Hawthorne

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霍桑效应

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Hale Waihona Puke 霍桑实验霍桑实验是心理学史上最出名的事件之一。霍桑实验是心理学史上最出名的事件之一。这一系列在美是心理学史上最出名的事件之一国芝加哥西部电器公司所属的霍桑工厂进行的心理学研究是由哈佛大学的心理学教授梅奥主持。由哈佛大学的心理学教授梅奥主持。霍桑工厂是一个制造电话交换机的工厂，霍桑工厂是一个制造电话交换机的工厂，具有较完善的娱是一个制造电话交换机的工厂乐设施、医疗制度和养老金制度，但工人们仍愤愤不平，乐设施、医疗制度和养老金制度，但工人们仍愤愤不平，生产成绩很不理想。为找出原因，产成绩很不理想。为找出原因，美国国家研究委员会组织研究小组开展实验研究。究小组开展实验研究。
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霍桑实验共分四阶段：霍桑实验共分四阶段：
▪ 阶段一，车间照明实验——“照明实验” ▪ 阶段二，继电器装配实验——“福利实验” ▪ 阶段三，大规模的访谈计划——“访谈实验” ▪ 阶段四，继电器绕线组的工作室实验——“群体实验”
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照明实验
时间从1924年11月至1927年时间从1924年11月至1927年4月。 1924 月至1927 当时关于生产效率的理论占统治地位的是劳动医学的观点，当时关于生产效率的理论占统治地位的是劳动医学的观点，认为也许影响工人生产效率的是疲劳和单调感等，于是当时的实验假设便是“ 人生产效率的是疲劳和单调感等，于是当时的实验假设便是“提高照明度有助于减少疲劳，使生产效率提高” 可是经过两年多实验发现，减少疲劳，使生产效率提高”。可是经过两年多实验发现，照明度的改变对生产效率并无影响。具体结果是：当实验组照明度增大时，实验组和控制组都增产；效率并无影响。具体结果是：当实验组照明度增大时，实验组和控制组都增产；当实验组照明度减弱时，两组依然都增产，甚至实验组的照明度减至0.06烛光时，当实验组照明度减弱时，两组依然都增产，甚至实验组的照明度减至0.06烛光时， 0.06烛光时其产量亦无明显下降；直至照明减至如月光一般、实在看不清时，产量才急剧降其产量亦无明显下降；直至照明减至如月光一般、实在看不清时，下来。研究人员面对此结果感到茫然，失去了信心。下来。研究人员面对此结果感到茫然，失去了信心。从1927年起，以梅奥教授为首的一批哈佛大学心理学工作者将实验工作接管 1927年起，年起下来，继续进行。下来，继续进行。

Nathaniel Hawthorne1804-1864

写作手法

1.象征

《红字》中象征运用最突出的是红字“ A ”。红 A 字以不同的形式出现代表不同的意义 . 开始时，海斯特因犯通奸罪 Adult 受到清教的惩罚，戴红A字以警示众人。随故事发展，海斯特处处积德行善，使“A”字在人心中变成能干able的标志。最后，海斯特以德赢得人们的尊重，使A字成为天使angel的象征。
Roger Chillingworth is Hester's husband.(The real devil.)
Pearl is the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. She is an act of passion and love, the living manifestation of Hester's sin and a symbol of the product of the act of adultery.

另一个象征是Chillingworth。小说中真正意义上的恶魔。最初，他是个无辜的受害者，得到大家的同情。但他预谋了邪恶的复仇计划，最终成为真正的罪人。残疾的身体是他残缺灵魂的象征。
写作手法

2.对比红字》大量地运用了对比反衬的艺术手法，所以，美著名艺术评论家哈里莱文说“霍桑的艺术是建立在反衬的基础上的。”（Harry Levin said that, “Hawthorne's art is established on the basis of the contrast”. 3 心理描写细致入微的心理描写是《红字》的又一重要特色，霍桑在刻画人物心理时很注重环境的描写，常以景衬物（set off the objects by scenery）、以物托情（express fillings by describing objects ）、情景交融（scene blend).

Hawthorne

3. Another significant theme is that of male withdrawal from marriage. Many of Hawthorne’ male characters live in isolation. It seems extraordinarily difficult for them to know someone else and to disclose themselves to another person. This kind of alienation, strangely, even becomes extreme in a family setting.
He says of his ancestors, especially Judge Hathorne, “I… hereby take shame upon my self for their sakes, and pray that any curse incurred by them… may be now and henceforth removed.”
“Young Goodman Brown” is the dream experience of Goodman Brown who is young, innocent and, as his name suggests, an average man. Brown is newly wed and one night, he leaves his wife “Faith” behind to go on a journey in the forest. The forest, in Hawthorne’s allegorical tale, is the abode of sin and evil.

Hawthorne - The Birth-Mark

The Birth-MarkHawthorne, Nathaniel Published:1843Type(s):Short FictionSource:About Hawthorne:Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July4,1804,in Salem,Massachu-setts,where his birthplace is now a museum.William Hathorne,who emigrated from England in1630,was the first of Hawthorne's ancestors to arrive in the colonies.After arriving,William persecuted Quakers. William's son John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem Witch Trials.(One theory is that having learned about this,the au-thor added the"w"to his surname in his early twenties,shortly after graduating from college.)Hawthorne's father,Nathaniel Hathorne,Sr., was a sea captain who died in1808of yellow fever,when Hawthorne was only four years old,in Raymond,Maine.Hawthorne attended Bow-doin College at the expense of an uncle from1821to1824,befriending classmates Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and future president Franklin Pierce.While there he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity.Until the publication of his Twice-Told Tales in1837,Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his"owl's nest"in the family home.As he looked back on this period of his life,he wrote:"I have not lived,but only dreamed about living."And yet it was this period of brooding and writing that had formed,as Malcolm Cowley was to de-scribe it,"the central fact in Hawthorne's career,"his"term of apprentice-ship"that would eventually result in the"richly meditated fiction." Hawthorne was hired in1839as a weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House.He had become engaged in the previous year to the illus-trator and transcendentalist Sophia Peabody.Seeking a possible home for himself and Sophia,he joined the transcendentalist utopian com-munity at Brook Farm in1841;later that year,however,he left when he became dissatisfied with farming and the experiment.(His Brook Farm adventure would prove an inspiration for his novel The Blithedale Ro-mance.)He married Sophia in1842;they moved to The Old Manse in Concord,Massachusetts,where they lived for three years.There he wrote most of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse. Hawthorne and his wife then moved to Salem and later to the Berkshires,returning in1852to Concord and a new home The Wayside, previously owned by the Alcotts.Their neighbors in Concord included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person.She was bedridden with headaches until her sister introduced her to Hawthorne,after which her headaches seem to have abated.The Hawthornes enjoyed a long marriage,often taking walks in the park.Sophia greatly admired her husband's work.In one of her journals,she writes:"I am always so dazzled and bewildered withthe richness,the depth,the…jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts."In1846, Hawthorne was appointed surveyor(determining the quantity and value of imported goods)at the Salem Custom House.Like his earlier appointment to the custom house in Boston,this employment was vul-nerable to the politics of the spoils system.A Democrat,Hawthorne lost this job due to the change of administration in Washington after the pres-idential election of1848.Hawthorne's career as a novelist was boosted by The Scarlet Letter in1850,in which the preface refers to his three-year tenure in the Custom House at Salem.The House of the Seven Gables (1851)and The Blithedale Romance(1852)followed in quick succession. In1852,he wrote the campaign biography of his old friend Franklin Pierce.With Pierce's election as president,Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853with the position of United States consul in Liverpool.In1857,his appointment ended and the Hawthorne family toured France and Italy. They returned to The Wayside in1860,and that year saw the publication of The Marble Faun.Failing health(which biographer Edward Miller speculates was stomach cancer)prevented him from completing several more romances.Hawthorne died in his sleep on May19,1864,in Ply-mouth,New Hampshire while on a tour of the White Mountains with Pierce.He was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery,Concord,Massachu-setts.Wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However,in June2006,they were re-interred in plots adjacent to Nath-aniel.Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne had three children:Una,Julian, and Rose.Una was a victim of mental illness and died young.Julian moved out west,served a jail term for embezzlement and wrote a book about his father.Rose married George Parsons Lathrop and they became Roman Catholics.After George's death,Rose became a Dominican nun. She founded the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne to care for victims of incurable cancer. Source: WikipediaAlso available on Feedbooks for Hawthorne:•The Scarlet Letter(1850)•The House of the Seven Gables(1851)•Rappaccini's Daughter(1844)•The Minister's Black Veil(1837)• A Bell's Biography(1837)•Young Goodman Brown(1835)•The Marble Faun(1860)•Biographical Stories(1842)• A Book of Autographs(1844)•The Blithedale Romance(1852)Note:This book is brought to you by Feedbooks.Strictly for personal use, do not use this file for commercial purposes.In the latter part of the last century there lived a man of science,an emin-ent proficient in every branch of natural philosophy,who not long before our story opens had made experience of a spiritual affinity more attract-ive than any chemical one.He had left his laboratory to the care of an as-sistant,cleared his fine countenance from the furnace smoke,washed the stain of acids from his fingers,and persuaded a beautiful woman to be-come his wife.In those days when the comparatively recent discovery of electricity and other kindred mysteries of Nature seemed to open paths into the region of miracle,it was not unusual for the love of science to rival the love of woman in its depth and absorbing energy.The higher intellect,the imagination,the spirit,and even the heart might all find their congenial aliment in pursuits which,as some of their ardent votar-ies believed,would ascend from one step of powerful intelligence to an-other,until the philosopher should lay his hand on the secret of creative force and perhaps make new worlds for himself.We know not whether Aylmer possessed this degree of faith in man's ultimate control over Nature.He had devoted himself,however,too unreservedly to scientific studies ever to be weaned from them by any second passion.His love for his young wife might prove the stronger of the two;but it could only be by intertwining itself with his love of science,and uniting the strength of the latter to his own.Such a union accordingly took place,and was attended with truly re-markable consequences and a deeply impressive moral.One day,very soon after their marriage,Aylmer sat gazing at his wife with a trouble in his countenance that grew stronger until he spoke. "Georgiana,"said he,"has it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?""No,indeed,"said she,smiling;but perceiving the seriousness of his manner,she blushed deeply."To tell you the truth it has been so often called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it might be so." "Ah,upon another face perhaps it might,"replied her husband;"but never on yours.No,dearest Georgiana,you came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature that this slightest possible defect,which we hesitate whether to term a defect or a beauty,shocks me,as being the visible mark of earthly imperfection.""Shocks you,my husband!"cried Georgiana,deeply hurt;at first red-dening with momentary anger,but then bursting into tears."Then why did you take me from my mother's side?You cannot love what shocks you!"To explain this conversation it must be mentioned that in the centre of Georgiana's left cheek there was a singular mark,deeply interwoven,as it were,with the texture and substance of her face.In the usual state of her complexion—a healthy though delicate bloom—the mark wore a tint of deeper crimson,which imperfectly defined its shape amid the sur-rounding rosiness.When she blushed it gradually became more indis-tinct,and finally vanished amid the triumphant rush of blood that bathed the whole cheek with its brilliant glow.But if any shifting motion caused her to turn pale there was the mark again,a crimson stain upon the snow,in what Aylmer sometimes deemed an almost fearful distinct-ness.Its shape bore not a little similarity to the human hand,though of the smallest pygmy size.Georgiana's lovers were wont to say that some fairy at her birth hour had laid her tiny hand upon the infant's cheek, and left this impress there in token of the magic endowments that were to give her such sway over all hearts.Many a desperate swain would have risked life for the privilege of pressing his lips to the mysterious hand.It must not be concealed,however,that the impression wrought by this fairy sign manual varied exceedingly,according to the difference of temperament in the beholders.Some fastidious persons—but they were exclusively of her own sex—affirmed that the bloody hand,as they chose to call it,quite destroyed the effect of Georgiana's beauty,and rendered her countenance even hideous.But it would be as reasonable to say that one of those small blue stains which sometimes occur in the purest statuary marble would convert the Eve of Powers to a monster. Masculine observers,if the birthmark did not heighten their admiration, contented themselves with wishing it away,that the world might pos-sess one living specimen of ideal loveliness without the semblance of a flaw.After his marriage,—for he thought little or nothing of the matter before,—Aylmer discovered that this was the case with himself.Had she been less beautiful,—if Envy's self could have found aught else to sneer at,—he might have felt his affection heightened by the pret-tiness of this mimic hand,now vaguely portrayed,now lost,now steal-ing forth again and glimmering to and fro with every pulse of emotion that throbbed within her heart;but seeing her otherwise so perfect,he found this one defect grow more and more intolerable with every mo-ment of their united lives.It was the fatal flaw of humanity which Nature,in one shape or another,stamps ineffaceably on all her produc-tions,either to imply that they are temporary and finite,or that their per-fection must be wrought by toil and pain.The crimson hand expressed the ineludible gripe in which mortality clutches the highest and purest ofearthly mould,degrading them into kindred with the lowest,and even with the very brutes,like whom their visible frames return to dust.In this manner,selecting it as the symbol of his wife's liability to sin,sor-row,decay,and death,Aylmer's sombre imagination was not long in rendering the birthmark a frightful object,causing him more trouble and horror than ever Georgiana's beauty,whether of soul or sense,had given him delight.At all the seasons which should have been their happiest,he invari-ably and without intending it,nay,in spite of a purpose to the contrary, reverted to this one disastrous topic.Trifling as it at first appeared,it so connected itself with innumerable trains of thought and modes of feeling that it became the central point of all.With the morning twilight Aylmer opened his eyes upon his wife's face and recognized the symbol of im-perfection;and when they sat together at the evening hearth his eyes wandered stealthily to her cheek,and beheld,flickering with the blaze of the wood fire,the spectral hand that wrote mortality where he would fain have worshipped.Georgiana soon learned to shudder at his gaze.It needed but a glance with the peculiar expression that his face often wore to change the roses of her cheek into a deathlike paleness,amid which the crimson hand was brought strongly out,like a bass-relief of ruby on the whitest marble.Late one night when the lights were growing dim,so as hardly to be-tray the stain on the poor wife's cheek,she herself,for the first time,vol-untarily took up the subject."Do you remember,my dear Aylmer,"said she,with a feeble attempt at a smile,"have you any recollection of a dream last night about this odious hand?""None!none whatever!"replied Aylmer,starting;but then he added, in a dry,cold tone,affected for the sake of concealing the real depth of his emotion,"I might well dream of it;for before I fell asleep it had taken a pretty firm hold of my fancy.""And you did dream of it?"continued Georgiana,hastily;for she dreaded lest a gush of tears should interrupt what she had to say."A ter-rible dream!I wonder that you can forget it.Is it possible to forget this one expression?—'It is in her heart now;we must have it out!'Reflect, my husband; for by all means I would have you recall that dream."The mind is in a sad state when Sleep,the all-involving,cannot confine her spectres within the dim region of her sway,but suffers them to break forth,affrighting this actual life with secrets that perchance belong to adeeper one.Aylmer now remembered his dream.He had fancied himself with his servant Aminadab,attempting an operation for the removal of the birthmark;but the deeper went the knife,the deeper sank the hand, until at length its tiny grasp appeared to have caught hold of Georgiana's heart;whence,however,her husband was inexorably resolved to cut or wrench it away.When the dream had shaped itself perfectly in his memory,Aylmer sat in his wife's presence with a guilty feeling.Truth often finds its way to the mind close muffled in robes of sleep,and then speaks with uncom-promising directness of matters in regard to which we practise an unconscious self-deception during our waking moments.Until now he had not been aware of the tyrannizing influence acquired by one idea over his mind,and of the lengths which he might find in his heart to go for the sake of giving himself peace."Aylmer,"resumed Georgiana,solemnly,"I know not what may be the cost to both of us to rid me of this fatal birthmark.Perhaps its removal may cause cureless deformity;or it may be the stain goes as deep as life itself.Again:do we know that there is a possibility,on any terms,of un-clasping the firm gripe of this little hand which was laid upon me before I came into the world?""Dearest Georgiana,I have spent much thought upon the subject," hastily interrupted Aylmer."I am convinced of the perfect practicability of its removal.""If there be the remotest possibility of it,"continued Georgiana,"let the attempt be made at whatever risk.Danger is nothing to me;for life, while this hateful mark makes me the object of your horror and dis-gust,—life is a burden which I would fling down with joy.Either remove this dreadful hand,or take my wretched life!You have deep science.All the world bears witness of it.You have achieved great wonders.Cannot you remove this little,little mark,which I cover with the tips of two small fingers?Is this beyond your power,for the sake of your own peace, and to save your poor wife from madness?""Noblest,dearest,tenderest wife,"cried Aylmer,rapturously,"doubt not my power.I have already given this matter the deepest thought—thought which might almost have enlightened me to create a being less perfect than yourself.Georgiana,you have led me deeper than ever into the heart of science.I feel myself fully competent to render this dear cheek as faultless as its fellow;and then,most beloved,what will be my triumph when I shall have corrected what Nature left imperfect inher fairest work!Even Pygmalion,when his sculptured woman assumed life, felt not greater ecstasy than mine will be.""It is resolved,then,"said Georgiana,faintly smiling."And,Aylmer, spare me not,though you should find the birthmark take refuge in my heart at last."Her husband tenderly kissed her cheek—her right cheek—not that which bore the impress of the crimson hand.The next day Aylmer apprised his wife of a plan that he had formed whereby he might have opportunity for the intense thought and constant watchfulness which the proposed operation would require;while Geor-giana,likewise,would enjoy the perfect repose essential to its success. They were to seclude themselves in the extensive apartments occupied by Aylmer as a laboratory,and where,during his toilsome youth,he had made discoveries in the elemental powers of Nature that had roused the admiration of all the learned societies in Europe.Seated calmly in this laboratory,the pale philosopher had investigated the secrets of the highest cloud region and of the profoundest mines;he had satisfied him-self of the causes that kindled and kept alive the fires of the volcano;and had explained the mystery of fountains,and how it is that they gush forth,some so bright and pure,and others with such rich medicinal vir-tues,from the dark bosom of the earth.Here,too,at an earlier period,he had studied the wonders of the human frame,and attempted to fathom the very process by which Nature assimilates all her precious influences from earth and air,and from the spiritual world,to create and foster man,her masterpiece.The latter pursuit,however,Aylmer had long laid aside in unwilling recognition of the truth—against which all seekers sooner or later stumble—that our great creative Mother,while she amuses us with apparently working in the broadest sunshine,is yet severely careful to keep her own secrets,and,in spite of her pretended openness,shows us nothing but results.She permits us,indeed,to mar, but seldom to mend,and,like a jealous patentee,on no account to make. Now,however,Aylmer resumed these half-forgotten investigations;not, of course,with such hopes or wishes as first suggested them;but because they involved much physiological truth and lay in the path of his pro-posed scheme for the treatment of Georgiana.As he led her over the threshold of the laboratory,Georgiana was cold and tremulous.Aylmer looked cheerfully into her face,with intent to re-assure her,but was so startled with the intense glow of the birthmarkupon the whiteness of her cheek that he could not restrain a strong con-vulsive shudder. His wife fainted."Aminadab!Aminadab!"shouted Aylmer,stamping violently on the floor.Forthwith there issued from an inner apartment a man of low stature, but bulky frame,with shaggy hair hanging about his visage,which was grimed with the vapors of the furnace.This personage had been Aylmer's underworker during his whole scientific career,and was ad-mirably fitted for that office by his great mechanical readiness,and the skill with which,while incapable of comprehending a single principle, he executed all the details of his master's experiments.With his vast strength,his shaggy hair,his smoky aspect,and the indescribable earthi-ness that incrusted him,he seemed to represent man's physical nature; while Aylmer's slender figure,and pale,intellectual face,were no less apt a type of the spiritual element."Throw open the door of the boudoir,Aminadab,"said Aylmer,"and burn a pastil.""Yes,master,"answered Aminadab,looking intently at the lifeless form of Georgiana;and then he muttered to himself,"If she were my wife, I'd never part with that birthmark."When Georgiana recovered consciousness she found herself breathing an atmosphere of penetrating fragrance,the gentle potency of which had recalled her from her deathlike faintness.The scene around her looked like enchantment.Aylmer had converted those smoky,dingy,sombre rooms,where he had spent his brightest years in recondite pursuits,into a series of beautiful apartments not unfit to be the secluded abode of a lovely woman.The walls were hung with gorgeous curtains,which im-parted the combination of grandeur and grace that no other species of adornment can achieve;and as they fell from the ceiling to the floor,their rich and ponderous folds,concealing all angles and straight lines,ap-peared to shut in the scene from infinite space.For aught Georgiana knew,it might be a pavilion among the clouds.And Aylmer,excluding the sunshine,which would have interfered with his chemical processes, had supplied its place with perfumed lamps,emitting flames of various hue,but all uniting in a soft,impurpled radiance.He now knelt by his wife's side,watching her earnestly,but without alarm;for he was confid-ent in his science,and felt that he could draw a magic circle round her within which no evil might intrude."Where am I?Ah,I remember,"said Georgiana,faintly;and she placed her hand over her cheek to hide the terrible mark from her husband's eyes."Fear not,dearest!"exclaimed he."Do not shrink from me!Believe me, Georgiana,I even rejoice in this single imperfection,since it will be such a rapture to remove it.""Oh,spare me!"sadly replied his wife."Pray do not look at it again.I never can forget that convulsive shudder."In order to soothe Georgiana,and,as it were,to release her mind from the burden of actual things,Aylmer now put in practice some of the light and playful secrets which science had taught him among its profounder lore.Airy figures,absolutely bodiless ideas,and forms of unsubstantial beauty came and danced before her,imprinting their momentary foot-steps on beams of light.Though she had some indistinct idea of the method of these optical phenomena,still the illusion was almost perfect enough to warrant the belief that her husband possessed sway over the spiritual world.Then again,when she felt a wish to look forth from her seclusion,immediately,as if her thoughts were answered,the procession of external existence flitted across a screen.The scenery and the figures of actual life were perfectly represented,but with that bewitching,yet in-describable difference which always makes a picture,an image,or a shadow so much more attractive than the original.When wearied of this, Aylmer bade her cast her eyes upon a vessel containing a quantity of earth.She did so,with little interest at first;but was soon startled to per-ceive the germ of a plant shooting upward from the soil.Then came the slender stalk;the leaves gradually unfolded themselves;and amid them was a perfect and lovely flower."It is magical!" cried Georgiana. "I dare not touch it.""Nay,pluck it,"answered Aylmer,—"pluck it,and inhale its brief per-fume while you may.The flower will wither in a few moments and leave nothing save its brown seed vessels;but thence may be perpetuated a race as ephemeral as itself."But Georgiana had no sooner touched the flower than the whole plant suffered a blight, its leaves turning coal-black as if by the agency of fire. "There was too powerful a stimulus," said Aylmer, thoughtfully.To make up for this abortive experiment,he proposed to take her por-trait by a scientific process of his own invention.It was to be effected by rays of light striking upon a polished plate of metal.Georgiana assented;but,on looking at the result,was affrighted to find the features of the portrait blurred and indefinable;while the minute figure of a hand ap-peared where the cheek should have been.Aylmer snatched the metallic plate and threw it into a jar of corrosive acid.Soon,however,he forgot these mortifying failures.In the intervals of study and chemical experiment he came to her flushed and exhausted, but seemed invigorated by her presence,and spoke in glowing language of the resources of his art.He gave a history of the long dynasty of the al-chemists,who spent so many ages in quest of the universal solvent by which the golden principle might be elicited from all things vile and base.Aylmer appeared to believe that,by the plainest scientific logic,it was altogether within the limits of possibility to discover this long-sought medium;"but,"he added,"a philosopher who should go deep enough to acquire the power would attain too lofty a wisdom to stoop to the exercise of it."Not less singular were his opinions in regard to the elixir vitae.He more than intimated that it was at his option to concoct a liquid that should prolong life for years,perhaps interminably;but that it would produce a discord in Nature which all the world,and chiefly the quaffer of the immortal nostrum, would find cause to curse."Aylmer,are you in earnest?"asked Georgiana,looking at him with amazement and fear."It is terrible to possess such power,or even to dream of possessing it.""Oh,do not tremble,my love,"said her husband."I would not wrong either you or myself by working such inharmonious effects upon our lives;but I would have you consider how trifling,in comparison,is the skill requisite to remove this little hand."At the mention of the birthmark,Georgiana,as usual,shrank as if a redhot iron had touched her cheek.Again Aylmer applied himself to his labors.She could hear his voice in the distant furnace room giving directions to Aminadab,whose harsh, uncouth,misshapen tones were audible in response,more like the grunt or growl of a brute than human speech.After hours of absence,Aylmer reappeared and proposed that she should now examine his cabinet of chemical products and natural treasures of the earth.Among the former he showed her a small vial,in which,he remarked,was contained a gentle yet most powerful fragrance,capable of impregnating all the breezes that blow across a kingdom.They were of inestimable value,the contents of that little vial;and,as he said so,he threw some of theperfume into the air and filled the room with piercing and invigorating delight."And what is this?"asked Georgiana,pointing to a small crystal globe containing a gold-colored liquid."It is so beautiful to the eye that I could imagine it the elixir of life.""In one sense it is,"replied Aylmer;"or,rather,the elixir of immortal-ity.It is the most precious poison that ever was concocted in this world. By its aid I could apportion the lifetime of any mortal at whom you might point your finger.The strength of the dose would determine whether he were to linger out years,or drop dead in the midst of a breath.No king on his guarded throne could keep his life if I,in my private station,should deem that the welfare of millions justified me in depriving him of it.""Why do you keep such a terrific drug?" inquired Georgiana in horror. "Do not mistrust me,dearest,"said her husband,smiling;"its virtuous potency is yet greater than its harmful one.But see!here is a powerful cosmetic.With a few drops of this in a vase of water,freckles may be washed away as easily as the hands are cleansed.A stronger infusion would take the blood out of the cheek,and leave the rosiest beauty a pale ghost.""Is it with this lotion that you intend to bathe my cheek?"asked Geor-giana, anxiously."Oh,no,"hastily replied her husband;"this is merely superficial.Your case demands a remedy that shall go deeper."In his interviews with Georgiana,Aylmer generally made minute in-quiries as to her sensations and whether the confinement of the rooms and the temperature of the atmosphere agreed with her.These questions had such a particular drift that Georgiana began to conjecture that she was already subjected to certain physical influences,either breathed in with the fragrant air or taken with her food.She fancied likewise,but it might be altogether fancy,that there was a stirring up of her system—a strange,indefinite sensation creeping through her veins,and tingling, half painfully,half pleasurably,at her heart.Still,whenever she dared to look into the mirror,there she beheld herself pale as a white rose and with the crimson birthmark stamped upon her cheek.Not even Aylmer now hated it so much as she.To dispel the tedium of the hours which her husband found it neces-sary to devote to the processes of combination and analysis,Georgiana。

_Nathaniel_Hawthorne

Much of Hawthorne’s work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background.
(塞勒姆女巫审判案)
Hawthorne’s place of birth
College 1821 - 1825
• Attended Bowdoin College in 1821; • Friends: - future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Franklin Pierce who became the 14th President of The United States.
In the manner that Hawthorne describes it, the prison embodies the unyielding severity of puritan law: old, rusted, yet strong with an "ironclamped oaken door." Puritan law is coated in the rust of tradition and obsolete purpose. But despite the evolution of society, the laws have not kept up. As a result, the door remains tightly shut and iron-clamped. It seems it will take a superhuman force to somehow weaken the mores that control the society in which the story will take place.

Hawthorne(5)霍桑简介

Famous

short stories:

Young Goodman Brown(1835) 《小伙子布朗》 The Minister’s Black Veil (1836)《教长的黑纱》 Dr.Heidegger's Experiment(1837)《海德格尔医生的实验》 Rappaccini’s Daughter (1844)《拉帕奇尼的女儿》
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)

Life Story Literary Characteristics Hawthorne’s influence Quotation
Life Story

Childhood Education Career
Childhood
Young Goodman Brown
.Story: Christians minister famous content dirty privacy astonished ,disheartened leave wife disappointed next morning real or dream hate neighbors wife Faith cynical man dead old
Analysis
Theme: 1. The hidden motivations of his characters. 2. The effect of hidden sin and secret guilt 3. Moral or immoral, right or wrong 4. Man was inherently evil in nature 5. Criticize the ideal Puritan society

Chapter5 Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1840
Brief Introduction to Hawthorne
• Novelist , • short story writer, • a central figure in the American Renaissance.
Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Examination of a Witch (1853) by T. H. Matteson, inspired by the Salem trials
Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged. There was four year old Dorcas Good. Although only a child, she was sent to prison and placed in chains. One man who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death under heavy stones in an attempt to force him to do so.
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft between February 1692 and May 1693.
Primary Works
• • • • • • •
《故事 • Two collections of short stories:重述》

冷门优美有寓意的西方姓氏

冷门优美有寓意的西方姓氏在西方文化中，姓氏承载着家族的传承与荣耀。

有些姓氏相对冷门，但却具有优美的音韵和寓意。

下面将介绍一些西方冷门姓氏，并解释它们的意义和背后的故事。

1. Everly（艾佛利）该姓氏源于英格兰，寓意着“永恒的爱”。

Everly姓氏的传承者被认为有着忠诚和温暖的个性，他们通常身上散发着爱与和平的能量。

此外，Everly也可以理解为“永不停歇”，代表着坚韧、有毅力和不断成长的品质。

2. Bellamy（贝勒米）这个姓氏源于法国，意为“美丽的朋友”。

Bellamy代表着友谊和和谐，身上散发出温暖而友好的气质。

具有这个姓氏的人通常受人喜爱，擅长建立积极的人际关系，并倾向于与周围的人保持良好的互动。

3. Fairchild（费尔奇尔德）Fairchild源于英格兰，意为“公正的孩子”。

这个姓氏传达了一个道德价值观，即要求人们在生活中保持公平、正直和道德。

具有Fairchild姓氏的人通常被认为是坦诚、善良和正直的，他们努力追求公正和公平。

4. Griffith（格里菲斯）Griffith来自威尔士，意为“勇敢的人”。

这个姓氏内敛但充满力量，Griffith传承者通常被认为是勇敢和坚定的人，他们勇往直前并且能够应对挑战。

这个姓氏反映了家族中的坚韧精神和无畏的品质。

5. Hawthorne（霍桑）这个姓氏源于英格兰，寓意“洞察力之人”。

Hawthorne姓氏的拥有者通常被视为有着感知力和洞察力的人，他们能够以独特的方式看待世界，并从中获得智慧。

此外，Hawthorne也被视为象征着生命的短暂和转瞬即逝。

6. Merrick（梅里克）Merrick来自威尔士，意为“骑士”或“勇士”。

这个姓氏代表了勇敢、坚韧和无畏的品质。

具有Merrick姓氏的人通常被视为勇敢且具有冒险精神的人，他们愿意面对挑战，并寻求成长和进步。

7. Sterling（斯特林）这个姓氏源于英格兰和苏格兰，意为“纯洁的”或“高尚的”。

Nathaniel Hawthorne

百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
英1204 李楠楠
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
A 19th century American novelist and short story writer, and a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation’s colonial history
Introduction

1.1. Life experience Born to a family with a long Puritan tradition in Salem, Massachusetts. His ancestors were notorious for the persecution of the Quakers and for the Salem Witchcraft Trial(塞勒姆女巫审判案) in 1692. a dark shadow on his heart When he was 4, his father, a sea captain, died. He was brought up by his uncle. He graduated form Bowdoin College in 1842 in the same class with Longfellow and Franklin Pierce (the 14 th U.S President). After graduation, he returned to Salem to live in his mother’s house and to pursue his literary career. His life experience had great influence on his character, as well as on his writing career.

(9)N.Hawthorne

Ⅲ. “The Scarlet Letter”
Puritan impact and Romantic elements of the story b. So far as the Romantic elements are concerned, Hawthorne, just like other Romantics, resorted to New England past for subject matter, basing his imaginary works n and punishment. What‟s more, Hawthorne successfully showed his concern to individual‟s value, his (her) fate and its relationship with his (her) own efforts in getting God‟s salvation.
Ⅲ. Gist of “The Scarlet Letter”
letter A is a positive one. Though living on the fringe of the community, she does her best to reestablish her fellowship with her neighbors on a new, honest basis. She helps her fellow creatures as a sister of mercy or as a skilled embroideress in an inobtrusive and undemanding manner, and finally wins their love and admiration. At one time she plans to leave America with Dimmesdale, but he refuses her help. He dies in the end in her arms while confessing his sin at a public gathering. Chillingworth withers after the death of Dimmesdale. Pearl, Hester‟s child, grows up to be married into a noble family of Europe.

Hawthorne

• He wrote a lot of works after that. In 1953, Pierce became the president of USA, Hawthorne was appointed as the consul of Liverpool in England. In 1957,after Pierce left his position, Hawthorne moved to Italy and finished “The Marble Faun （1860）《玉石雕像》(long novel)” In 1960,he went back to American and settled in Concord.
The Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Fanshawe 《范肖》1828 (long novel) • Twice-Told Tales 《重讲一遍的故事》 (collection of short stories)（1837） which established Hawthorne as a leading writer. These early works are largely historical sketches and symbolic and allegorical tales dealing with the effects of Puritanism on colonial New England.
• The House of the Seven Gables《带七个尖角阁的房子》（1851）(novel)， in which he traced the decadence of Puritanism in an old New England family. • The Blithedale Romance （1852）《福谷传奇》， a novel inspired by his life at Brook Farm.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)1.LifeHawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 to a family with a long Puritan tradition in Salem, Massachusetts. Some of his ancestors were notorious for the persecution of the Quakers and for the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692. The family fortune declined gradually. His sea-captain father died of yellow fever when he was only four years old in 1808. This left the family somewhat destitute. The family moved to Maine and his mother relied on the assistance of the relatives in rearing her four children. By his mid-teens Hawthorne extensively and formed an ambition to be a writer himself.Hawthorne studied at Bowdoin College in Maine from 1821 to 1825. While he was at Bowdoin, he was a friend of two very important people, the poet Longfellow and Franklin Pierce (1804 -1869), the 14th U.S. President. After graduating from college in 1825, he returned to Salem to live in his mother‟s house and pursue his literary career.2.Literary CareerHawthorne wrote Fanshawe, a novel based on his college life, and published it at his own expense in 1828. It was a failure. So he devoted most of his energies to short tales and sketches which appeared in The Token in Boston in the early 1830s. Then he wrote a collection of short stories --- Seven Tales of My Native Land, but he burnt most of them. In 1837 he published his first collection of short stories entitled Twice-Told Tales which brought his name before the reading public and won him critical acclaim, but little money. This marked a turning point in its author‟s career and in his personal life. He expanded it in 1842.In 1839, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. In order to earn some money for his marriage, Hawthorne did three things. He took a job as a surveyor at the Boston Custom House. Then he wrote children‟s books to make money in 1840 and 1841. They were Grandfather’s Chair, Famous Old People, and The Liberty Tree. The third thing is that he invested his savings at Brook Farm, a utopian agricultural commune set up by transcendentalists. Hawthorne joined this adventure for five months, hoping that he could make a profit. He left disillusioned at the end of summer in 1841. In 1842 Hawthorne was married and went to live at the Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts. In 1846, he published his second collection of short stories Mosses from an Old Manse, but earned little money. Meanwhile he worked as surveyor of the Customs at Salem.While working at the Custom House at Salem from 1846 to 1849, he studied his family history and became intensely sorry for the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors. In order to expiate the sin of his ancestors, he wrote parts of his most famous novel The Scarlet Letter, which was published in 1850. It was a literary sensation and Hawthorne was proclaimed as the first American romance.The Scarlet Letter is set in the 17th-century Boston and opens as Hester Prynne walks out of prison to stand exposed on the public scaffold with a scarlet letter “A” on her breast as lifelong sign of her sin of adultery. Hester gives birth to her daughter Pearl but refuses to reveal her sexual partner. When her long-separated husband Chillingworth comes to America and discovers her relations with the minister Dimmesdale, he is determined to punish the lovers spiritually. When Dimmesdale cannot endure Chillingworth‟s humiliation and inner torment any longer, he confesses his sin on the public scaffold before his death. Hester sustains all humiliation and proves to be a strong-minded and respected by people in the town. She continues her life of penance and becomes a model of endurance, goodness, courage, and victory over sin.The most powerful appeal of the novel to the reader is the remarkable way Hawthorne managed to evoke emotional sympathy for the heroine. He received wide recognition and earned some money this time. It was not exactly a best-seller, but it had firmly consolidated his literary position. His publisher chose to reissue Twice-Told Tales in 1851 to enhance Hawthorne‟s reputation. He then published The Snow Image and Other Tales and The House of the Seven Gables in 1851, The Blithedale Romance and The Life of Franklin Pierce in 1852. Besides, he also produced more books for children. True Stories from History and Biography, A wonder-book for Girls and Boys, Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys. Hawthorne was rewarded when Pierce was elected President. Hawthorne was made U.S. consul in Liverpool from 1853 to 1857, and he traveled in England, in Florence, Italy, and in London until 1860.Hawthorne had more influence of European literature after his time of living on the Continent than before. He wrote The Marble Faun (1860) about Americans in Rome whereas all of his other works had been set in Puritan New England. In 1860 he returned home in Concord and spent the last four years of his life in illness and depression. He published Our Old Home, a book of essays on England, in 1863. While visiting the White Mountains of New Hampshire with Franklin Pierce, he died on May 19, 1864 and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord. Four unfinished novels eventually appeared as Septimius Felton: or, the Elixir of Life, The Dolliver Romance, Dr. Grimshawe’s Secret, and The Ancestral Footstep.3.Significance“Hawthorne was imbued an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man‟s being. He was an anatomist of …the interior of the heart, conscious of loneliness of man in the universe, of the darkness that enshrouds all joys, and of the need of man to look into his own soul”. Hawthorne was essentially a moralist, believing that evil was at the core of human life and his fiction still ranks among the best America has produced.At his best, Hawthorne was a master of psychological insight. Hawthorne‟s novels were perhaps the deepest and most psychological in the 19th century because he was interested in “the moral and psychological consequences that manifested themselves in human beings as a result of their pride”. His significance as a writer can be summarized mainly in three aspects.(1)Hawthorne is significance as romantic writer because he used the New England regionalpast as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past. He was interested in legends, in the remote, and in things that were clouded and obscure because of the passage of time. Hawthorne went back just about as far as he could in white civilization in the New World in order to gather the material for his past.But he wrote about the past, especially about Puritanism. His stories display a psychological insight into moral isolation and human emotion. He distrusted the claim of objective reason to be able to arrive at humanly relevant truth. His interest in the moral and the religious is primarily subjective and psychological. He was the first major novelist in English to wed morality to art, to combine high moral seriousness with transcendent dedication to art.(2)He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt;the conflict between lighthearted and somber attitudes towards life; the impingement of past (especially the Puritan past) upon the present; the futility of comprehensive social reforms; the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart; alienation and solitude;nature and natural impulses; and unconscious fantasy and dream.Puritan New England was an appropriate setting for developing Hawthorne‟s themes for three reasons. First, people at that time believed that the agents of goods and evil were literally present and were engaged in constant battle --- the fight between God and Satan over everyone‟s soul. Puritans believed that this was the actual literal fact. Secondly, Puritans searched the external events in life for their moral meaning. Thirdly, for Puritans, the relationship of each individual to the community was an important concern.Such a setting helps generate Hawthorne‟s themes at work: his fiction shows the effect of time and history, especially the relationship between the past and the present; his fiction reveals the moral isolation with the individual isolated from the community; his fiction examines the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt; his fiction explores the tension between the head (intellect) and the heart (warmth and feeling), and the destructive impulses of the human mind uncontrolled by the emotions of the heart; and his fiction highlights the sanctity of the individual, the necessity of warm human relationships, the nature of sin, and a distrust of science and intellect. It is said that he was at his best when dealing with sin, the New England past, and the supernatural.The moral growth of the individual comes through, or as a result of, sin and suffering.The guilt can be seen as a strategy for achieving the self, and alienation can be interpreted not as the punishment for guilt but as the opportunity for achieving an independent self, one which can morally transcend society and culture. For Hawthorne, the journey from innocence to maturity requires a confrontation with evil. In much of his fiction, he examined the development and results of evil. The dark side of human character attracted him profoundly as he was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life.(3)He is significant for his style.A.Hawthorne wrote romance because he thought it the predestined form of Americannarrative. He presented on the alienation between fact and fancy. The purpose of a novel, as it developed in 18th century Europe, was to record the actual events of life., to stick to what actually happened, but Hawthorne explained that the purpose of romance was to present the truth of the human heart by the writer‟s own choice or creation. He wanted to reveal reality and satirize it but not to offend the Puritan conventions. For Hawthorne, romance, unlike the novel, was not tied to conventional reality. Romance had the freedom to depart from novelistic realism. Hawthorne felt that the literary artist was justified in changing events around if that could better get to the truth of the individual psychology. Psychological truth was more important than actual truth.Hawthorne used atmosphere to help reach the truth of the heart. Often he would use shadows to create effect. He used this because the world of light and shadow was the world of imagination. Therefore, for Hawthorne romance was the meeting place of the actual and the imaginary. In his stories, there is a strong fairy tale element. He would use his imagination to change the actual events, but the purpose was to reach psychological truth. Hawthorne mingled the supernatural with the actual and developed analytic, psychological romanticism.B.Hawthorne used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. It ischaracteristic of Hawthorne. He used masks, veils, shadows, and emblems to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemma of humanity. A black veil stands for the wickedness of man; a marble heart symbolizes an individual‟s unpardonable sin; and agarden of poisonous flowers represents hell.C.He wrote stories with narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity.One of the means he adopted is making stories parable in form and symbolic in style. D.His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His tought is light, but his observation issomber.E.He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty. Important questions arenever fully resolved. The simple word or enjoys high frequency in his stories.Hawthorne gave the reader many ways to interpret the story and then he stopped without telling the reader which one he wanted the reader to choose. To create ambiguity, the author often employed the technique of multiple views.。

Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Collection of writing materials Career : in the 1830s/edited a magazine in Boston→ worked at the customs office→ Surveyor of the Port of Salem →a consular position in Liverpool
Chillingworth
of
the head a cold experimenter and thinker spiritual ruin a villain---- malicious a pure intellect who commits “unpardonable sin” for the violation of human heart He believes that he is different from others and he is the God to judge people
Arthur Dimmesdale
a heart character, and it is through the heart that sin has sailed him, in a burst of passion which overpowered both religion and reason. a tragic and passive character who suffers a lot from the physical and spiritual disintegration He often held his hands continually over his heart. He is a living embodiment of guilt conscience

霍桑英文简介

霍桑英文简介纳撒尼尔霍桑简介Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864), the pioneer of American psychoanalytic novels, is also the firstwriter in the history of American literature to write short stories, known as the 19th century American greatest romantic novelist.Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, childhood father died, with widowed mother lived inthe town of Salems grandfather, his childhood self-esteem, suspicious, childhood misfortune and life atmosphere to make him a heart Kind of painful loneliness, he was not interested in social reform,the rapid development of capitalist economy can not understand. The grandfather believed in Christian Puritanism and Hawthorne was influenced by Puritanism.In 1825, Hawthorne graduated from the Universityof Borden University, returned to Salem, created and published dozens of stories and short stories. In 1839,Hawthorne worked at the Boston Customs for more than two years, then entered the Brook Farm, touching transcendentalism, and met the representative of transcendentalism thought Emerson and Thoreau and others.Since then, Hawthorne went to Salem Customs office, Salem customs life for his creation of Scarlet Letter has a direct impact, The Scarlet Letter published his solid position in the American literary world, butalso to the future with a huge influences.Hawthorne was evaluated as a bystander of life,and this attitude of life determines his interest and insight in his inner and psychological activities. He was deeply influenced by the original sin thought, and the original sin was passed on from generation to generation, and the people were guided by good deedsto purify the evil and purify the mind.His masterpieces include the novel The Scarlet Letter, Hexagon Building, short story collectionrepeat the story again, ancient moss, snow shadow and so on. The Scarlet Letter has become the worldsliterary classics, Henry James, Ellen Poe, Herman Melville and other literary masters are deeply affected.纳撒尼尔霍桑人物经历HeresyThe direct influence on Hawthornes creativethinking is his understanding of family history and religion. Hawthornes ancestors from the England region of the family, generations are devout Calvin believers. The two generations of ancestors were the dignitaries of the Massachusetts political and religious unity. One is the first speaker of the Massachusetts Colonial Parliament, named William Hassan, notorious for participating in the persecution of the Whigs. The other is his uncle, named John Hassan, served as alocal judge. In 1692, in the town of Salem, Massachusetts took place in the history of the famous deceit. At that time the town of Salem popular with a similar epilepsy infectious diseases, it was falsely accused of this Department of witch trouble. In some Western countries there is a traditional idea that thewitch is the companion of the devil Satan, who have received a supernatural power from Satan, who specializes in the spread of diseases and the killing of babies and so on. The town of Salem is the place where the Calvinist forces are strong, and the Calvin sects have struggled with the Whigs to compete for religious power in order to eliminate the heresy. The case involved a wide range, more than 200 people were arrested, 150 people were imprisoned, more than 10 people were hanged, in fact, this is a religious persecution, many of the victims were innocent residents. Hawthornes uncle, John, acted as a judge in the event and was known for his religious fanaticalness and cruelty.Hawthornes understanding of the history of the whole family, especially his study of the ancestors of the 17th century from England to the North American colonial continent and later fortune research and research made him a more comprehensive understanding of the familys development history and Social status of the New England region in the 19th century. At thattime the society was at the beginning of the rapid development of the capitalist economy, and the social structure had undergone major changes and adjustments. In his view, the progress of technology and the use of the machine not only can not improve the moral character of society, but people into a deeper sin whirlpool, a evil wizard. For which he was in front of what happened to be more do not understand. He had come into contact with transcendentalism and had participated in the brooks of the transgressors, but he looked at the activities of Emerson and others with indifference, and even opposed it. Hawthorne was not interested in any social reform program, and even cautious about the major problems of American society at that time. His conservative attitude and the lack of understanding of society are reflected in his deep-rooted Puritan religious consciousness. The intense religious factional struggle in the society and the moral values involved in this struggle had had a significant impact on Hawthornes work. And in many of his works, Hawthorne directly or indirectly attackedthe Galvin religion against the religious fanaticism and the destruction of human religious precepts. Butin the depths of his thought still with a strong religious concept of good and evil to see the world,he can not understand, due to the development of capitalism caused by the new social contradictions united into an abstract evil.In his view, all social problems, thecontradictions between people, the phenomenon of crime and so on are not the root of social material life,but because of the worlds inherent evil caused. Thisis the influence of the idea of original sin and the inner fall in the doctrine of Calvinism on Hawthornes thought. According to Hawthornes point of view, if you want to solve all social problems need to start from the evil, must be from the internal mining. Therefore, in his view, all abstract, mysterious evil are theroot cause of social problems.Family influenceIn Hawthornes family, two ancestors are important administrative officials in the Massachusetts colonies.Nathaniel Hawthornes first generation of ancestors William Hawthorne came from England in 1963 to Massachusetts, in this early colony, William Hawthorne is a prominent figure.Hawthorne disagreed with the behavior of his ancestors, the atrocities committed by his ancestors, was so ashamed of Hawthornes understanding of religion than the average person, and he hated his ancestral practice. The second generation of ancestors John Hawthorne was involved in the trial of the 1692 statement of the messy Salem deceit, which is one of the three judges, Hawthorne that the behavior of ancestors is a sin, a shame , This event to the young Hawthorne left a deep scars, Hawthorne on his ancestral behavior felt deep self-blame, this remorse so that he in his last name Hawthorne added a w To become FHawthorne to show that he is different from the sinful ancestors.Humanistic influence1825 - 1837, spent 12 years in his hometown had a significant impact on Hawthorne becoming a writer. Inhis hometown, Hawthorne was keen to explore thehistory of his hometown. He had read every book in the local library, and he was familiar with the ancient history of the town of Salem, especially the witchcraft. He studied the historical literature about England and engaged in novel creation. Most of his works are based on the brutal religious domination of the colonial period as the background, describing the peoples spiritual world, ideological contradictions and religious oppression under the tragic experience.Hawthorne saw the religious fanaticism and religious doctrine to bring the impact of people, he saw the religious destruction of human nature. In this area of Massachusetts, religion is very closely linked to peoples lives, and religion permeates all aspects of life, and religion is even equivalent to law, with supreme authority and effect, but on the other hand, the harsh rule of Puritanism and fanatical Religious worship is to some extent a cruel trampling of human dignity.Salem is a place where the Calvin Puritan atmosphere is very strong, because here is relatively backward, science is not developed, so the local peoples ignorance, this place has a lot of magical folklore and fairy tales, while people advocate Hypnosis, witchcraft activities spread here, the introduction of Calvin Puritanism in North America had a great impact on Hawthorne, it greatly affected the way Hawthorne recognized the world.Hawthornes era of life Although the Puritan thought is no longer the leading force of New England, but Puritanism on the American life and ideological influence is far-reaching, Hawthornes character and Puritanism thought milk blend, puritanism thought His way of thinking and the attitude of the problem, inevitably make Hawthorne from the perspective of Puritanism to observe people and the world, Hawthorne has a deep thinking and understanding of Puritanism, he was some active in Puritan Of the factors are positive attitude, such as the early American Puritans who have the pioneering spirit, perseverance of thespirit, which is in the body of Hester Prynne is reflected. But on the other hand, the asceticism in Puritanism and the oppression of Puritanism against humanity are what the authors do not agree with and criticize. From the historical understanding of the United States, Hawthorne can profoundly grasp the Puritanisms history of the United States , But therule and norms of Yan Xun can in some way make people lose their original nature, and Hawthorne is well versed in the influence of Puritanism on people, and The Puritanism has a clear understanding and thinking, although the Puritan rule is no longer strict, but some eternal topics such as the relationship between man and God and the relationship between man and religion, human nature in the good and evil andpeoples morality Criteria are the subject of concern and concern.Hawthornes life is the American Renaissance, the19th century European romantic thoughts across the sea, came to North America this land, coupled with theNorth American colonial puritanism thought strong,romantic and local clear The combination ofdoctrinalism creates a transcendentalist philosophythat has had a significant impact on the later US. Transcendentalism is an important ideological movement in the United States. The period of Americanliterature in the transcendentalism is called the American Renaissance. Transcendentalism is an ideological and cultural liberation movement with religious colors. Literature and culture have had a significant impact, with profound philosophicalthinking as the background, emphasizing the supreme spirit of the spirit and the absolute perception ofthe traditional religion to refute, the representative of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Ralph FWaldo FEmerson), Henry Davav Thoreau.Before and after 1841, the wave of transcendentalism swept through Boston and its neighboring areas, and Hawthorne was influenced by transcendentalism. Transcendentalism believed that there was an ideal transcendentalist entity in the universe, Experience, people can be intuition to grasp,people can understand the truth through intuition, within a certain range of people is God, they are a new round of religious reflection and criticism, they abandon the Calvin sect God as the center Point of view, against rationality, advocating intuition, to promote the humanistic spirit, advocate individual liberation, emphasizing the value of individuals, this trend on the society at that time had a great impact, especially for Europes dominant theological ideas, transcendentalism The liberation of American ideology and culture, but also affected the American literature, an indispensable part of American literature.Although Hawthorne is not transcendentalist fanatical followers, but his relationship with Emerson and Thoreau are very close, in their daily lives,their contacts are pleasant.Creation periodIn 1837, Hawthornes first short story collection repeat the story again to bring him some fame.After 1845, Hawthorne entered the creation of the mature period, in 1846 launched the second short storyancient house moss, but the book only to bring him a modest income. Hawthorne once again seek the help of political friends, get a government office, any Salem customs inspector, served for three years to give up the work. In 1848 the presidential general, different political parties came to power, then replaced a large number of government officials, Hawthorne is also one of them. He experienced a heart and body suffering,and finally calm down, began to create his most famous novel Scarlet Letter.In 1850, the Scarlet Letter made him famous. The Scarlet Letter is the first symbolist novel in the history of American literature. Since the novelfocuses on Hawthornes creative personality and experience, he was immediately criticized by thecritics as the greatest writer born in this century. Scarlet income so that he out of poverty, Hawthornebid farewell to his hometown, his family moved to Massachusetts, West Burke County Lennox. In the Lennox, Hawthornes creation began to peak, masterpiece gush.1851 completed the seven sharp angle of the house is the description of the family history of the decline of the novel. In 1851 also published a short story collection Snow Shadow.In 1852, for the classmate Franklin Pierce campaign president, launched biography: Franklin Pierce Biography, the works received by Pierce appreciation. Franklin Pierce was elected president, appointed Hawthorne as US Consul General in Liverpool, England.1853 published fairy tale chaotic grove story, the two fairy tale has become the classic American childrens literature.Hawthorne during his tenure (1853-1857), he fully understood the British customs, the road impression into the British notes (Hawthorne after the death of the notes published by his wife), and essays our home (Published in 1863). In 1858, he traveled to France and Italy, written as French and Italian notes, the novel jade statue (published in 1860). Jade statue toItaly as the background, is Hawthorne created the last complete novel.。

霍桑_红字作者及作品简介

The symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing
to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view
纳撒尼尔〃霍桑(1804—1864）是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。霍桑对当时美国社会道德论丧和资产阶级的伪善不满，但是他又不想从根本上改变不合理的社会制度，只谋求社会道德的改进，宣扬上帝，主张道德的自我完善。霍桑由于社会、家庭及自身的因素，形成了既为清教主义等旧观念所萦绕，又抱有人道主义等美好理想的复杂的世界观。他一方面摆脱不掉“原罪”、“赎罪”、“内省”、 “命定”之类的宗教迷信，但又从家族的负罪感出发，反过来对清教的专制统治痛心疾首；他一方面接受了超验主义哲学观，相信客观的物质世界只是某种隐蔽的神秘力量的象征，又对当时风靡的“招魂”之类的巫术活动和科学技术的新发明同样感到不可思议；他一方面对新生的合众国满怀希望，但对社会上形形色色的腐化堕落及不平不公的原因又十分费解，便只好到人性的爱与恨、善与恶中去寻找答案。

Comments and Criticizes
Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote that "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer is a very pleasing fact, because his writing is not good for anything, and this is a tribute to the man” Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it".

纳撒尼尔霍桑

各色人等，每一个人，不管选择与否，在世上都有自己的位置，都有自己的价值所在。
A man already in decay, having given my best
years to feed the hungry dream of knowledge. --- Nathaniel Hawthorne
1
8 9
Howe’s Masquerade
《豪的面具》《海德格医生的实《利己主义》or 《美的艺术家》《雪影》
Dr. Hidegger’s Experiment 验》 10 The Bosom Serpent 《胸中的蛇》 11 The Artist of the Beautiful 12 The Snow Image
文字 —— 在字典里的时候如此无辜且无力，一旦到了知道如何使用他的人手中就变得多么有力，无论行善还是作恶。
works
(1850) 《红字》 The House of Seven Gables (1851)《有七个尖角阁的房子》 The Blithedale Romance (1852) 《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun (1860)《玉石雕像》
The Scarlet Letter
The Scarlet Letter
The Scarlet Letter
《红字》
出生英国破落贵族家庭的海丝特.白兰,不幸嫁给了一个畸
形年老的学者齐灵渥斯，两人决定移居波士顿，途经荷兰的阿姆斯特丹时，丈夫有事留下，白兰先行来到波士顿，两年中，丈夫杳无音讯，据传被印第安人俘虏，生死不明，在独居中，白兰与当地牧师丁梅斯代尔相爱，生下了他们的孩子珠儿。白兰犯下了当时基督教十戒中的通奸罪，为清教的教义所不容。被罚在刑台上示众三个小时并终生佩戴红字（即A, 英语：Adultery，通奸）。《红字》的四个主要人物：海丝特.白兰，丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯，珠儿，分别以赎罪，忏悔，复仇，朝气，围绕红字，展开了探索灵魂的故事情节。

英美文学霍桑介绍-PPT课件

H---- Hester Prynne 海斯特白兰
C---- Roger Chillingworth罗杰奇林渥斯 D----Dimmesdale 代尔
Heroine H married to C, who was old and ugly and devoted his whole life to studying. There was no love between the couple. But H and minister D loved each other. And H gave birth to a daughter called Pearl. According to Puritanism, they committed adultery. H was punished in public and had to wear the scarlet letter----A standing for adultery in her life as a lifelong sign of her sin. But she had a strong will and refused to say who the child’s father was. H’s long separated husband C came back from Britain and discovered her relationship with minister D. Also he knew what had happened with the scaffold, so he decided to find the child’s father to revenge. He disguised as a doctor. D suffered from his beliefs and conscience in long time and became thin and pallid. People asked D and C to live together to treat his illness. Living together provided the opportunity for C to revenge. So C tormented the poor minister unceasingly in vicious and clever method. At last, D can’t endure C’s humiliation and inner torment any longer, he committed his sin in public and died in H’s arms. H sustains all humiliation and proved to be a strong---minded and capable woman. As she is ready to offer help and advice to other women in trouble, she was loved and respected by people in the town. She continued her life of penance and became a model of endurance, goodness, courage, and victory over sin.

Hawthorne的个人简介

Literature Styles and Themes
Hawthorne's works belong to romanticism ,cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism His later writings also reflect his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement Hawthorne defined a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience
Biograghical Introduction
Features of Works
Main Opus Personal Comments and Feelings
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱhapter 1 Biograghical Introduction
WHO HE IS WHAT HE DID
?
Who He Is
OpusesCharacteristics

霍桑

The Scarlet Letter
• Setting time: Middle of the 17th century place: Boston, Massachusetts • Protagonist: Hester Prynne • Major conflicts : Hester vs. her community; Chillingworth vs. Dimmesdale; Dimmesdale’s inner conflict • Narrator: The narrator is an unnamed customhouse surveyor who writes some 200 years after the events he describes took place. He has much in common with Hawthorne but should not be taken as a direct mouthpiece for the author’s opinions.
受过惩罚后，海丝特在城外远离人群的一间小茅屋里住了下来。她以作针线活维生，并细心地照料着她的女儿——珍珠。这时，海斯特的丈夫来到了美国。他满怀仇恨地改名为罗杰· 奇林沃思，以医生的身份暗中察访与海丝特通奸的同犯。
(1) Evil is at the core of human life. is haunted by sense of sin and evil in life, “black vision ”of life and human is a most disturbed and tormented one, discuses sin and evil in almost every book. rejects the Transcendentalist optimism. lonestly into life, finding much suffering & conflict in it.