中山大学外科学(骨外)2018年考博真题考博试卷
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2010年考博真题试卷
11. PEG中英文全称及适应症？
12.如何评价目前外科治疗甲状腺功能亢进症？
二、选答题（20’）
移植外科
1.肝移植术后发生中远期肾功能不全及肾衰竭的相关因素，如何处理？（10’）
2.肾
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：移植外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、所有外科考生必答题（80’）
1.在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？
2.肱骨髁上骨折的分型及并发症？
3.儿茶酚胺症的原因及临床表现？
4.若病人体液急性丧失达体重的5%，有何临床表现？
5.心脏疾病可增加病人术后死亡的风险，Goldman指数哪两项得分最高？
6.临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的HIV感染？
7. SIRS的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？
8.伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。
9. Crohn disease外科治疗适应症及手术原则？
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc教学文稿
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he hasdepression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positiveside effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as testsubjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well betrue, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones couldaffect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treatingAlzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobilephones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there arenegative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of hisproduction. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow arule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expected。
中山大学 考博真题 外科学(普外) 2008-2021年答案
山大学 2021 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：外科学一、必答题（80 分）1、急性阑尾炎可能检查到的什么体征？（8 分）答：1、右下腹压痛，是急性阑尾炎最常见的重要体征，压痛点通常位于麦氏点 2、腹膜刺激征象，反跳痛，腹肌紧张，肠鸣音减弱或消失 3、右下腹包块 4、结肠充气试验阳性 5、腰大肌试验阳性说明阑尾位于腰大肌前方，盲肠后位或腹膜后位。
6、闭孔内肌试验阳性提示阑尾靠近闭孔内肌。
2、病人手术区消毒涂抹消毒液有哪些注意事项？（6 分）答：（1）消毒前检查皮肤有无破损及感染；（2）蘸消毒液不可过多，一般从切口中心向四周涂攃，但肛门和感染伤口手术，应由外向肛门或感染伤口；（3）污染的消毒液纱布，不能再用来涂攃清洁处；（4）消毒范围要包括切口周围至少15cm区域；（5）消毒者手勿接触病人的皮肤及其他物品，消毒完毕，应再用消毒继涂攃，然后穿手术衣，戴无菌手套。
3、请简述腹部损伤剖腹探查的适应症（8 分）答：（1）腹痛和腹膜刺激征有进行性加重或范围扩大者；（2）肠蠕动音逐渐减弱、消失或出现明显腹胀者；（3）全身情况有恶化趋势；（4）红细胞计数进行性下降者；（5）血压由稳定转为不稳定甚至下降者；（6）胃肠出血者；（7）积极救治休克而情况不见好或继续恶化者。
4、胃底-食道下段交通支由什么静脉组成？（5 分）答：（1）门静脉系统的：胃左静脉，胃短静脉；腔静脉系统的肋间静脉，膈-食管静脉，奇静脉，半奇静脉分支；5、导致腹壁强度降低的常见因素有哪些？（5 分）答：（1）腹白线发育不良；（2）切口感染所致术后伤口愈合不良；（3）股管（4）股环（5）腹股沟管（6）老年；（7）肥胖（8）肌萎缩（9）外伤（10）腹壁神经损伤6、简述原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床表现。
（7 分）答：（1）甲状腺肿大，性格急躁，容易激动，两手颤动；（2）怕热，多汗皮肤潮湿，食欲亢进但却消瘦，体重减轻；（3）心悸，脉快有力，内分泌紊乱，以及无力易疲劳，出现肢体近端肌萎缩；其中脉率增快，及脉压增大最为重要，常可作为判断病情程度和治疗效果的重要标志。
骨科各校考博真题
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
中山大学外科学(普外科)2010年考博真题考博试卷
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中山大学
2010 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、 所有外科考生必答题（80’） 1. 在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？ 2. 肱骨髁上骨折的分型及并发症？ 3. 儿茶酚胺症的原因及临床表现？ 4. 若病人体液急性丧失达体重的 5%，有何临床表现？ 5. 心脏疾病可增加病人术后死亡的风险，Goldman 指数哪两项得分最高？ 6. 临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的 HIV 感染？ 7. SIRS 的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？ 8. 伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。 9. Crohn disease 外科治疗适应症及手术原则？ 10. 下肢深静脉血栓非手术治疗方法？ 11. PEG 中英文全称及适应症？ 12. 如何评价目前外科治疗甲状腺功能亢进症？
中山大学外科学(烧伤外科)2008年考博真题考博试卷
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（烧伤外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 （外科学公共部分） 一、简答题： 1、简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？ 2、简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。 3、简述破伤风的处理原则。 4、简述腹部切口裂开的主要原因。有何表现？ 5、简述 Fast track surgery 及目的与主要措施。 6、简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？ 7、什么是 BMI ？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？ 8、包茎可能带来那些危害？
外科学考博试题及答案
外科学考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科感染中最常见的致病菌是：A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 真菌答案：A2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C3. 以下哪项是开放性骨折的特点？A. 骨折端不与外界相通B. 骨折端与外界相通C. 骨折线完全在皮肤下D. 骨折线完全在骨髓内答案：B4. 急性阑尾炎最典型的临床表现是：A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹固定压痛D. 发热答案：C5. 以下哪项是乳腺癌的高危因素？A. 长期吸烟B. 长期饮酒C. 家族遗传史D. 长期素食答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术切口的分类及其特点。
答案：外科手术切口根据其感染风险分为三类：清洁切口、可能污染切口和污染切口。
清洁切口是指手术区域无炎症，无感染，且手术过程中未进入呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道及口咽部。
可能污染切口是指手术区域可能存在细菌，但无明显感染，如胃肠道手术。
污染切口是指手术区域有明显感染或手术过程中进入有菌环境，如脓肿切开引流。
2. 描述急性胆囊炎的诊断要点。
答案：急性胆囊炎的诊断要点包括：右上腹疼痛，尤其是Murphy征阳性；发热和白细胞计数升高；腹部超声检查发现胆囊壁增厚、胆囊内结石或胆囊周围积液；有时可伴有黄疸。
3. 解释何为“无菌技术”及其在外科手术中的重要性。
答案：无菌技术是指在手术过程中采取的一系列措施，以防止手术区域受到微生物污染。
这包括使用无菌器械、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、保持手术区域清洁等。
无菌技术在外科手术中至关重要，因为它可以显著降低术后感染的风险，提高手术成功率。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术前的准备要点。
答案：外科手术前的准备要点包括：详细的病史采集和体格检查，以评估患者的整体健康状况和手术风险；必要的辅助检查，如血常规、凝血功能、心电图、肝肾功能等；术前禁食和禁水，以减少术中呕吐和误吸的风险；术前抗生素的使用，以预防感染；心理支持和教育，以减轻患者的焦虑和恐惧。
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2010年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1页 共Байду номын сангаас页
中山大学
2010 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：移植外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、 所有外科考生必答题（80’） 1. 在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？ 2. 肱骨髁上骨折的分型及并发症？ 3. 儿茶酚胺症的原因及临床表现？ 4. 若病人体液急性丧失达体重的 5%，有何临床表现？ 5. 心脏疾病可增加病人术后死亡的风险，Goldman 指数哪两项得分最高？ 6. 临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的 HIV 感染？ 7. SIRS 的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？ 8. 伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。 9. Crohn disease 外科治疗适应症及手术原则？ 10. 下肢深静脉血栓非手术治疗方法？ 11. PEG 中英文全称及适应症？ 12. 如何评价目前外科治疗甲状腺功能亢进症？
二、 选答题（20’） 移植外科 1. 肝移植术后发生中远期肾功能不全及肾衰竭的相关因素，如何处理？ （10’） 2. 肾移植术后外科并发症及内科远期并发症。（10’）
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中山大学1996-2015外科学考博真题分科总结
总论：1.水电解质平衡2.水电解质酸碱平衡失调的治疗原则（8分）3.若病人体液急性丧失达体重的5%，有何临床表现？4.等渗性缺水5%的临床表现？5.等渗性缺水的机体代偿机制？6.低渗性缺水的原因。
（4分）7.急性等渗性失水的主要临床症状是什么？8.代谢性酸中毒的病因、表现及诊断。
9.代谢性酸中毒的病因、临床表现及诊断10.低钙血症常见于那些疾病？临床表现？11.高钾血症的概念，原因，治疗？12.多器官衰竭诊断标准13.MODS的中英文名称及定义14.MODS的常见外科病因15.引起MODS的常见外科病因。
16.SIRS的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？17.急性肾功能衰竭少尿期或无尿期的水电解质酸碱平衡有哪些？18.休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？19.休克指数是什么及临床意义20.感染性休克的治疗原则（6分）21.感染性休克的治疗原则。
22.感染性休克的治疗原则23.感染性休克治疗中皮质类固醇激素的作用（5分）24.什么是脓毒症和菌血症？25.什么是脓毒症、菌血症（3.5分）26.引起脓毒血症的常见病因？27.手部无人区28.手术器械消毒的条件。
29.手术器械消毒方法应该具有的条件。
30.简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？31.在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？32.临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的HIV感染？33.伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。
34.晚期癌症三阶梯治疗方案,列举每阶段两种以上代表药物35.心肺复苏术中初期复苏治疗措施36.SIRL写出中英文全称，及临床指标（5分）37.简述创伤的并发症（3分）38.简述输血的并发症或不良反应（5分）39.与成分输血相比，输全血有何缺点（3分40.简述肠外营养的并发症（1041.输血的常见并发症。
42.肠外营养的适应症及禁忌症。
43.输血的并发症44.肠外营养的指征及禁忌症45.简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？46.什么是BMI ？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？47.简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。
中山大学外科学(普外科)2013年考博真题试卷
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1糖皮质激素外科感染性休克
2糖尿病围术期准备要点
3开放气胸处理原则
4影像学在泌尿系结石的诊断应用
7下肢静脉体格检查名称
8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物
9切口裂开预防
10黑色素瘤的临床表现
11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中文名称及诊断价值
12门脉高压非手术治疗及贲门血管离断理由
13低渗性缺水的原因
14乳腺癌分子分型及治疗建议
15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围
中山大学外科学(心脏与大血管外)2019年考博真题
5.男，65岁，因“进行性吞咽困难1个月”，门诊胃镜检查提示“食管肿物”入院。查体：神志清，对答切题，缺水貌，心肺检查无异常，腹部膨隆，肠鸣音消失，四肢肌力减弱，腱反射减退。血钾30mmol/L，请回答：病人可能存在哪种酸碱平衡失调？入院检查尿液pH为4.5，请解释原因。（7’）
6. ERAS的英文和中文全称是什么？ERAS带来的益处包括哪些？（7’）
7.请简述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定义、临床意义和定位方法。（7’）
8.简述外科感染抗菌药பைடு நூலகம்合用药的指征。（7’）
9. TIPS手术的中英文全称是什么？简述其操作过程及主要适应症。（7’）
10.儿童跌倒后，肘部肿痛、畸形，肘关节活动障碍，临床上如何鉴别肱骨髁上骨折还是肘关节脱位？（7’）
11.试述急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的治疗原则及具体治疗措施。（10’）
心脏与大血管外科（20’）：
12.请述三尖瓣闭锁的（Tandom/Edwards）分型。（10’）
13请述冠状动脉搭桥手术适应症及禁忌症。（10’）
考
博
真
题
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（心脏与大血管外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共课简答题（80’）：
1.简述破伤风的临床表现。（7’）
2.试述腹部外伤的手术探查指征。（7’）
3.根据哪些临床表现，急性阑尾炎临床诊断可以成立？（7’）
中山大学外科学(骨科)2008,2013--2019年考博真题
骨科学试题 1.骨肿瘤手术切除边界分类，临床意义。 2.骨筋膜室综合症的病理生理过程。 3.穿支皮瓣及优点缺点。
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中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 必答题（80分） 1.尿路结石排石治疗适应证 2.腕管综合症临床特点 3.腹主动脉瘤治疗 4.腹股沟疝鉴别诊断 5.甲状腺术后18小时，呼吸困难原因，及处理 6.内痔分度 7.梨状肌综合征临床特点 8.骨软骨瘤手术适应症 9.低渗性缺水原因 10.CVP正常血压低，鉴别血容量不足和心功能不全 11.什么是营养评价 12.结肠损伤一期修复禁忌症 13.最常见的功能性胰腺内分泌瘤及临床表现 14.mallory weiss 综合征 15.什么样的乳腺癌患者需要切乳房 16.低钾血症引起代碱的原因
骨科部分 1、3-7岁DDH治疗原则 2.恶性骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应症及重建方式 3、腰椎间盘突出症再手术的原因
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中山大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、必答题（70分） 1、 简述成分输血的概念及意义。（6分） 2、 SSI的全称是什么？包括哪些部位？（4分） 3、 大量输血有哪些主要并发症？（5分） 4、 简述营养支持方法的选择依据及原则。（7分） 5、 围手术期发生下肢深静脉血栓形成的原因是什么？应当如何预防？（5分） 6、 根据中国抗癌协会最新诊治指南与规范，乳腺癌哪些人群适宜保乳治疗？保 乳治疗有哪些绝对禁忌症？（6分） 7、 男性，26岁，70Kg，不慎被火焰烧伤部位如图示（烧伤分布图：Ⅱ度分布：右上 臂全部，左大腿后部；Ⅲ度分布：正面躯干及左大腿前部；会阴部无烧伤）。无休 克、吸入性损伤及复合伤，请计算其烧伤面积，评估烧伤严重程度，并试计算 第一个24小时补液量。（6分） 8、 简述清创术的基本要求。 9、 股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗选择。（4分） 10、 人、兽咬伤的治疗要点包括哪些？（4分） 11、 简述医源性输尿管损伤的原因。（8分） 12、 简述腹腔镜手术相关的特殊并发症及预防措施。（6分） 13、 预防性使用抗生素有哪些适应症？（4分）
中山大学外科学(泌尿外科)2017年考博真题试卷
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中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 必答题（80分）
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1.尿路结石排石治疗适应证 2.腕管综合症临床特点 3.腹主动脉瘤治疗 4.腹股沟疝鉴别诊断 5.甲状腺术后18小时，呼吸困难原因，及处理 6.内痔分度 7.梨状肌综合征临床特点 8.骨软骨瘤手术适应症 9.低渗性缺水原因 10.CVP正常血压低，鉴别血容量不足和心功能不全 11.什么是营养评价 12.结肠损伤一期修复禁忌症 13.最常见的功能性胰腺内分泌瘤及临床表现 14.mallory weiss 综合征 15.什么样的乳腺癌患者需要切乳房 16.低钾血症引起代碱的原因
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2008年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中山大学
2008 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（移植外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 （外科学公共部分） 一、简答题： 1、简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？ 2、简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。 3、简述破伤风的处理原则。 4、简述腹部切口裂开的主要原因。有何表现？ 5、简述 Fast track surgery 及目的与主要措施。 6、简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？ 7、什么是 BMI ？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？ 8、包茎可能带来那些危害？
二、问答题：（选所报专业） （移植外科) 1、那些因素影响肾移植效果？ 2、肝移植急性排斥反应有哪些病理学特征？
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中山大学外科考博真题
中山医科大学招收攻读博士研究生入学试题---外科1. 水电解质平衡2. 肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理3. 胃近端癌R2根治手术方法4. 膀胱肿瘤病理分期5. 纵隔肿瘤及分区6. 肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则7. 全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症8. 硬膜外血肿临床表现治疗原则9. 尿道损伤的治疗原则必答题1. 腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点2. 前列腺癌诊断3. 肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断4. 骨结核好发部位、治疗原则选答题1.胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗（普外）2.骨折愈合临床标准(骨外)3.睾丸肿瘤标记(泌尿外)4.颞区硬膜外血肿表现(脑外)二尖瓣狭窄手术指征(心外)一. 多器官衰竭诊断标准二. 吻合口溃疡病因及诊断三. 肝癌治疗新进展四. 脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗五. 肾癌与肾盂肾癌鉴别诊断1. 休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？（20分）2. 外伤性心包填塞的病因、急救处理原则。
（16分）3. 上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序。
（16分）4. 胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？（16分）5. 睾丸生殖系肿瘤的分类及治疗原则。
（16分）6. L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则。
（16分）一．名词解释1．手部无人区（2分）2．脊柱侧弯（1分）3．应力缓冲效应（2分）二．问答题1．人工关节松动的原因（10分）2．二尖瓣狭窄并左心衰的临床表现及治疗（20分）3．应激性溃疡的治疗原则（12分）4．肝功能分级及其临床意义（10分）5．BPH的病理改变及鉴别诊断（20分）6．试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型（13分）7．小脑幕切迹疝的临床表现（10分）1. 颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择？2. 听神经瘤的临床表现和治疗？3. 泌尿系梗阻的常见原因及诊断治疗原则（以上尿路结石为例）？4. 消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？5. 外伤性气胸的病理生理改变与剖胸探查指征？6. 手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？。
中山大学外科学(泌尿外科)2008年考博真题试卷
5、简述Fast track surgery及目的与主要措施。
6、简述手臂洗手消毒后为何ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ需戴消毒手套？
7、什么是BMI？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？
8、包茎可能带来那些危害？
二、问答题：（选所报专业）
（泌尿外科）
－－1、诱发泌尿生殖系感染的因素主要包括那些方面？
－－泌尿外科常用哪些诊断性器械检查？
－－2、肾癌可能出现哪些肾外的临床表现？
－－嗜铬细胞瘤的术前准备应包括哪些内容？
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2008年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
（外科学公共部分）
一、简答题：
1、简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？
2、简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。
3、简述破伤风的处理原则。
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2010年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：移植外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、 所有外科考生必答题（80’）
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1. 在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？ 2. 肱骨髁上骨折的分型及并发症？ 3. 儿茶酚胺症的原因及临床表现？ 4. 若病人体，Goldman指数哪两项得分最高？ 6. 临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的HIV感染？ 7. SIRS的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？ 8. 伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。 9. Crohn disease 外科治疗适应症及手术原则？ 10. 下肢深静脉血栓非手术治疗方法？ 11. PEG中英文全称及适应症？ 12. 如何评价目前外科治疗甲状腺功能亢进症？ 二、 选答题（20’） 移植外科 1. 肝移植术后发生中远期肾功能不全及肾衰竭的相关因素，如何处理？（10’） 2. 肾移植术后外科并发症及内科远期并发症。（10’）
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中山大学外科学(骨外)2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共外科部分
简答题：80分
1、阑尾残端的处理方法有哪些？常用的是哪种？有什么优点？
2、慢性软组织疼痛行局部封闭治疗时的注意事项？
15、asepsis、antisepsis的区别
股外侧肌肌皮瓣
玻尿酸的原理，组成。（整形外科）
骨外科（20分）
1、断指（肢）的分类及其特点？断指再植的禁忌症是什么？10分
2、是一个胸8.9椎体结核病例，双下肢不全瘫。诊断，依据，鉴别诊断，治疗方案。10分
3、胆道出血的典型临床表现？
4、与场外营养相比，肠内营养的优点有哪些？
5、是一个肝脏占位的病例分析，有胆红素数值，有白蛋白数值，有神志清楚，有CT横断面所见（无明显腹水），有凝血酶原时间，问该患者的Child评分是几分？评分依据是什么？该患者的治疗方案？
6、是一个年轻患者外伤后胸痛伴呼吸困难，吸氧后呼吸加重，查体鼓音、呼吸音消失、气管偏斜等体征，问最可能的诊断？鉴别诊断？
7、等渗性失水的病理生理改变？
8、胃部分切除术治疗消化道溃疡的理论基础？
9、前列腺炎的分类
10、III期浸润性乳腺癌的治疗方式？
11、女，多少岁，长时间打麻将后，突发下肢肿胀、疼痛，问最可能的诊断？进一步检查？治疗方案？
12、骨折临床愈合的标准
13、急性乳腺炎的治疗措施？
14、肝炎肝硬化门脉高压后，会有什么病理生理过程引起哪些特殊临床症状体征？
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医学考博真题试卷
中山大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：外科学（骨外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 公共外科部分 பைடு நூலகம்答题：80 分 1、阑尾残端的处理方法有哪些？常用的是哪种？有什么优点？ 2、慢性软组织疼痛行局部封闭治疗时的注意事项？ 3、胆道出血的典型临床表现？ 4、与场外营养相比，肠内营养的优点有哪些？ 5、是一个肝脏占位的病例分析，有胆红素数值，有白蛋白数值，有神志清楚，有 CT 横断面 所见（无明显腹水），有凝血酶原时间，问该患者的 Child 评分是几分？评分依据是什么？该 患者的治疗方案？ 6、是一个年轻患者外伤后胸痛伴呼吸困难，吸氧后呼吸加重，查体鼓音、呼吸音消失、气管 偏斜等体征，问最可能的诊断？鉴别诊断？ 7、等渗性失水的病理生理改变？ 8、胃部分切除术治疗消化道溃疡的理论基础？ 9、前列腺炎的分类 10、III 期浸润性乳腺癌的治疗方式？ 11、女，多少岁，长时间打麻将后，突发下肢肿胀、疼痛，问最可能的诊断？进一步检查？治 疗方案？ 12、骨折临床愈合的标准 13、急性乳腺炎的治疗措施？ 14、肝炎肝硬化门脉高压后，会有什么病理生理过程引起哪些特殊临床症状体征？ 15、asepsis、antisepsis 的区别
股外侧肌肌皮瓣 玻尿酸的原理，组成。（整形外科） 骨外科（20 分） 1、断指（肢）的分类及其特点？断指再植的禁忌症是什么？10 分 2、是一个胸 8.9 椎体结核病例，双下肢不全瘫。诊断，依据，鉴别诊断，治疗方案。10 分
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