Lecture 10 词语的搭配、语法形式与翻译
Lecture1 句子结构
作表语的成分
例句
名词
名词所有格 代词 数词 形容词 副词 不定式 动名词 过去分词 现在分词
7. 状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。 状语有时在基本结构中是必须得，否则基本结构的意义 就不会完整。状语位置非常灵活。 The girl is improving remarkably. The ancient castle is remarkably beautiful. My love is like a red, red rose, that is newly sprung in June. The students are improving remarkably fast. Unfortunately, I didn’t get the scores report.
例句 作定语的 成分 Beethoven is a natural musician. 形容词
名词 代词 His mother gave a sports car to him. He is their friend.
序数词
基数词 不定式
不定式复合结
I will give you a second chance.
5. 补语
补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子 成分，即主语补语和宾语补语。
主语补语
通常位于主语之前或谓语之后： Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. He came home sick. Her brother died young. He was found dead. She gazed at him speechless for a moment.
Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture 10
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汉译英中谓语的处理
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 8、这时寂静无声。 • silent / silence • 参考译文：It is very quiet at the moment. • 9、屋里有一位客人。 • 参考译文：There is a guest in the room.
• 2、这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 • There will build more apartment buildings. • Many more apartment buildings will be constructed here. • 参考译文：More apartment buildings will be built here.
Lecture 10
汉译英中谓语的处理
• ―You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but others who have changed. People’s moods change everyday.‖
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 11、只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的 错误。 • The more cautions you pay, the less mistakes you will make. • Only if we being very careful, can we get rid of some errors. • 参考译文：Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
lecture 11 比较句式和定语从句的翻译
A is to B what C is to D A pen is to a writer what a gun to a soldier. 作家的笔就如同战士的枪一样。
May as well… as和Might as well… as One might as well expect the leopard to change its spots as expect him to change his hot temper.
我们的战士打起仗来既勇敢又善战。 To be uncourteous appears to him little less than a crime. 在他看来，不礼貌无异于犯罪。
As much as, As much, As many与 So many He was greatly respected as much as his brother was despised. 他非常受人尊敬，而他弟弟则受人鄙视。 I was not in the least surprised, for I had expected as much. 我一点都不吃惊，因为我早已了到如此。
他们都是那些抛妻弃子、身背大刀进入深 山的好汉们的后代。
In the early days of the clipper ships, sailors who went on long voyages would often get a dangerous disease called scurvy. 在使用快速帆船的初期，远洋海员们往 往会患一种叫做坏死病的危险疾病。
A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end. 我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生 的，就象我们不可能设想有哪根棍子会只有 一头一样。 Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his short-coming, and more serious faults. 有头脑的人谁也不会指望广告里说的都是真 的，同样也不指望申请工作的人回说出自己 的缺点和严重过失。
Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)
英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象 的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类 词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能流畅、 自然。 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸 为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象 引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。
On Studies 王佐良译《论读书》 水天同《论学问》 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 水译：读书为学的用途是娱乐、装饰和增长才识。 王译：读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. 水译：在娱乐上学问的主要的用处是幽居养静；在装饰 上学问的用处是辞令；在长才上学问的用处是对于事务 的判断和处理。 王译：其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最 见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
Lecture范畴词的翻译课件
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三、汉语范畴词英译方法
1. 省译使表达抽象化 1) 如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那 就要使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。
Not to educate the children is to condemn them to repetitious ignorance.
Local authorities should work hard to create jobs.
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2. 转译法使表达抽象化
1）交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看 有没有修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.
2 We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。
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3 He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility. 据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。
4 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
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四、英语抽象名词的汉译
1. 范畴化
英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化，根 据具体的语境加上 “方法”、“现象”、“局势 ”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、“习 俗”、“精神”、态度”：“问题”等范畴词，使 译文含义清晰，行文流畅。
Lecture 3 翻译的标准
Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。
外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。
翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。
The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。
课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。
Lecture10词语搭配、语法形式与翻译
注：关键搭配——application of …
2) Challenges being addressed by modern environmental biotechnology range from the search for microbes that will reduce acid rain by removing sulfur from power coal to the biological production of biodegradable plastics.
长期咳嗽或嗓音嘶哑可能是肺癌或喉癌 的征兆。
3) There are a number of websites that can help you calculate your carbon footprint, or the quantity of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) that is produced by your choices of food, heating, travel, and other activities.
Hale Waihona Puke 1) A significant portion of the human population nowadays suffers from arthritis or inflammation of the joints.
目前相当一局部人群患有关节炎。
2) A persistent cough or hoarseness may indicate either lung cancer or cancer of the throat, known as laryngeal cancer.
Lecture_2_主谓一致(1)
Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. • crossroads: 十字路口 This glass works was set up in 2008. These glass works are near the railway station.
• 2. 意义一致原则 （Notional Concord） 1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复 数。 • The crowd were running for their lives. • 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。
stairs:楼梯 morals:道德 remains:遗体 minutes:记录
•
• •
His whereabouts were / was known only to his personal staff. thanks:谢意 wages: 工资 The dramatics of the performance were / was marvelous.
2.2 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致
• 9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同 • What’s the odds?有什么要紧？ =what does it matter? （差别） • The odds are against us. 我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会） • The martyr’s remains(遗体) were buried at the foot of the hill. • Here is the remains(遗迹) of the temple.
2.1 指导原则 • 1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord) -主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语 为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 • Both boys have their own merits. • Much effort is wasted.
Lecture 10 分译与扩展
长句的分译
逆序法（换序法） 逆序法（换序法）
例1 It was certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。 例2 The earth’s revolution around the sun is known to all of us. 我们都知道，地球绕太阳运行。（或者：地球绕着太阳转， 。（或者 我们都知道，地球绕太阳运行。（或者：地球绕着太阳转， 这是众所周知的。） 这是众所周知的。） 例3 The heaviest load on his mind, //after s conversation with the slave trader, //lay in the foreseen necessity //of breaking to his wife the arrangement contemplated.
特殊表达方式，需拆离， 特殊表达方式，需拆离，增词完善结构
例1 His addition complete the list. 把他的名字添上，名单就完备了。 的名字添上 把他的名字添上，名单就完备了。 例2 She inspected the table for dust with her finger. 她伸出一个手指抹了一下桌子，看看有没有灰尘。 她伸出一个手指抹了一下桌子，看看有没有灰尘。
类型： 类型：
词义分译 词或短语脱句单译 从句与主句分离， 从句与主句分离，单独成句
词语搭配的分译
“一拖二” 一拖二” 一拖二 两个词， 两个词，分别搭配
例1 But this naval competition strained the Liberal Government’s principles as well as their budgets. 但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说 原则无法自圆其说， 但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说， 也使其预算捉襟见肘 预算捉襟见肘。 也使其预算捉襟见肘。 例2 Do not apply body lotions or perfumes while wearing silk garment; chemicals are harmful to silk. 穿丝绸服装不宜抹润肤露 洒香水之类 抹润肤露、 之类， 穿丝绸服装不宜抹润肤露、洒香水之类，化学产品对丝 绸有害。 绸有害。
lecture 翻译
lecture 翻译基本解释●lecture：讲座，演讲，训诫●/ˈlektʃər/●n. 演讲，讲课，训诫●v. 演讲，讲课，训诫变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures●v. 第三人称单数：lectures●过去式：lectured●过去分词：lectured●现在分词：lecturing具体用法●●n.:o演讲，讲课o同义词：speech, talk, address, presentation, discourse o反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor gave a lecture on the history of art that lastedfor two hours, and it was both informative and engaging.●教授进行了一个关于艺术史的讲座，持续了两个小时，既有信息量又引人入胜。
●During the lecture, the students took notes diligently, tryingto capture every important detail the lecturer mentioned.●在讲座期间，学生们认真地做笔记，试图记录下讲师提到的每一个重要细节。
●The guest speaker delivered a lecture on climate change,emphasizing the urgent need for global cooperation.●客座演讲者就气候变化进行了演讲，强调了全球合作的紧迫性。
●After the lecture, there was a lively Q&A session wherestudents asked insightful questions.●讲座结束后，有一个活跃的问答环节，学生们提出了有见地的问题。
Lecture nine 介词
介词的类型 介词搭配 介词的用法 介词辨析
介词的类型
介词又称前置词，是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后 须接宾语，介词与其宾语构成介词短语。
介词从其构成来看可以分为：
简单介词（Simple prepositions）
at ,by
在英语中有十大词类，哪十大词类呢？
短语介词（phrasal prepositions）
都表示“除了……”，但用法有区别
Besides John, all of us passed the exam. （John也及格了） All of us passed the exam except John. （John不及格） You can all go except Tom. We had a very good time except for the weather.
There is no one here but me.
Who but Tom would have done such a thing?
All but / except the captain were rescued.
5） apart from 可表示besides， except， except for或but的意 义：
★ in 表示在境内. ★ on 表示相邻或在边界上, 不在境内. ★ to 表示在境外, 不接壤. ★ off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方.
in Guangdong lies ____ the south of China.
on Fujian is _____ the east of Guangdong.
3.他刚才的话对英语学习者很有帮助。3)表语
What he said is of great help to learners of English
Lecture 10 词语的搭配、语法形式与翻译
3) Thomas Edison surround himself with great thinkers and was friend with some the most successful people of his day. He would have valued many of their ideas, some very similar to his own and others in contrast to his thinking. 爱迪生的周围聚集了许多伟大的思想家，他 的朋友包括了当时一些最成功的人士。他们 有些想法与爱迪生的想法不谋而合，有的却 大异其趣，但他们的许多想法或许都曾得到 了爱迪生的重视。
1) The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员——从政府官员到 普通公民——都要使用科学家在他们的工作中 所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。 注：关键搭配——application of …
2) During the Dark Ages, anyone who believed in science would be burned as a heretic. 在中世纪，谁要是相信科学就会被视为 异教徒而被烧死。 注：关系从句暗含假设意义。
Lecture 2 词法翻译1
Exercises
你这是什么意思？请别误会我的意思。 What do you mean by that? Please do not misunderstand me. 她被夸得不好意思。 She felt embarrassed by so much praise. 让你久等了，不好意思。 I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 做了这种事，亏他还好意思说呢！ Fancy his doing that sort of thing and then having the nerve to talk about it.
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English College
Compare the following two translation versions. 他们正在积极巩固成果。 Version A: They were actively consolidating their victorious gains. Version B: They were actively consolidating their victories. Comment: “victorious gains” sometimes refers to things grabbed from the captured.
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1. 他穿一身浅灰色底子淡蓝色条子的西装，打着一条玫瑰红的领 带。 He was dressed in a European- style suit of a pale-grey material with pale-blue stripes and a rose-red tie. 2. 一轮血红的刚升起来的太阳。 The rising sun was a blood-red disc. 改换颜色词 3. 封面和封底是重磅的米色道林纸，边上打了两个眼。(米色不译 成rice-colored) The covers were of heavyweight, buff-colored calendered paper with two holes punched in the edges. 4. 她脸色突然变成灰黄，死了似的。 (英语中一般用pale来形容。) All of a sudden, her face turned ashy pale, like a corpse. 5. 他便变了脸，铁一般的青。 His complexion changed, and he grew ghastly pale. English College 2015-2-25 19
lectures翻译
lectures翻译基本解释●lectures：讲座，演讲，授课●/ˈlektʃərz/●n. 讲座，演讲，授课变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures具体用法●名词:o意思：讲座，演讲，授课o同义词：talks, presentations, speeches, addresses, seminarso反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor's lectures on quantum physics were soengaging that students from other departments alsoattended. (教授关于量子物理的讲座非常吸引人，以至于其他系的学生也来听。
)●During the lectures, students are encouraged to askquestions to deepen their understanding of the subject. (在讲座期间，鼓励学生提问以加深他们对该主题的理解。
)●The university offers a series of lectures on modern art everysemester, attracting art enthusiasts from all over the city. (大学每学期都会提供一系列关于现代艺术的讲座，吸引了来自全市的艺术爱好者。
)●She delivered a series of lectures on the history of the Englishlanguage, which were well-received by the audience. (她进行了一系列关于英语语言历史的讲座，受到了观众的好评。
)●The guest speaker's lectures on climate change providedvaluable insights into the current environmental challenges.(客座演讲者关于气候变化的讲座提供了对当前环境挑战的宝贵见解。
lecture翻译
lecture翻译基本解释●lecture：讲座，演讲，训诫●/ˈlektʃər/●n. 演讲，讲座，训诫●v. 演讲，训诫变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures●v. 第三人称单数：lectures●过去式：lectured●过去分词：lectured●现在分词：lecturing具体用法●●n.:o演讲，讲座o同义词：speech, talk, presentation, discourse, address o反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor gave a fascinating lecture on the history ofancient Rome, which captivated the entire audience for overan hour.●教授做了一场关于古罗马历史的精彩演讲，吸引了整个观众超过一个小时。
●After attending the lecture on climate change, I felt moreinformed about the environmental challenges we face today.●听完关于气候变化的讲座后，我对我们今天面临的环境挑战有了更多的了解。
●The lecture on quantum physics was so complex that manystudents struggled to keep up with the concepts beingdiscussed.●量子物理的讲座如此复杂，以至于许多学生难以跟上讨论的概念。
●She delivered a lecture on the importance of mental healthawareness, emphasizing the need for open conversations.●她做了一场关于心理健康意识重要性的演讲，强调了开放对话的必要性。
lecture分句合句译法
pride of the policy of “self-reliance”. ➢ 周总理在谈到“自力更生”政策时，也许有些自豪感，
这是可以理解的。
• 这是一艘几乎装满了卡车和装甲车的坦克登陆 舰。
• The river ran down to Pisa from Florence, and then it reached the sea.
• 那条河从佛罗伦萨流到比萨，然后到达大海。 • 那条河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。
Combination of complex sentences
➢ The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about one in four.
➢ 大约四分之一的美国青年人不会阅读,这简直令人难以 置信!
➢ His theory is an unparalleled great contribution to the science.
• 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大 小不一。
• 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。
• 在句法结构上，英语讲究语法外形的完整，而汉语则 侧重表意，不追求外形的完整性。
• 英语句法结构被称为“树形结构”——干上有枝，枝 上有节，节外生枝,形态结构完整严密， “以形统 神”。
• 汉语善于用词组和短句逐次排列，好比一根竹子，所 以被称为“竹节结构”——像竹节那样一节一节的， 明快而简朴。
•
Conversion of Words to Sentences转词 为句（单词分译为句子）
Lecture 1-8(中英)
Lecture One 定语从句Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。
Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。
一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the West End.伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。
2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。
3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。
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2)
Packed tightly into nearly every one of the several trillion body cells is a complete copy of the human “genome,” all the genes that make up the master blueprint for building a man or woman 在数万亿个人体细胞当中，几乎每一个细胞都 包含了一整套完整而紧凑的人类“基因组”， 所有这些基因形成了构建人体的总体蓝图。
2. 词语的并列关系
英语中不少复杂的并列机构中也会嵌入其
他非直接相关的成分，可能会模糊并列成 分之间的关系，并最终导致理解和翻译的 错误。
1)
Ionizing radiation can change the electronic configuration of an atom or molecule, and thus the way it interacts with its surroundings. 译文1：电离辐射可改变原子或分子的电子构 型，因此，原子或分子可以以这样的方式与周 围环境相互作用。 译文2：电离辐射可改变原子或分子的电子构 型，并因此改变原子或分子与周围环境相互作 用的方式。 注：the way 和前面的the electronic configuration of …是并列关系。
第十章
词语搭配、语法形式与科技翻译
本章着重剖析科技文体中英语词语的搭配
与衔接规律，探讨解释性结构的理解和翻 译，同时关注关系从句、虚拟语气的翻译。
一、词语的搭配与衔接
词语的搭配关系 在英语中，出于修辞和文体的考虑，某些 固定结构或搭配中的往往会嵌入其他成分 ，使得这些固定结构或搭配本身的内在联 系不易察觉，给理解和翻译造成困难。
2)
Challenges being addressed by modern environmental biotechnology range from the search for microbes that will reduce acid rain by removing sulfur from power coal to the biological production of biodegradable plastics. 现代环境生物科技面临诸多挑战，包括寻找能 够去除电煤中硫磺的微生物，从而减少酸雨， 以及用生物方法生产出可进行生物降解的塑料 。 注：关键搭配——range from … to …
Known as 或连词or引导的解释语 这类解释语有时不必翻译，因为解释语和 被解释词语都指向同一个汉语译名，或者 被解释词语的汉语译名本身已有很好的释 义，将解释语译出反而令译文显得累赘。 另外，必须把引导解释语的连词or与表示 选择意义的连词or区别开来。
3)
Not only can antibodies be used therapeutically to protect against disease; they can also help to diagnose a wide variety of illness, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood. 抗体不仅用于治疗、抵抗疾病，也可用于诊 断多种疾病，检测血液中是否存在药物、病 毒、细菌以及其他异常物质。
*英语中多个成分并列时，最后一个并列项
目前面一般需使用连词 and 或 or，因此， 在分析句子的结构时，这两个连词是判断 并列成分的一个重要依据。 试看下例：
2)
Immediately afterward and even today, there is widespread speculation that the buildings were structurally deficient, that the steel columns melted, or that the fire suppression equipment failed to operate. 此后不久，甚至直至今日，仍广泛流传着这 样的猜测：大厦有结构缺陷，钢柱熔化了， 或是灭火设备失效了。
1.
1)
The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员——从政府官员到 普通公民——都要使用科学家在他们的工作中 所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。 注：关键搭配——application of …
二、解释性结构
起同位语作用的名词结构 作为同位语的名词短语用于解释、说明另 一个名词或代词。要理解翻译这类结构， 关键在于准确地把握同位语与被修饰词之 间的内在关系 of the 20th century was 1998, when a strong EL Nino, a warm water event in the eastern Pacific Ocean, added warmth to the global temperature. 二十世纪最热的年份是1998年，因为这一年 出现了强厄尔尼诺现象（即东太平洋海水变 暖现象），导致全球气温的上升。