系统功能语言学(二)PPT课件
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There is nothing ungrammatical about the first example; but it is ‘context-bound’ because it depends on exophoric reference – you, him, me have no possible interpretation without the context. But in the second version we could have guessed who you, him, me refer to.
Content vs expression：Sem + gra vs ph
Units of analysis
Grammar
Clause
Group
Word
Morpheme
Phonology:
Tone group; foot; syllable, phoneme
3
Defining discourse semantics
Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguisitcs
Chapter Four: cohesion
1
Theme and Information Structure
There should also be some mechanisms or devices that can relate one clause or clause complex to other clauses or clause complexes.
6
Reference
The first example is much more closely tied to the context, without which the reader cannot understand it, whereas the second one is free of the context, without which the reader has no difficulty in decoding it.
Semantics Three kinds of meanings Discourse Meaning and clause structures. Texture: cohesive tie Coherence: situational, generic, textual Cohesion: reference, substitution and
This can not be achieved by grammatical structures. The device that relate clauses and clause complexes together to form a text is a non-structural resource called cohesion.
‘Open your mouthHale Waihona Puke Baiduand say what you’ve got to say!’
B: ‘Bill, what would you do if one of the gang went out at night and told someone all about us, and what we’d gone? What would you do to him?’
ellipsis, conjunction, lexical cohesion 4
The Cohesive Devices
The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.
5
Reference
2.1.1 Endophoric and Exophoric Reference
Look at the following examples first:
(1) A: ‘Why are you looking at me like that?’
‘Say something, will you!’
‘Say something, will you!’ shouted Sikes, placing his huge hand on Fagin’s collar and shaking him in his anger and fear.
‘ Open your mouth and say what you’ve got to say!’
Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another
In English cohesion is expressed by the following grammatical and vocabulary devices: reference （照应）, ellipsis（省略）, substitution（替代）, conjunction（连接）, and lexical cohesion（词汇 衔接）.
There are altogether four ways by which cohesion is created in English: by reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
2
Strata and Units
A: ‘I’d smash his head into little pieces,’….
(2) ‘Why are you looking at me like that?’ asked Sikes, uneasy at the old man’s strange expression.
Fagin raised his head, but his passion was so great that he could not speak.
Content vs expression：Sem + gra vs ph
Units of analysis
Grammar
Clause
Group
Word
Morpheme
Phonology:
Tone group; foot; syllable, phoneme
3
Defining discourse semantics
Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguisitcs
Chapter Four: cohesion
1
Theme and Information Structure
There should also be some mechanisms or devices that can relate one clause or clause complex to other clauses or clause complexes.
6
Reference
The first example is much more closely tied to the context, without which the reader cannot understand it, whereas the second one is free of the context, without which the reader has no difficulty in decoding it.
Semantics Three kinds of meanings Discourse Meaning and clause structures. Texture: cohesive tie Coherence: situational, generic, textual Cohesion: reference, substitution and
This can not be achieved by grammatical structures. The device that relate clauses and clause complexes together to form a text is a non-structural resource called cohesion.
‘Open your mouthHale Waihona Puke Baiduand say what you’ve got to say!’
B: ‘Bill, what would you do if one of the gang went out at night and told someone all about us, and what we’d gone? What would you do to him?’
ellipsis, conjunction, lexical cohesion 4
The Cohesive Devices
The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.
5
Reference
2.1.1 Endophoric and Exophoric Reference
Look at the following examples first:
(1) A: ‘Why are you looking at me like that?’
‘Say something, will you!’
‘Say something, will you!’ shouted Sikes, placing his huge hand on Fagin’s collar and shaking him in his anger and fear.
‘ Open your mouth and say what you’ve got to say!’
Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another
In English cohesion is expressed by the following grammatical and vocabulary devices: reference （照应）, ellipsis（省略）, substitution（替代）, conjunction（连接）, and lexical cohesion（词汇 衔接）.
There are altogether four ways by which cohesion is created in English: by reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
2
Strata and Units
A: ‘I’d smash his head into little pieces,’….
(2) ‘Why are you looking at me like that?’ asked Sikes, uneasy at the old man’s strange expression.
Fagin raised his head, but his passion was so great that he could not speak.