27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 6 Syntax

Chapter 6 Syntax 句法学

6.1 Syntax：definition 定义

Syntax is a study of sentences:sentence structure and formation 句法学就是对句子的学习。Syntax can be defined as the branch of linguistics that studies how the words of a lang uage can be combined to make larger units, such as phrases, clauses and sentences.语法可以被定义为语言学的分支研究语言的词汇如何被合并成更大的单位,比如短语和句子,从句。

It studies the interrelationships between elements of the sentence structure and the rul es governing the production of sentences.它研究句子中各种成分之间的关系。句法研究语言的句子结构。

Finite(有限的)number of words and small set of rules can create infinite number of sentences.有限的单词和少量规则能创造无穷尽的句子。

Syntactic knowledge: the intuition of a native speaker about how words are combined to be phrases and and how phrases are combined into sentences.句法知识:说话者用直觉知道母语词汇如何结合成词组和短语如何组合成的句子。

6.2 Grammar，syntax and morphology 语法、句法学和形态学

Grammar ：“the knowledge and study of the morphological and syntactic regularities of a natural language. ”It excludes phonetics, phonology, semantics.

语法是关于自然语言形态规则和句法规则的知识和研究。它在语音学，音位学，语义学之外。Grammar includes morphology and syntax.语法包括形态学和句法学。

1）Morphology studies the internal structures of words and word formation processes.

形态学是语法的一部分，是研究词语的内部结构和构词过程的语言学分支学科。

2）Syntax is concerned with the relationships between words and phrases within a sentence. 它研究句子中词和短句之间的关系。

句子用两种不同方式学习：

Statically(静态的): we can describe the structures of sentences to illustrate the relation ship among the elements of a sentence；我们可以描述句子结构之间的关系来说明句子的元素。Dynamically（动态地）:we can study how sentences are generated by syntactic rules.

我们可以学习生成的句子的语法规则。

6.3 syntagmatic, paradigmatic and hierarchical relations横组合、纵聚合和等级关系Syntagmatic is a fundamental term in linguistics，to refer to the sequential characteristics of speech，seen as a string of constituents in linear order. The relationships between constituents (syntagms or syntagmas 组成成分)in a construction are generally called syntagmatic relations.横组合是语言学的基本术语，横组合关系指一个单位和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系，或共现的所有成分间的关系。

Sets of syntagmatically related constituents are called structures.横组合关系的成分被称为结构。Paradigmatic relations or associative relations refers to the set of relations a linguistc uni t has with other units in a specific context. 聚合关系或关联关系是指语言单位和其他单位在特定上下文间的关系。

Paradigmatic relations hold between an item and similar ones that can appear in the same position in a sequence.纵聚合关系指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之间的关系。Paradigmatic relations refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a senten ce and those outside the sentence.纵聚合关系指句子内外语言元素之间的关系。

Classes of paradigmatically related elements are called system, like “person system(人称系