001_为什么学习晶体结构
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Graphite
MoS2
Diamond
Quartz (SiO2)
Corundum
电学性质
•金属导体(Metallic Conductors) e.g. Cu, Ag... •半导体(Semiconductors), e.g. Si, GaAs •超导体(Superconductors), e.g. Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7 •电解质(Electrolytes), e.g. 电池中的LiI •压电体(Piezoelectrics), e.g. a-石英 (Quartz,SiO2)
锡瘟(Tin disease)的故事
一百多年以前的一个冬天,
俄国彼得堡的军装仓库中,
军服上的锡钮扣, 得了传染病, 钮扣上布满了黑斑, 而且黑斑不断扩大,
源自文库很快钮扣全变成灰色的粉末。
•是谁惹的祸?
都是天气惹的祸!
在不同的温度下,锡原子的排列方式 即结构不同:
通常温度下,锡结构属四方晶系,
称为白锡。 很低温度下,锡结构属立方晶系,
磁学性质
• CrO2, Fe3O4
Fe3O4
光学性质
•颜料(Pigments), e.g. 钛白粉TiO2 •荧光粉(Phosphors), e.g. Eu3+ in Y2O3 is red on TV •激光(Lasers), e.g. Cr3+ in Al2O3 is ruby
•倍频效应(Frequency-doubling of light), e.g. LiNbO3 Rutile
•―锡瘟”会“传染” 把患有“锡瘟”的锡器与“健康”的 锡器相接触,“健康”的锡器也会很 快染上“锡瘟”。 因为少量灰锡的存在,可以大大加快 白锡到灰锡的转变过程
•锡也很怕热。 温度升高到一百六十度以上时,白锡 转变为斜方晶系的菱形锡,菱形锡很 脆,所以又称脆锡。
286 K
灰锡 白锡
434 K
脆锡
Ruby
催化性质
•沸石(Zeolite) ZSM-5 (铝硅酸盐 aluminosilicate) •- Petroleum refining - methanol octane •关于沸石的新闻二则:
八角形孔窗沸石可用于“捉拿”二氧化碳
科学家利用沸石使石脑油直接变为柴油
传感器
•氧传感器(Oxygen sensor), e.g. ZrO2/CaO solid solution
a
Tin-alpha 6.4912 6.4912 6.4912 Fd3m(227) 3 V=273.51 Å Sn 0 0 0
Tin –beta(white tin ) 5.8197 5.8197 3.1749 I41/amd(141) Sn 0 0 0
V=107.53 Å3
http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/
http://amuseum.cdstm.cn/AMuse
um/crystal/index.html
课堂纪律:
不要求一定来, 来了就不要影响他人
不定期点名, 对未到同学将单独测试
下面几种情况,请务必指出:
•对讲义上的疑问
•讲课中用到 以前未讲的概念
•对老师所讲内容有疑问
•认为老师有错
第一章
为什么研究晶体?
为什么研究晶体?
•所有的物质
在适当的温度和压力下 都是固体,
而大多数固体 特别是无机固体
都可以是晶体
绿柱石(祖母绿) 镍华annabergite
Ni3(H2O)8[AsO4]2
钒铅矿vanadinite Pb5[MO4]3Cl
为什么研究晶体?
•晶体在技术上非常重要: 外观;
机械性质;
Contents: Über eine neue Art von Strahlen (Erste Mittheilung) (W C Rö ntgen) Über eine neue Art von Strahlen (Zweite Mitteilung) (W C Rö ntgen) Interferenzerscheinungen bei Rö ntgenstrahlen (W Friedrich, P Knipping and M Laue) Eine Quantitative Prü fung der Theorie fü r die Interferenzerscheinungen bei Rö ntgenstrahlen (M Laue) The Structure of Some Crystals as Indicated by Their Diffraction of X-rays (W L Bragg) The Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel (C J Davisson) The Diffraction of Electrons by Single Crystals (G P Thomson) The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease: Preliminary Paper (J B Sumner) Crystalline Pepsin: I. Isolation and Tests of Purity (J H Northrop) Isolation of a Crystalline Protein Possessing the Properties of Tobacco-Mosaic Virus (W M Stanley) The Nature of the Chemical Bond (L Pauling) Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids (J D Watson and F H C Crick) Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids (M H F Wilkins, A R Stokes and H R Wilson) Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate (R E Franklin and R G Goosling) Structure of Hemoglobin: A Three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 55-Å Resolution, Obtained by X-ray Analysis (M F Perutz, M G Rossmann, A F Cullis, H Muirhead, G Will and A C T North) Structure of Myoglobin: A Three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 2 Å Resolution (J C Kendrew, R E Dickerson, B E Strandberg, R G Hart, D R Davies, D C Phillips and V C Shore) X-ray Crystallographic Evidence on the Structure of Vitamin B12 (C Brink, D C Hodgkin, J Lindsey, J Pickworth, J H Robertson and J G White) The Boranes and Their Relatives (W N Lipscomb) Structure of the Tubular Variants of the Head of Bacteriophage T4 (Polyheads): I. Arrangement of Subunits in Some Classes of Polyheads (D J DeRosier and A Klug) A Geometric Approach to the Crystal Structure Problem (H Hauptman and J Karle) The Phases and Magnitudes of the Structure Factors (J Karle and H Hauptman) Structure of the Protein Subunits in the Photosynthetic Reaction Centre of Rhodopseudomonas viridis at 3Å Resolution (J Deisenhofer, O Epp, K Miki, R Huber and H Michel) Slow Neutron Spectroscopy and the Grand Atlas of the Physical World (B N Brockhouse) Early Development of Neutron Scattering (C G Shull) Structure at 2.8 Å Resolution of F1-ATPase from Bovine Heart Mitochondria (J P Abrahams, A G W Leslie, R Lutter and J E Walker) The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K+ Conduction and Selectivity (D A Doyle, J M Cabral, R A Pfuetzner, A Kuo, J M Gulbis, S L Cohen, B T Chait and R MacKinnon) Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Ångströ m Resolution (P Cramer, D A Bushnell and R D Kornberg) Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex at 3.3 Å Resolution (A L Gnatt, P Cramer, J Fu, D A Bushnell and R D Kornberg) Approaching the Molecular Structure of Ribosomes (A Yonath and H G Wittmann) Recognition of Cognate Transfer RNA by the 30S Ribosomal Subunit (J M Ogle, D E Brodersen, W M Clemons, Jr, M J Tarry, A P Carter and V Ramakrishnan) The Complete Atomic Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 2.4 Å Resolution (N Ban, P Nissen, J Hansen, P B Moore and T A Steitz) Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry (D Shechtman, I Blech, D Gratias and J W Cahn) Crystal Structure of the β2 Adrenergic Receptor–Gs Protein Complex (S G F Rasmussen, B T DeVree, Y Zou, A C Kruse, K Y Chung, T S Kobilka, F S Thian, P S Chae, E Pardon, D Calinski, J M Mathiesen, S T A Shah, J A Lyons, M Caffrey, S H Gellman, J Steyaert, G Skiniotis, W I Weis, R K Sunahara and B K Kobilka)
称为灰锡。
从常温降温时,锡结构发生变化,导 致锡从柔软的金属变为粉末。
•―锡瘟”的速度与温度关系很大 在冬天,家里的锡壶照样可以使用, 因为从白锡到灰锡的转化很慢,
当温度降到零下40度以下时,
白锡到灰锡的转化很快, 一块白锡一会儿就变成一堆灰粉。
锡瘟演示 http://www.guokr.com/article/439835/
晶体化学
主讲教师:吴平伟
中国海洋大学 材料科学与工程研究院
办公室:219
E-mail: wupingwei@ouc.edu.cn
参考书目:
•材料化学,柳云骐 等,中国石油大学出版社,2013
• X-射线晶体学基础,梁栋材,科学出版社,1991
•结晶化学导论,钱逸泰,中国科技大学出版社,1991
•晶体学导论,王英华,清华大学出版社,1989
•结晶化学,王文亮,人民教育出版社,1961 •晶体结构几何理论,肖序刚,高等教育出版社,1993
• Structures of Simple Inorganic Solids, Dr S.J. Heyes
晶体结构软件网站:
http://www.crystalimpact.com/diamond/
为什么学习结晶化学?
结构决定性质 知道晶体结构非常重要
与晶体结构有关的诺贝尔奖
From a Grain of Salt to the Ribosome The History of Crystallography as Seen Through the Lens of the Nobel Prize This book is published to celebrate the International Year of Crystallography 2014, as proclaimed by the United Nations. The year has been chosen as the International Year of Crystallography since it was 100 years ago that the first Nobel Prize was awarded for crystallographic observations to Max von Laue. Just a year later, Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, father and son, won their prize for showing the possibility of determining atomic positions in crystals. This book describes the lives and works of 33 Nobel Laureates starting with Wilhelm Conrad Rö ntgen (1901) and ending with Brian Kobilka (2012). It also reproduces the most important works of these scientists. The book gives a historical perspective of a scientific field that is important for our understanding of the atomic organization of the world around us, from inorganic materials to complex biological molecules, such as the ribosome. This book is a timely summary of the main developments in crystallography over the last 100 years. The central publications of 33 Nobel laureates are reproduced. There is no other book providing this selection of material.
电学、磁学、光学性质; 催化性质
外观
•各种宝石
鉴宝?@宝石矿物研究博士后
机械性质
•金属/合金, e.g. 钛Titanium 航天 aircraft •水泥(Cement)/混凝土(Concrete) Ca3SiO5 •陶瓷(Ceramics), e.g. 粘土(clays), BN, SiC •润滑剂(Lubricants), e.g.石墨(Graphite), MoS2 •研磨剂(Abrasives), e.g. 金刚石(Diamond), 石英(Quartz,SiO2), 刚玉(Corundum, Al2O3)
一些网站: •www.crystalstar.org 晶星,有许多链接 • www.iucr.org 国际晶体协会,晶体学课程 • www.uwgb.edu/dutchs Steven Dutch教授主页
一些网站:
• www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals
晶体三维结构
• www.chem.purdue.edu/chm125/crystal
为啥学习结晶化学?
南极探险中的
灾难
在1912年,英国探险家斯科特率领一支探险队带了大量给养, 包括液体燃料去南极探险,一去就杳无音信。后来发现他们都 冻死在南极。 带了那么多的燃料为什么还无济于事呢? 原来,斯科特一行在返回的路上发现,他们的第一个储藏库里 的煤油已经不翼而飞。没有煤油就无法取暖,也无法热点东西 吃。好不容易克服千难万险,又找到了另一个储藏库,可是那 儿的煤油桶同样是空空的,铁桶同样有裂缝,显然煤油都是由 于铁桶漏了而流失掉的。后来科学家们经过反复研究终于发现 了其中的奥妙,原来盛煤油的铁桶是用锡焊的,当锡变成粉末 时,煤油就顺着缝隙流出来了。 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4d166a1e010008l3.html
简单物质的结构
• www-structure.llnl.gov/xray/101index.hmtl
生物学晶体结构课程
• www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/xtal
晶体学和矿物晶体系统简介
• mineral.galleries.com/minerals
矿物介绍
一个很好的晶体科普网站