lifting Rope Speed回转速度Slewing Speed外形尺寸Qutline Dimension整机重量Weight Data底盘号Chassis Model发动机型号Diesel Model发动机功率Max.Power of engline最大扭矩Max.Torque of engine最小转弯半径Min.Turing Radius最大爬坡度Max.Gradeabilitg最高行驶速度Max.Trave Ling Speed接近角Approach Angle离去角Angle of Departure支腿距离<纵向×横向> Qutriggers Di Stance。
(完整版)汽车类机械翻译词汇讲解
button 中心球和座 centering ball and seat 球笼式万向节 rzeppa universal joint 钟形壳 outer race 星型套 inner race 保持架 cage 可轴向移动的球笼式万向节 plunging constant velocity joint 筒形壳 cylinder outer race 柱形滚道星形套 inner race withcylinder ball grooves 偏心保持架 non-concentric cage 滚动花键球笼式万向节 ball spline rzeppa universal joint 外壳 outer housing 内壳体 inner housing 球叉式万向节 weiss universal joint 球叉 ball yoke 定心钢球 centering ball 三球销万向节 tripod universal joint 三柱槽壳 housing 三销架 spider 双联万向节 double cardan universal joint 凸块式万向节 tracta universal joint 凸块叉 fork yoke 榫槽凸块
单向离合器换档 freewheel shfit 人工换档 manual shfit 自动换档 automaitc shfit 抑制换档 inhibited shift 超限换档 overrun shift 强制换档 forced shift 换档点 shift point 叶片转位 blade angle shift 换档滞后 shift hysteresis 换档循环 shift schedule 换档规律 process of power shift 动力换档过程 timing 换档定时 property of automatic shift 换档品质 property of automatic shft 换档元件 engaging element 换档机构 gearshift 操纵杆 control lever 变速杆 stick shift(gear shift lever) （副变速器）变速杆 range selector 变速叉 shifting fork (gear shift fork) 分动箱控制杆 transfer gear shift fork 变速踏板 gear shift pedal 变速轨（拨叉道轨） shift rail 直接变速 direct change(direct control) 方向盘式变速 column shift (handle change) 按钮控制 finger-tip control 槽导变速 gate change 空档位置 neutral position 直接驱动 direct drive 高速档 top gear(high gear) 低速档 bottom gear(low speed gear) 第一档 first gear 第二档 second gear 超速档 overdirve gear 经济档 economic gear 倒档 reverse gear 爬行档 creeper gear 驱动特性 drive performance 反拖特性 coast performance 定输入扭矩特性 constant input torque performance 全油门特性 full throttle performance 寄生损失特性 no load (parasitic losses)performance 原始特性 primary characteristic 响应特性 response characteristic
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附录A 英文文献Final drive\DifferentialAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must transmit power through a 90° angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear,which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel driveRear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaftof the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not onlya reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.Fig 2 Rear-wheel-drive axle Some vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordination about the wheel diameter arising from a differentor the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kinematics.Fig 3 Principle of differentialThe accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs.1.The drive pinion, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.2.The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.3.The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differential case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case.4.The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5.Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.6.The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns.7.When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided equally between the two side gears.8.When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds .Open-wheel differential on each general use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipment and friction. In dry conditions, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So even if the car can produce more torque, but also need to have sufficient traction to transfer torque to the ground. If you increase the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.Fig 4 Conventional differential Limited-slip and locking differential operationFig 5 Limited-slip differentialDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at about the different requirements; but is followed by the existence of differential in the side car wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driving force, rather than spin the wheel and does not have enough torque. Good non-slip differential settlement of the car wheels skid on the side of the power transmission when the issue, that is, locking differential, so that no longer serve a useful differential right andleft sides of the wheel can be the same torque.Limited-slip and locking differential operation can be divided into two major categories：(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to increase, when the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pneumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle differential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restore the role of differential.(2) self-locking differential installed in the oil viscosity or friction clutch coupling, when the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed difference there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has been increasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, not only used for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle inter-axle differential/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put anotherway, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor.附录B 文献翻译主减速器和差速器所有的汽车都装有不同类型的主减速器和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。