美国政体浅谈

【摘要】美国是当今世界综合实力最强的国家，它是一个联邦制国家，政权组织形式为总统制，实行三权分立与制衡相结合的政治制度和两党制的政党制度。

【关键字】美国政体三权分立产生背景优缺点借鉴意义

十七世纪初，一个约一百人的殖民团体，在乞沙比克海滩建立了詹姆士镇，这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地，在以后150年中，陆续涌来了许多的殖民者，定居于沿岸地区，其中多来自英国，也有一部分来自法国、德国、荷兰、爱尔兰和其他国家。18世纪中叶，13个英国殖民地逐渐形成，他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会，这就是美利坚合众国的前身。这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异，造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。随着殖民地的扩张，殖民地的人民感觉到了英国的迫害，萌生了独立的念头。1773年发生的波士顿倾茶事件使殖民地与英国之间的矛盾彻底爆发，之后13个殖民地代表聚集在费城召开第一次大陆会议，要求与英国和平解决问题。在遭到英国的无理拒绝后，北美独立战争打响。伴随着《独立宣言》的发表以及后来美军的节节胜利，英国被迫承认美国独立。革命的成功, 使美国人民有了以立法形式表达他们政治观念的机会。1787年，美国召开联邦会议，制定宪法，确立了美国为联邦制共和政体，实行行政权、立法权、司法权三权分立。美国政治体制初步确立

美国政治体制结构分为三部分：立法、司法和行政。立法机关即国会，由参议院和众议院组成，这两院的权利各不相同，都有各自侧重的地方，并不等同于英国的两院。司法机关以联邦最高法院为首下设11个控诉法院，95个地方法院及4个特别法庭。司法机关的职责是，对向国会的立法提出异议或要求予以解释的司法案件作出裁决，以及审理涉及触犯联邦法的刑事案。在涉及宪法的诉案中，联邦法院具有超越州法的上诉管辖权。联邦法院还负责审理涉及一个州以上的或关系到一个州以上公民的案件，以及涉外案件。行政机关是以由人民直接选举的总统为最高行政首长，并以副总统辅之，下设几个行政部门。政府的权力有联邦政府、州政府之分，宪法起草人根据政府必须接近百姓才不致剥夺人民自由的原则，将有关各州自治权保留给州政府，各州政府本身拥有立法、司法、行政诸权限，联邦政府的权力系以一州政府无法单独行使者为限，如课税、财政、国防、外交、货币银行、出入境管理、对外贸易、国民福利和邮政，以及科学艺术的发展援助等。立法、司法、行政三种权力分别独立，互相制衡，从而避免政府滥权，维护人民自由的权利。

同英国一样，美国也是一个两党制国家，民主党和共和党交替执政。关于美国的选举制度，总统的选举采用间接选举，其过程漫长而复杂，必须历经政党初选、提名、竞选活动、全民投票、选举人团投票等阶段，才能顺利入主白宫。众议员由各州选民直接选举；参议员最初由各州议会选举，1913年生效的第17条宪法修正案规定，参议员也由各州选民直接选举。州长、议员和某些州的法官、重要行政官员都由选民选举产生。

美国政治制度还有一个显著特征，就是利益集团参政。美国利益集团存在的目的是：通过对政策制定者施加压力以影响公共政策的制定使利益集团的利益达到最大化。利益集团作为美国政治过程中一支基本力量 ,它们在美国政治生活中的地位 ,主要表现为其对美国政治过程的全面渗透和对政府决策过程的广泛介入。利益集团参与政治过程的积极作用是有利于促进政府决策的科学和民主 ,有利于促进社会平衡和社会制约 ,有利于政治的沟通和利益的表达 ,也有利于缓解社会冲突、保持社会的长久稳定利益集团参政的消极影响是容易导致政治的腐败 ,加剧社会的不平等 ,削弱政府的权威并导致政府效率低下 ,损害国家利益和公共利益。

美国的政治制度也有其好坏之处，大体方面的优点可以概况为：（1）三权分立体制对于反对封建专制，调节资阶级内部各集团的利益，维持资本主义民主制度，有其积极作用。（2）

联邦制在保持美利坚合众国是一个强大、统一国家的同时，确保了州的灵活性和创造性。（3）两党制比较公平，鼓励竞争；它鼓励政府更换，能防止某一政党垄断行政权力。它有利于社会和政权稳定。（4）选举制度使政权交接或延续和平地进行，是选民行使民主权力的重要途径。同时美国政体还存在一些缺点：（1）即使在美国，三权分立的原则也难以在政治实践中真正贯彻。美国建国后150年中，国会一直在政治生活中居于主导地位，到了当代，则是总统居于主导地位。（2）美国联邦制的最大问题是效率不高，联邦政府与州政府之间相互扯皮、推诿，各州政府之间各自为政。（3）美国政党职能引力不够，党员思想难以凝合；政党也不是全体美国人民利益的纯粹代表。（4）美国的选举制度选举投票率低，时间太长，且费用高昂，何况美国是个多元社会，存在着很多利益群体，许多利益群体没有自己的政治代表。

当前我们中国政治体制不是很完善，仍然需要改革，而美国的政治制度对于我们有不错的借鉴意义。以三权分立为鉴，可以为我国坚持自己的社会主义特色的政治体制提供参考。分权是一个准则，可以制约腐败。权力集中滋生腐败是一条定律。我们国内正在大力反腐败，利用分权思想反腐败，制约腐败产生的土壤其实是一个好方法。在坚持党的执政地位不动摇的前提下，国家的行政、司法和立法能够维持一种相对平衡和独立的局面。特别是民主党派的作用还没有完全的发挥出来，利用执政党和参政党的良好合作的功效，而不是不用那种互相制约的分权机制，完全可以产生类似分权的效果。执政党在国家政体的层面上主要拥有立法权，执政党和参政党共同拥有行政权，立法、行政可以协调一致，避免过多的浪费；参政党则应该在监督执政党上发挥更多作用，特别是反腐败的作用，比如参政党的党员如果能在某种程度上拥有考核权、监察权，惩治腐败则有了相对独立的机制。

参考文献

[1]维尔：《美国政治》，世界知识出版社，1981.

张立荣.中外行政制度比较 [M].北京：商务印书馆,2006

加里·沃塞曼：《美国政治基础》，中国社会科学出版社，1994.

(完整版)美国文学课后答案

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美国文学考试资料整理

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论与美国的关系 Document number：PBGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-PTT1998

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1.Matches 作家作品：（或参考课本目录，黑色斜体为课本目录） The literature of Realism: Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 Drum Taps (《桴鼓集》) Good-Bye, My Fancy ( 《再见，我的幻想》,) Leaves of Grass (《草叶集》) Passage to India ( 《通向印度之路》) Sequel to Drum Taps (《桴鼓集续集》) Song of Myself 《自己之歌》 I Sit and Look Out 《我坐在这儿眺望着》 Beat! Beat! Drum! 《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》 Emily Dickinson 艾米莉.狄金森 I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed 《我品味未经酿造的饮料》 I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 《我感受了一场葬礼，在脑中》 A Bird came down the Walk 《鸟儿沿着小径过来》 I died for Beauty--- but was scarce《我为美而死》 I heard a Fly buzz- when I died 《我听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声---在临死之前》Because I could not stop for Death 《因为我不能停下来等候死神》 I’m Nobody! Who are You? Success is Counted Sweetest Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 Uncle Tom's Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 Mark Twain 马克. 吐温 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索亚历险记》 .The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ([k?l?‘ver?s] 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》 2.Innocents Abroad (《傻子国外旅行记》) 3.Roughing It (《艰苦岁月》) 4.The Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley Waenner, 《镀金时代》与查尔斯·达德利·沃纳合写) 5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (《汤姆·索耶历险记》) A Tramp Abroad (《国外流浪汉》) 7. The Prince and the Pauper (《王子与贫儿》) 8. Life on the Mississippi (《密西西比河上》) 9.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》) 10.The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson ( 《傻瓜威尔逊》) 11. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court ( 《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》) 12. The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (《败坏赫德莱堡的人》) 13. What Is Man? (《人是什么》)

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