韩礼德 系统功能语言学 人际功能ppt
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three of these basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures. They are: • statements are most naturally expressed by declarative clauses • questions by interrogative clauses • commands by imperative clauses • Note: an offer can be carried out without using language.
• Complement A complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by a nominal group, which could have been chosen as Subject, but was not. • for example: The strongest shape is the triangle. The triangle is the strongest shape.
the four basic speech roles:
• • • • giving information demanding information giving goods-and-services demanding goods-and-services
the usual lables for these functions respectively
Polarity and Modality
• In one sense, polarity is a message that is either positive or negative. Besides, the Finite must be formally positive or negaive. • The yes/no interrogative is precisely to enquire about the polarity of a message. • polarity may also be expressed through Mood Adjuncts.
modalization
probability
• modalization usuality • probability: how likely it is to be true, such as possible/probable/certain example: The child might be hers. • usuality: how frequently it is true, such as sometimes/often/always example: She often went there.
• the norminal group A: consisting of more than one constituent functioning together as Subject B: both "it" and the embedded clause as Subject
the Residue
identifying Subject and Finite
• tag question A tag question repeats the two elements in the Mood at the end of the clause, for example: Ted wouldn't have married her, would he? S F F S • "empty it" and "there" for example: It was half past seven. There should be another one like this.
Interpersonal metafunction
Introduction
• Interpersonal metafunction is one of the three metafunctions in Systematic Functional Grammar proposed by Halliday. • “The speaker uses specific language structures as the means of social communication to involve the speech event: the expressions of his comments, his attitudes, his evaluations, and also the relationship he sets up between himself and the listener, which are decided by different communication roles he adopts, like informing, questioning, persuading”.(Halliday, 2000:69)
• examples: 1. Have you decided on a colour yet? 2. The punctuation, on the other hand, is reproduced with diplomatic faithfulness. 3. Unfortunately, I did not meet Paul Klee there or later in my life.
• There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements and Adjuncts. • The Predicator is expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite. There can be only one Predicator in any clause.
Subject vs Finite
• Subject is a familar term from traditional grammar, although it should be remembered that here it is being reinterpreted in functional terms. • The Finite is the first functional element of the verbal group. • for example: Did you see him that day?
• By far the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.
• modality It is the space between 'yes' and 'no'. • More specifically, the intermediate stagespoints between 'yes' and 'no',such as 'maybe', 'sometimes' or ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱsupposedly', are expressed by modality. • example: She might teach Latin.
modulation
obligation • modulation
inclination/willingness • obligation: the degree of obligation to carry out the command, such as permissible/advisable example: You should go now. • inclination: the degree of willingness of the speaker to fulfill the offer,such as ability/determination example: I will give you a hand.
• Adjunct The role of Adjunct is typically by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase. • three kinds of Adjunct: Comment Adjunct Modal Adjunct Mood Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct circumstantial Adjunct
types of modality
modalization • types of modality
modulation
If the commodity being exchanged is information, the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented, which is called modalization. If the commodity is goods-and-services, the modality relates to how confident the speaker can appear to be in the eventual success of the exchange, which is referred to as modulation.
some special cases
• You'd better come in.
• Are you ready for coffee? • Ooh, yes please.
Mood
• Mood is the core of the interpersonal metafunction. We can investigate these interactive functions focusing on a particular element of the clause, which we shall call the Mood. Subject • the structure of Mood Finite
• • • • giving information statement demanding information question giving goods-and-services offer demanding goods-and-services command
the basic functions and the grammatical structures
Roles of Addressers and Addressees
• The most fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving or demanding a commodity of some kind. • In a verbal exchange, the commodity that the speaker may be giving or demanding is information. • In a non-verbal action, the commodity is also called "goods-and-services".
• Complement A complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by a nominal group, which could have been chosen as Subject, but was not. • for example: The strongest shape is the triangle. The triangle is the strongest shape.
the four basic speech roles:
• • • • giving information demanding information giving goods-and-services demanding goods-and-services
the usual lables for these functions respectively
Polarity and Modality
• In one sense, polarity is a message that is either positive or negative. Besides, the Finite must be formally positive or negaive. • The yes/no interrogative is precisely to enquire about the polarity of a message. • polarity may also be expressed through Mood Adjuncts.
modalization
probability
• modalization usuality • probability: how likely it is to be true, such as possible/probable/certain example: The child might be hers. • usuality: how frequently it is true, such as sometimes/often/always example: She often went there.
• the norminal group A: consisting of more than one constituent functioning together as Subject B: both "it" and the embedded clause as Subject
the Residue
identifying Subject and Finite
• tag question A tag question repeats the two elements in the Mood at the end of the clause, for example: Ted wouldn't have married her, would he? S F F S • "empty it" and "there" for example: It was half past seven. There should be another one like this.
Interpersonal metafunction
Introduction
• Interpersonal metafunction is one of the three metafunctions in Systematic Functional Grammar proposed by Halliday. • “The speaker uses specific language structures as the means of social communication to involve the speech event: the expressions of his comments, his attitudes, his evaluations, and also the relationship he sets up between himself and the listener, which are decided by different communication roles he adopts, like informing, questioning, persuading”.(Halliday, 2000:69)
• examples: 1. Have you decided on a colour yet? 2. The punctuation, on the other hand, is reproduced with diplomatic faithfulness. 3. Unfortunately, I did not meet Paul Klee there or later in my life.
• There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements and Adjuncts. • The Predicator is expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite. There can be only one Predicator in any clause.
Subject vs Finite
• Subject is a familar term from traditional grammar, although it should be remembered that here it is being reinterpreted in functional terms. • The Finite is the first functional element of the verbal group. • for example: Did you see him that day?
• By far the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.
• modality It is the space between 'yes' and 'no'. • More specifically, the intermediate stagespoints between 'yes' and 'no',such as 'maybe', 'sometimes' or ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱsupposedly', are expressed by modality. • example: She might teach Latin.
modulation
obligation • modulation
inclination/willingness • obligation: the degree of obligation to carry out the command, such as permissible/advisable example: You should go now. • inclination: the degree of willingness of the speaker to fulfill the offer,such as ability/determination example: I will give you a hand.
• Adjunct The role of Adjunct is typically by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase. • three kinds of Adjunct: Comment Adjunct Modal Adjunct Mood Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct circumstantial Adjunct
types of modality
modalization • types of modality
modulation
If the commodity being exchanged is information, the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented, which is called modalization. If the commodity is goods-and-services, the modality relates to how confident the speaker can appear to be in the eventual success of the exchange, which is referred to as modulation.
some special cases
• You'd better come in.
• Are you ready for coffee? • Ooh, yes please.
Mood
• Mood is the core of the interpersonal metafunction. We can investigate these interactive functions focusing on a particular element of the clause, which we shall call the Mood. Subject • the structure of Mood Finite
• • • • giving information statement demanding information question giving goods-and-services offer demanding goods-and-services command
the basic functions and the grammatical structures
Roles of Addressers and Addressees
• The most fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving or demanding a commodity of some kind. • In a verbal exchange, the commodity that the speaker may be giving or demanding is information. • In a non-verbal action, the commodity is also called "goods-and-services".