08第八章语境与语义
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fuzziness
❖ Aim of learning context and meaning
❖ ---learn how to understand meaning of words and sentences according to context
--- learn how to use English language properly in different context
lexical ambiguity
▪ ( caused by polysemant + homophones)
▪ A: I’d like to buy a book. ▪ B: Something light? ▪ A: It doesn’t matter. I ve my
car with me.
B: Coffee would keep me awake.
b. different cultures, different meanings
▪ animal: fox dog
▪
chicken
▪
tiger
mouse rabbit bat lion (lion heart)
▪ Dragon
3. roles of context
---improve cross-cultural communication
1. definition of context
❖ In a narrow sense:
--- lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. (whole passage, book)
Husband: The telephone is ringing. Wife: I am in the bathroom.
A: Do you like rice? B: I am a Cantonese, you know.
▪ C. enable people to understand the meaning of the omitted parts
▪ structural ambiguity
▪ I found her on the roof.
▪ a.I found her when I was on the roof. b.I found her when she was on the roof.
▪ B. enable people to understand the implied meaning
Chapter Eight Meaning and context
❖ Main contents:
❖ 1.definition of context ❖ 2.types of contexts ❖ 3. roles of context ❖ 4. differences between ambiguity and
a. What should I buy for my girlfriend?
b. Flowers .
D. indicate referent 1. Lily told Mary that Alice was angry. 2. a. She said it secretly b.But she didn’t believe her. c. But she was not angry.
I will get her to do my homework. The days are getting hotter.
2)extra-linguistic context言外语境 situational context cultural context ▪ the actual situation in which
The regulation is made to protect dogs. ❖ I hope you can make 10,000 yuan a
month.
❖ b. grammatical context 语法语境
---syntactic structure of the context which determines the meaning of a polysemous word, e.g.:
▪ A. eliminate ambiguity ambiguity :condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations. ambiguity
▪ lexical metaphorical structural
▪
In a broad sense : ---entire social or cultural setting
---general knowledge about the world ---specific knowledge about the situation in
which linguistic communication is taking place.
communication occurs ▪ the social and cultural background
▪ a. the actual speech situation
▪ It is a difficult operation.
▪ Is the window open? ▪ -----------------------------------------------------▪ A: Do you want some coffee?
❖ Meaning of a word ---determined by
linguistic / extralinguistic contexts.
2. types of contexts 1) linguistic /intralinguistic context 语言语境
a. lexical context 词汇语境(collocation) ---lexical items combined with a given polysemous word, e.g.:
❖ Aim of learning context and meaning
❖ ---learn how to understand meaning of words and sentences according to context
--- learn how to use English language properly in different context
lexical ambiguity
▪ ( caused by polysemant + homophones)
▪ A: I’d like to buy a book. ▪ B: Something light? ▪ A: It doesn’t matter. I ve my
car with me.
B: Coffee would keep me awake.
b. different cultures, different meanings
▪ animal: fox dog
▪
chicken
▪
tiger
mouse rabbit bat lion (lion heart)
▪ Dragon
3. roles of context
---improve cross-cultural communication
1. definition of context
❖ In a narrow sense:
--- lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. (whole passage, book)
Husband: The telephone is ringing. Wife: I am in the bathroom.
A: Do you like rice? B: I am a Cantonese, you know.
▪ C. enable people to understand the meaning of the omitted parts
▪ structural ambiguity
▪ I found her on the roof.
▪ a.I found her when I was on the roof. b.I found her when she was on the roof.
▪ B. enable people to understand the implied meaning
Chapter Eight Meaning and context
❖ Main contents:
❖ 1.definition of context ❖ 2.types of contexts ❖ 3. roles of context ❖ 4. differences between ambiguity and
a. What should I buy for my girlfriend?
b. Flowers .
D. indicate referent 1. Lily told Mary that Alice was angry. 2. a. She said it secretly b.But she didn’t believe her. c. But she was not angry.
I will get her to do my homework. The days are getting hotter.
2)extra-linguistic context言外语境 situational context cultural context ▪ the actual situation in which
The regulation is made to protect dogs. ❖ I hope you can make 10,000 yuan a
month.
❖ b. grammatical context 语法语境
---syntactic structure of the context which determines the meaning of a polysemous word, e.g.:
▪ A. eliminate ambiguity ambiguity :condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations. ambiguity
▪ lexical metaphorical structural
▪
In a broad sense : ---entire social or cultural setting
---general knowledge about the world ---specific knowledge about the situation in
which linguistic communication is taking place.
communication occurs ▪ the social and cultural background
▪ a. the actual speech situation
▪ It is a difficult operation.
▪ Is the window open? ▪ -----------------------------------------------------▪ A: Do you want some coffee?
❖ Meaning of a word ---determined by
linguistic / extralinguistic contexts.
2. types of contexts 1) linguistic /intralinguistic context 语言语境
a. lexical context 词汇语境(collocation) ---lexical items combined with a given polysemous word, e.g.: