英文论文翻译,原文在我空间找

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获取英文文献全文的13种方法

注：由于大部分院校未能购卖国内外商业医学数据库，如PUBMED、ElseVier等，因而检索国外全文文献很复杂。

这往往成为少数学校的专利。

北大医学院网站上有大量文献题录，但仅供自已学生使用！这太可惜了，由于版权等多种原因，下面介绍一些可行的方法。

1、根据作者E-mail地址，向作者索要。

这是最有效的方法之一。

为了更方便大家向作者索取原文，但一定要简洁！一般都愿意向你提供。

下面是模板：Dear Dr. (author name)I would appreciate receiving a reprint of your article: ********(不必全写),杂志名. However, this Journal is not available in our library.Thank you very much for your consideration.Respectfully yours,Yourself name2、去/ 医学空间网，提供全文检索服务。

用户在使用该网站的索取原文服务时必须注意以下事项：(1)在提供原文复印本时是使用扫描的形式，因此原文每页大小为100k左右，所以索取原文时需考虑到索取量。

(2)考虑到索取文献的用户数量和原文复印本扫描件都非常大，因此每一位用户在索取原文复印本时，每日限制索取3篇文献。

(3)本服务针对会员进行免费服务，如果您还不是会员，请马上免费申请加入。

在索取原文之前请查询您所索取的文献是否在收藏范围之内。

请您[下载]目前馆藏目录，以便您随时查询。

另外健康大脑网也提供原文服务，给版主发e-mail。

3、按部就班，根据文章出处，去图书馆查找原文。

当然去一些较大图书馆。

4、去Science网上杂志找文章。

对中国人完全免费！5、High Wire Press 网站，斯坦复大学主办，文献量十分大，而且free!Free Medical Journals，我的主页的中外期刊中有极详细的说明！6 CNKI：中国期刊网提供三种类型的数据库，题录数据库、题录摘要数据库和全文数据库，其中前两者属参考数据库类型，只提供目次和摘要，可在网上免费检索，全文数据库需付费。

本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文原文题目：Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目：高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计（论文）题目：阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名：任有健学院：生命学院班级：06210501指导教师：李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号，Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要：本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法，胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒，与悬浮介质（0n ）相比，分别低于（0L n n <）、高于（0H n n >）悬浮介质的折射率。

球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获，捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。

这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。

我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水（0 1.33n =）中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳（ 1.2L n ≈）和聚苯乙烯微珠（ 1.57H n =）的独特性质。

1 引言光带有动量和角动量。

伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。

过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。

外文文献翻译译稿和原文

外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列（可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。

在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。

同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。

例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标。

但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。

卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计。

这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计（滤波），也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑）。

命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫.E.卡尔曼（Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。

斯坦利。

施密特（Stanley Schmidt）首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。

卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时，发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。

关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。

目前，卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现。

卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。

除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种。

也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。

以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。

卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型（hidden Markov model）上。

其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。

系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示。

论文翻译成英文

论文翻译成英文The Translation of the PaperWith the development of the world and rapid advancement of science and technology, the importance of communication among different countries has become increasingly prominent. This has led to a surge in demand for translation services, making translation an essential and indispensable profession.Translation is the act of conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another. It involves not only the transfer of the words, but also the ability to accurately capture the cultural nuances and context of the original text. A skilled translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a broad knowledge of various subject areas.The translation process can be divided into several stages. First, the translator needs to carefully read and comprehend the source text to fully grasp its meaning. Then, they must accurately transfer the message, while considering the characteristics and conventions of the target language. Next, the translator needs to revise and edit the translation to ensure accuracy and clarity. Finally, the completed translation should undergo rigorous proofreading to eliminate any errors or omissions.Translation plays a crucial role in numerous fields. In the business world, accurate translation of documents such as contracts, proposals, and marketing materials is essential for successful international transactions and collaborations. In the academic field, translation allows for the exchange and dissemination ofknowledge among researchers from different countries, enabling cross-cultural understanding and cooperation. In the legal field, translation of legal documents ensures that individuals from different linguistic backgrounds have equal access to justice. In the entertainment industry, translation allows for the enjoyment of foreign films, TV shows, and literature.However, translation is not as simple as replacing words from one language with their equivalents in another. Translators often face linguistic and cultural challenges that require them to make difficult decisions. They need to find equivalent expressions, idiomatic phrases, and appropriate terminology that reflect the intended meaning and cultural connotations of the original text. Additionally, the translator needs to be aware of the target audience and adapt the translation accordingly, ensuring that it is easily understood and culturally appropriate.Advancements in technology have greatly impacted the translation profession. Computer-assisted translation tools, such as translation memory software, have made the translation process more efficient and consistent. Machine translation, although still in its early stages, has shown potential for aiding human translators by providing initial drafts that can be refined. However, human translators are still irreplaceable due to their ability to understand the subtleties of language and capture the essence of a text.In conclusion, translation is a complex and multifaceted profession that plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and understanding among different cultures. It requires not only linguistic proficiency, but also cultural awareness and subjectknowledge. As the world continues to grow more interconnected, the demand for skilled translators will only continue to rise, making translation an essential skill in an increasingly globalized world.。

毕业论文外文译文

毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。

英文文献全文翻译

英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。

毕业论文英语翻译及原文

in the station orthogonal coordinate system origin of a random point can begotthrough the translation androtation of its WGS-84 position vector
=H（ - ）（1）
respectively, the expression can be easily gained as follows
Then, the relation equation between the two baseline vectors is expressedas
There are two steps in the GPS observation data processing course. They are baseline calculationand network adjustment. The baseline vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation.Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinatesystem can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformatihestation orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.
If the position vector of the station orthogonal coordinate system originP0inWGS-84 isexpressed as = , according to thegeodetic latitude and longitude（，）, theposition vector

论文英文翻译

论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。

论文翻译中译英

论文翻译中译英IntroductionTranslation plays a crucial role in promoting global communication and understanding. In academic settings, researchers often need to translate their papers from their native language to English in order to reach a wider audience. However, translating academic papers from Chinese to English can be a challenging task due to differences in language structure, cultural nuances, and academic conventions. This paper aims to explore the key challenges and strategies in translating academic papers from Chinese to English.Challenges in Chinese-English Translation1. Sentence Structure DifferencesChinese and English have fundamentally different sentence structures. Chinese sentences tend to be longer and more complex, while English sentences are shorter and more concise. Translating Chinese sentences into English requires careful restructuring to ensure clarity and readability. This canbe particularly challenging when technical or specialized terminology is involved.2. Cultural NuancesCultural nuances and idiomatic expressions are often deeply embedded in Chinese academic writing. Translating these expressions into English while retaining their intended meaning can be difficult. Chinese idioms, proverbs, and metaphors often have no direct equivalents in English and may require adaptation or substitution. Translators need to strike a balance between preserving the cultural context of the original text and ensuring that the translated version is relatable to English-speaking readers.3. Academic ConventionsDifferent academic disciplines have their own set of conventions and terminology. When translating academic papers, it is essential to be familiar with the specific terminology and conventions of the respective field. This requires not only linguistic competency but also a deep understanding of the subject matter. Translators must ensure that their translation accurately represents the originalmeaning and intention of the author while adhering to the academic standards of the target language.Strategies in Chinese-English Translation1. Understanding the Source TextBefore beginning the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves reading the original paper multiple times to grasp the main ideas, arguments, and key terms. Familiarizing oneself with the subject matter and the author's writing style can help in producing a more accurate and faithful translation.2. Translating for the Target AudienceConsideration of the target audience is essential in academic translation. Translators should be aware of the level of expertise and familiarity of the audience with the subject matter. Technical terms and jargon may need to be explained or simplified to ensure readability. Additionally, cultural references should be carefully adapted to the target culture to maintain relevance and avoid confusion.3. Utilizing Translation ToolsTranslation tools such as dictionaries, glossaries, and online resources can be valuable aids in the translation process. Using specialized dictionaries or glossaries for the respective academic field can help with finding accurate and appropriate terminology. Online translation forums and communities can also be useful for seeking advice and clarifications from other translators or subject matter experts.4. Engaging in Continuous LearningTranslation is a lifelong learning process. Translators should actively seek opportunities to improve their language skills and subject knowledge. Keeping up with the latest research and developments in the field can help translators to stay updated with the terminology and conventions. Professional development courses and workshops can also enhance translation skills and provide insights into best practices.ConclusionTranslating academic papers from Chinese to English requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, subject knowledge,and cultural understanding. The challenges in sentence structure, cultural nuances, and academic conventions need to be carefully navigated. By employing the strategies discussed, translators can overcome these challenges and produce high-quality translations that effectively communicate the intended meaning to the target audience.。

论文外文文献翻译

论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。

Digital-Signal-Processing数字信号处理大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：数字信号处理文献、资料英文题目：Digital Signal Processing 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14数字信号处理一、导论数字信号处理（DSP）是由一系列的数字或符号来表示这些信号的处理的过程的。

数字信号处理与模拟信号处理属于信号处理领域。

DSP包括子域的音频和语音信号处理，雷达和声纳信号处理，传感器阵列处理，谱估计，统计信号处理，数字图像处理，通信信号处理，生物医学信号处理，地震数据处理等。

由于DSP的目标通常是对连续的真实世界的模拟信号进行测量或滤波，第一步通常是通过使用一个模拟到数字的转换器将信号从模拟信号转化到数字信号。

通常，所需的输出信号却是一个模拟输出信号，因此这就需要一个数字到模拟的转换器。

即使这个过程比模拟处理更复杂的和而且具有离散值，由于数字信号处理的错误检测和校正不易受噪声影响，它的稳定性使得它优于许多模拟信号处理的应用（虽然不是全部）。

DSP算法一直是运行在标准的计算机，被称为数字信号处理器（DSP）的专用处理器或在专用硬件如特殊应用集成电路（ASIC）。

目前有用于数字信号处理的附加技术包括更强大的通用微处理器，现场可编程门阵列（FPGA），数字信号控制器（大多为工业应用，如电机控制）和流处理器和其他相关技术。

在数字信号处理过程中，工程师通常研究数字信号的以下领域：时间域（一维信号），空间域（多维信号），频率域，域和小波域的自相关。

他们选择在哪个领域过程中的一个信号，做一个明智的猜测（或通过尝试不同的可能性）作为该域的最佳代表的信号的本质特征。

从测量装置对样品序列产生一个时间或空间域表示，而离散傅立叶变换产生的频谱的频率域信息。

自相关的定义是互相关的信号本身在不同时间间隔的时间或空间的相关情况。

二、信号采样随着计算机的应用越来越多地使用，数字信号处理的需要也增加了。

大学毕业论文英文翻译及原文

大学毕业论文英文翻译中文译文计算机网络每个一个世纪都有一种主导地位的技术。

18世纪伴随着工业革命的到来的是大型机械系统的时代；19世纪是蒸汽机的时代，而20世纪的发展历程中，关键的技术是信息收集、处理和分发。

在其他的发展方面，我们还可以看到：遍布全球的电话网络的建立起来了，无线电广播和电视的出现了，计算机工业诞生了，并且以超乎想象的速度在成长；另外通信卫星也发射上天了。

技术的快速发展的一个直接结果是，这些领域正在快速地融合，信息收集、传输、存储和处理之间的差别正在迅速地消失。

对于具有数百个办公室的大型组织来说，尽管这些办公室分布在广阔的地理区域中，但未来期望的情景是，工作人员只要单击一下按钮，就可以查看最远处分部的状态。

随着信息收集、处理和分发能力的不断提高，我们对于更加复杂的信息处理技术的需求也增长得更快。

与其他的工业(比如汽车和航空运输业)相比，计算机工业还是非常年轻，尽管如此，计算机技术却在很短的时间内有了惊人的进展。

在计算机诞生之初的20年间，计算机系统是高度集中化的，通常位于一个很大的房间中。

该房间通常配有玻璃墙，参观的人透过玻璃墙可以欣赏到里边伟大的电子奇迹。

中等规模的公司或者大学可能会有一台或者两台计算机，而大型的研究机构最多也就几十台计算机。

要在20年内生产出大量同样功能但是体积比邮票还小的计算机，在当时的人们看来纯属科学幻想。

计算机和通信的结合对于计算机系统的组织方式产生了深远的影响。

把一台大型的计算机放在一个单独的房间中，然后用户带着他们的处理任务去房间里上机，这种"计算机中心"的概念现在已经完全过时了。

由一台计算机来处理整个组织中所有的计算需求，这种老式的模型已经被新的模型所取代，在新的模型下，由大量独立的，但相互连接起来的计算机来共同完成计算任务。

这些系统称为计算机网络(computer networks)。

如何设计这些网络，并且将这些网络组织起来，这就是本书的主题。

毕业论文英文原文

毕业论文英文原文Graduation Thesis: English Original TextAbstract:This graduation thesis aims to explore the impact of technology on education. It delves into the advantages and disadvantages of integrating technology into the classroom, while also discussing the potential challenges and future prospects. The research provides insights into the evolving role of technology in education and its implications for students, teachers, and educational institutions. Introduction:In recent years, technology has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, including education. The integration of technology in the classroom has become a topic of great interest and debate. This thesis seeks to examine the English original text of my graduation paper, which focuses on the impact of technology on education. By analyzing the benefits and drawbacks of technology in the classroom, this research aims to shed light on the evolving educational landscape.Advantages of Integrating Technology in the Classroom:One of the significant advantages of integrating technology in the classroom is enhanced engagement and interactivity. Technology provides students with interactive learning experiences, making education more enjoyable and effective. For example, educational apps and online platforms offer personalized learning opportunities, catering to individual student needs and learning styles.Furthermore, technology facilitates access to a vast amount of information and resources. The internet allows students to explore various topics beyond the limitations of traditional textbooks. Online databases, e-books, and educational videos provide students with a wealth of knowledge at their fingertips.In addition, technology promotes collaboration and communication among students. Platforms such as video conferencing and online discussion forums enable students to connect with peers from different locations, fostering cultural exchange and global awareness.Disadvantages and Challenges:Despite the numerous advantages, there are also potential disadvantages and challenges associated with integrating technology in the classroom. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide. Not all students have equal access to technology and the internet, leading to inequalities in educational opportunities. This issue must be addressed to ensure equitable access to educational resources for all students.Another challenge is the potential for distractions. With the increasing use of personal devices in the classroom, students may be tempted to engage in non-educational activities, such as social media or gaming. Teachers must find effective strategies to minimize distractions and maintain a focused learning environment.Moreover, the rapid pace of technological advancements poses a challenge for teachers to keep up with the latest tools and techniques. Continuousprofessional development is crucial to ensure educators are equipped with the necessary skills to effectively integrate technology into their teaching practices. Future Prospects:Looking ahead, the future prospects of technology in education are promising. As technology continues to advance, innovative tools and platforms will emerge, providing even more immersive and personalized learning experiences. Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are already being integrated into educational settings, offering new possibilities for interactive learning.Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of technology in education. Online learning platforms and remote teaching have become essential during times of crisis. This experience has highlighted the importance of technology in ensuring continuity of education, even in challenging circumstances.Conclusion:In conclusion, the English original text of my graduation thesis explores the impact of technology on education. It discusses the advantages of integrating technology in the classroom, such as enhanced engagement, access to information, and collaboration. However, it also acknowledges the challenges, including the digital divide and potential distractions. Looking forward, technology holds great potential to transform education and provide students with innovative learning experiences. It is essential for educators and policymakers to navigate these advancements thoughtfully and ensure equalaccess to quality education for all.。

毕业论文英文文献翻译

毕业论文英文文献翻译Graduation Thesis: Translation of English LiteratureIntroductionThe process of writing a graduation thesis can be a daunting task, especially when it involves the translation of English literature. Translating literary works requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and literary techniques employed by the author. In this article, we will explore the challenges and strategies involved in translating English literature for a graduation thesis.Understanding the Source TextBefore embarking on the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves a careful reading and analysis of the original work, paying attention to the author's style, tone, and literary devices. By immersing oneself in the source text, the translator gains a deeper understanding of the author's intentions and can effectively convey the essence of the work in the target language.Translating Cultural NuancesOne of the most significant challenges in translating English literature is capturing the cultural nuances embedded in the text. Literature often reflects the social, historical, and cultural context in which it was written. Translating these nuances requires the translator to have a comprehensive knowledge of both the source and target cultures. It is essential to find equivalent expressions, idioms,or metaphors that resonate with the target audience while staying true to the original intent of the author.Maintaining Literary TechniquesEnglish literature is renowned for its rich use of literary techniques such as symbolism, imagery, and wordplay. Translating these techniques poses a considerable challenge as they may not have direct equivalents in the target language. The translator must strive to retain the artistic essence of the original work while adapting it to the linguistic and cultural constraints of the target language. This requires creativity and a keen eye for detail to ensure that the translated work captures the same aesthetic impact as the source text. Adapting to Linguistic DifferencesLanguages differ not only in vocabulary but also in grammatical structures and syntax. Translating English literature into another language often involves adapting the sentence structure and grammar to ensure fluency and coherence in the target language. The translator must strike a delicate balance between staying faithful to the original text and making necessary adjustments to ensure readability and comprehension for the target audience.The Role of the TranslatorA translator of English literature for a graduation thesis is not merely a conduit for transferring words from one language to another. They are responsible for bridging the gap between cultures, enabling readers to experience the essence of the original work in their native language. A successful translator mustpossess a deep appreciation for both the source and target cultures, as well as the literary techniques employed by the author. They must strive to create a translation that captures the spirit of the original work while being accessible and engaging to the target audience.ConclusionTranslating English literature for a graduation thesis is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. It requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, cultural understanding, and literary sensibility. By carefully analyzing the source text, capturing cultural nuances, maintaining literary techniques, adapting to linguistic differences, and embodying the role of a translator, one can successfully translate English literature for a graduation thesis. Through this process, the translator not only contributes to academic research but also fosters cross-cultural understanding and appreciation for the beauty of literature.。

关于英语翻译方向的论文范文

关于英语翻译方向的论文范文翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，英语翻译，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。

下文是店铺为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要：不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景，所承载的文化也不尽相同，这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处，文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现，它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现，这无疑增加了翻译的难度。

所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移，更是文化的传播。

关键词：文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一，一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息，对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。

正是由于翻译所起的中介作用，民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。

跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展，为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。

而作为跨文化交际的翻译，也因此而更加受到重视，对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。

翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段，在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。

翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译，正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。

如Bassnet & Lefevele就指出翻译的研究实际上就是文化互动的研究，Nida亦强调译者的双文化能力。

而在交流与翻译活动过程中，各民族由于语言文化异质性的客观存在，会不可避免地出现信息交流的障碍。

其中作为语言文化异质性极致体现形式的文化空缺现象更使交流者进入了两难的境地。

为积极应对空缺现象带来的问题，促使交流与翻译的顺利进行，就必须在交流与翻译过程中逐步探寻处理文化空缺的有效途径和办法。

翻译，在古时候叫做“象寄”或“通事”。

《说文解字》里说：“传译四夷之言者。

”《义疏》里也提到：“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。

毕业论文英文文献及翻译

英文原文 and the .NET Framework is part of Microsoft's overall .NET framework, which contains a vast set of programming classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. In the following two sections, you learn how fits within the .NET framework, and you learn about the languages you can use in your pages.The .NET Framework Class LibraryImagine that you are Microsoft. Imagine that you have to support multiple programming languages—such as Visual Basic, JScript, and C++.A great deal of the functionality of these programming languages overlaps. For example, for each language, you would have to include methods for accessing the file system, working with databases, and manipulating strings.Furthermore, these languages contain similar programming constructs. Every language, for example, can represent loops and conditionals. Even though the syntax of a conditional written in Visual Basic differs from the syntax of a conditional written in C++, the programming function is the same.Finally, most programming languages have similar variable data types. In most languages, you have some means of representing strings and integers, for example. The maximum and minimum size of an integer might depend on the language, but the basic data type is the same.Maintaining all this functionality for multiple languages requires a lot of work. Why keep reinventing the wheel? Wouldn't it be easier to create all this functionality once and use it for every language?The .NET Framework Class Library does exactly that. It consists of a vast set of classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. For example, the .NET framework contains classes for handling database access, working with the file system, manipulating text, and generating graphics. In addition, it contains more specialized classes for performing tasks such as working with regular expressions and handling network protocols.The .NET framework, furthermore, contains classes that represent all the basic variable data types such as strings, integers, bytes, characters, and arrays.Most importantly, for purposes of this book, the .NET Framework Class Library contains classes for building pages. You need to understand, however, that you can access any of the .NET framework classes when you are building your pages.Understanding NamespacesAs you might guess, the .NET framework is huge. It contains thousands of classes (over 3,400). Fortunately, the classes are not simply jumbled together. The classes of the .NET framework are organized into a hierarchy of namespaces.ASP Classic NoteIn previous versions of Active Server Pages, you had access to only five standard classes (the Response, Request, Session, Application, and Server objects). , in contrast, provides you with access to over 3,400 classes!A namespace is a logical grouping of classes. For example, all the classes that relate to working with the file system are gathered together into the System.IO namespace.The namespaces are organized into a hierarchy (a logical tree). At the root of the tree is the System namespace. This namespace contains all the classes for the base data types, such as strings and arrays. It also contains classes for working with random numbers and dates and times.You can uniquely identify any class in the .NET framework by using the full namespace of the class. For example, to uniquely refer to the class that represents a file system file (the File class), you would use the following:System.IO.FileSystem.IO refers to the namespace, and File refers to the particular class.NOTEYou can view all the namespaces of the standard classes in the .NET Framework Class Library by viewing the Reference Documentation for the .NET Framework.Standard NamespacesThe classes contained in a select number of namespaces are available in your pages by default. (You must explicitly import other namespaces.) These default namespaces contain classes that you use most often in your applications:System— Contains all the base data types and other useful classes such as those related to generating random numbers and working with dates and times.System.Collections— Contains classes for working with standard collection types such as hash tables, and array lists.System.Collections.Specialized— Contains classes that represent specialized collections such as linked lists and string collections.System.Configuration— Contains classes for working with configuration files (Web.config files).System.Text— Contains classes for encoding, decoding, and manipulating the contents of strings.System.Text.RegularExpressions— Contains classes for performing regular expression match and replace operations.System.Web— Contains the basic classes for working with the World Wide Web, including classes for representing browser requests and server responses.System.Web.Caching— Contains classes used for caching the content of pages and classes for performing custom caching operations.System.Web.Security— Contains classes for implementing authentication and authorization such as Forms and Passport authentication.System.Web.SessionState—Contains classes for implementing session state.System.Web.UI—Contains the basic classes used in building the user interface of pages.System.Web.UI.HTMLControls— Contains the classes for the HTML controls.System.Web.UI.WebControls— Contains the classes for the Web controls..NET Framework-Compatible LanguagesFor purposes of this book, you will write the application logic for your pages using Visual Basic as your programming language. It is the default language for pages (and the most popular programming language in the world). Although you stick to Visual Basic in this book, you also need to understand that you can create pages by using any language that supports the .NET Common Language Runtime. Out of the box, this includes C# (pronounced See Sharp), (the .NET version of JavaScript), and the Managed Extensions to C++.NOTEThe CD included with this book contains C# versions of all the code samples.Dozens of other languages created by companies other than Microsoft have been developed to work with the .NET framework. Some examples of these other languages include Python, SmallTalk, Eiffel, and COBOL. This means that you could, if you really wanted to, write pages using COBOL.Regardless of the language that you use to develop your pages, you need to understand that pages are compiled before they are executed. This means that pages can execute very quickly.The first time you request an page, the page is compiled into a .NET class, and the resulting class file is saved beneath a special directory on your server named Temporary Files. For each and every page, a corresponding class file appears in the Temporary Files directory. Whenever you request the same page in the future, the corresponding class file is executed.When an page is compiled, it is not compiled directly into machine code. Instead, it is compiled into an intermediate-level language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). All .NET-compatible languages are compiled into this intermediate language.An page isn't compiled into native machine code until it is actually requested by a browser. At that point, the class file contained in the Temporary Files directory is compiled with the .NET framework Just in Time (JIT) compiler and executed.The magical aspect of this whole process is that it happens automatically in the background. All you have to do is create a text file with the source code for your page, and the .NET framework handles all the hard work of converting it into compiled code for you.ASP CLASSIC NOTEWhat about VBScript? Before , VBScript was the most popular language for developing Active Server Pages. does not support VBScript, and this is good news. Visual Basic is a superset of VBScript, which means that Visual Basic has all the functionality of VBScript and more. So, you have a richer set of functions and statements with Visual Basic.Furthermore, unlike VBScript, Visual Basic is a compiled language. This means that if you use Visual Basic to rewrite the same code that you wrote with VBScript, you can get better performance.If you have worked only with VBScript and not Visual Basic in the past, don't worry. Since VBScript is so closely related to Visual Basic, you'll find it easy to make the transition between the two languages.NOTE Microsoft includes an interesting tool named the IL Disassembler (ILDASM) with the .NET framework. You can use this tool to view the disassembled code for any of the classes in the Temporary Files directory. It lists all the methods and properties of the class and enables you to view the intermediate-level code.This tool also works with all the controls discussed in this chapter. For example, you can use the IL Disassembler to view the intermediate-level code for the TextBox control (located in a file named System.Web.dll).中文翻译和 .NET Framework是微软.NET框架总体战略的一部分。

如何获得外文文献全文

如何获得外文文献全文?很多人开始了解PubMed，并且逐渐得心应手的时候，都会面临一个棘手的问题，即如何获取全文？的确，PubMed真正向公众（public）免费开放的只是摘要部分，而绝大部分文章都没有全文提供。

当然，最省事最直截了当的做法是在PubMed上花钱购买，但一篇文章动辄十几甚至几十美金，使很多医学工作者只好望而却步。

其实，只要我们掌握一些技巧，还是有可能获得一些文章的全文的。

笔者查阅文献数年，为获取全文也做了不懈努力，积累了一些经验供大家参考。

一、PubMedPubMed上约有5％的文献是可以免费看到全文的，通常这些文献的左上角会有一个Free Full Text的小标记。

你只要点击这个图标，系统就自动链接入该文献的全文。

但有两点值得注意的是，第一，很多时候，这个图标在PubMed处于显示简要（summary)状态下并不出现，而只有在选择显示摘要（abstract)时才出现。

因此，如果你不只是泛泛浏览，而希望看到全文的话，我强烈建议你在display下拉菜单中选择摘要（abstract)状态。

第二，有些时候，小图标上仅标着Full Text，而并没有Free字样，但仍然可以链接入全文，你不妨试一试。

二、免费提供全文的期刊天下没有免费的午餐，这句老话也不一定正确。

有些期刊就提供全文免费检索。

比如著名的美国Science(科学）杂志，以前国内很多高校、研究所的资料室都流传着Science杂志的影印本，印刷质量低劣，而且有盗版之嫌。

后来Science的老板充分理解到中国的国情，干脆顺手做个人情，就与中国有关方面达成协议，使在中国大陆的读者都可以在网上免费看到Science的全文。

方法如下：（1）先登录Science网址: 。

注意，不是,否则你得不到全文。

（2）点击中间那个SEARCH按钮，就进入查询页了。

你可以选择简单检索还是复杂检索。

（3）输入您要找的关键词（不一定是MESH标准主题词），再点击search就可以了。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

本科毕业论文关于英文翻译

本科毕业论文关于英文翻译自改革开放以来，不同国家的人急于了解他国的文化，电影作为跨文化交流的一种方式，为电影界迎来了春天。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于本科英文翻译毕业论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!本科英文翻译毕业论文篇1英文电影片名翻译初探摘要：电影作为一种艺术形式，深受大众喜爱。

国与国之间的文化交流，电影也是一个重要组成部分。

把国内的好影片介绍出去，把国外的好影片引进来，翻译是重要一环，而首先吸引观众的就是片名。

片名的翻译起着重要的作用。

翻译片名，要以传递信息和唤起美感为目的。

在文字转移过程中，应切实保留原作的信息价值和美学价值。

既要忠于原片内容，还要注意文字优美、言简意赅，具有强烈的吸引力和感染力，本文针对目前英文电影片名翻译的现状，对英文电影片名翻译的有关理论展开讨论，同时提出了翻译片名的几种基本方法。

关键词：电影;英文电影;片名翻译;方法电影是人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式，它能传播信息、抒发感情、反映丰富多彩的生活。

给人们带来艺术上的享受。

一部好的影片之所以能吸引成千上万的观众，除了演员的精湛演技、富有哲理的对话以及绚丽多彩的画面外，与其寓意深刻、回味无穷的片名有着直接的联系。

片名，是影视片的品牌商标，看似简单却是作者颇费神思的产物，寥寥数词凝聚着整个作品的精髓。

电影片名翻译是一项重要而富于创造性的工作。

佳译能够为影片锦上添花。

对丰富国内观众业余文化生活，促进国际间文化艺术交流起到不可忽视的作用。

翻译片名大多直译，形式与内容皆相似，朴实明了又贴切。

但是片名的翻译也是语际交流，是不同文化之间的交流。

观众对象不同，文化和欣赏习惯也有差异，原语与译语的表达方式和习惯有同有异。

片名翻译时，也应深入理解影片的内容蕴涵和风格，揣摩措词用语，力求准确把握原语与译语的表层意义和联想意义，既要考虑对等，更要考虑到译名的传意性和可接受性。

一、英文电影片名翻译现状(一)一片多名的问题日前，电影片名翻译中存在着混乱、不规范的现象，一片多名的问题较突出。