初中英语语法 代词讲解
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初中英语语法代词代词:为了避免重复而用来代替其他词的词。
种类:1) 人称2) 物主3) 反身4) 指示5)不定6) 疑问
7) 相互代词:each other, one another互相,其所有格加-'s
whom,whose等that,引导定语从句8) 关系代词:which,who,9) 连接代词:who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
10)替代词:one(单数), ones(复数)用于替代前面出现的同类事物。但ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用ones。如:Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.
一、人称代词
3. 人称代词的排列顺序(单数231,复数123)
当两个以上的人称代词一起作主语时,单数按二、三、一人称排列(即you, he / she, I);复数按一、二、三人称排列(即we, you, they)。但是如果做错了事需要承担责任时,要把说话人(I)放在第一位。如:It was I and John that
made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
二、物主代词
1. 物主代词的形式
3. 物主代词的特殊用法
在双重所有格中只能用名词性物主代词。如:
我的一个朋友a friend of mine , 她的一个同学 a classmate of hers , each brother of his.
三、反身代词
1. 反身代词的形式
反身代词又叫自身代词,表示动作返回到动作发出者本身。
人称单数复数
ourselves myself第一人称
yourselves yourself第二人称
themselves 第三人称himself,herself, itself2. 反身代词的句法功能
3.由反身代词构成的习惯用语
①help oneself to 随便吃……②come to oneself 苏醒过来,醒悟,恢复知觉③dress oneself 自己穿衣服④say to oneself 自言自语
⑤enjoy oneself 玩得开心⑥lose oneself in迷路于,全神贯注于…之中,消失于
⑦teach oneself 自学⑧look after oneself ⑨by oneself 亲自
learn……by oneself 自学…leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下hurt oneself 伤了自己
make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束
四、指示代词
单数this这,这个that那,那个such same
同样的人或物这样的人或物复数thosethese这些那些This is Bill speaking. Who is that?
Where will these pupils go?
Do you like those? They are the latest fashion.例句I have never seen such a clever child before.
Those two dresses are the same.
He said the same thing again and again.
1. that 用来代替前面提到的不可数名词,those代替复数名词。
The weather today is finer than that yesterday.
The students in this school are different from those in that one.
2. 打电话时,用that询问对方是谁,用this介绍自己。This is Jack speaking. Is that Mrs Black speaking?
说明:
That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those 可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
五、疑问代词
疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
如:Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。
格指人指物指人或物
主格who谁which哪个,哪些what什么谁宾格whom whose谁的whose谁的whose谁的所有格
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,六、不定代词:every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:
-- Do you have a car?--你有一辆小汽车吗?-- Yes,I have one.--是的,我有一辆。
-- I don't know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。