中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异1. 礼仪和表达方式：中西方在礼仪和表达方式上存在很大差异。
在西方，交际通常更加直接和开放，注重个人表达和自由交流。
而在中国，礼貌和保持面子是非常重要的，人们更加注重间接表达和隐藏自己的感受。
这可能导致在商务交际中出现误解和沟通障碍。
2. 关系和信任：在中国，建立良好的人际关系非常重要，人们更注重个人关系和信任。
与此相反，西方在商务交际中更注重结果和效率。
中国人更倾向于在商务合作之前先建立信任和友谊，而西方人更注重合同和法律。
这种差异可能导致合作伙伴在商务决策和沟通中对交际方式产生误解。
3. 语言和文化：语言和文化差异是中西方商务交际中最明显的差异之一。
中文和英文的语法结构和词汇都有很大差异，这使得直接翻译非常困难。
不同的文化背景会导致不同的语言习惯和表达方式。
在中国，谦虚和间接的表达方式被认为是礼貌的象征，而在西方，直接表达和自信被认为是重要的商务交际方式。
4. 交际风格：中西方在交际风格上也存在一定的差异。
西方人更注重个人主张和个体利益，更倾向于直接表达。
而中国人则更注重集体和团队合作，更倾向于为整个团队考虑。
这种差异可能在商务决策和意见表达中产生冲突和摩擦。
5. 时间观念：时间观念在中西方文化中也存在差异。
在西方，时间被视为有限的资源，注重准时和高效率。
而在中国，时间被视为一种待遇，更注重人际关系。
这种差异可能导致在商务交际中的时间安排和会议延迟等情况产生误解和不满。
中西方文化差异对商务交际产生了深远的影响。
了解和尊重对方的文化差异是实现有效商务交际的关键。
商务交际中的误解和挫折往往源于对对方文化背景的无知和不理解。
通过适应和融合中西方文化并取长补短，可以帮助实现更有效地商务合作。
中西文化差异对商务交流的影响
中西文化差异对商务交流的影响随着全球化的发展，中外商务交流越来越频繁，而中西文化的差异成为了制约商务交流的一个重要因素。
这些文化差异展现在语言、礼仪、信任观念、时间观念等方面，如何正确处理这些差异，成为了跨国商务交流中必须面对的挑战。
一、语言差异语言是交流的基础，中西方语言的不同结构、语音、语法规则，容易造成误解和沟通障碍。
中文是汉字文字体系，而英文是拉丁字母文字体系，两种文字结构的差异，使得中文比英文更难以学习和理解。
在商务交流中，语言差异往往涉及到专业术语、文化典故、传统习惯等方面，会影响到信息的准确传递和理解。
因此，双方需要增强语言沟通能力和交际意识，降低交流的误解和障碍。
二、礼仪差异中西方礼仪的差异在商务交流中尤为明显，会影响到沟通效果和交际关系的建立。
比如，在中西方，对待客人的礼节与方式不同，中方重视款待客人，有丰富的礼仪仪式，如端茶递水、倒茶红包等；而西方则更注重礼仪性地问候客人，并尽快进入正题，不会用热情的方式让客户感到很重要。
在商务谈判中，中西方分别把握礼仪和背景的方法不同，中方喜欢通过礼节性的文字开场白，解释生意背景、自身产品特点和经营方针；而西方则更注重以事实为本，把背景信息淡化，让双方尽早进入实质性的谈判。
因此，在商务交流中，了解礼仪文化和习惯尤为重要。
三、信任观念差异信任是商务交流的核心素质，但中西方对信任不同的看法和认知会导致双方的概念和期待产生差异。
中国文化注重人际关系的发展，强调缘分和“情面”价值，同时倾向于在信任方面采取更加谨慎的态度。
相比之下，西方商务文化更注重简单、直接、明确的交流方式，并认为相互信任是长久商业关系的基础。
因此，中西方在商务交流中，不同的信任观念也往往会在沟通的过程中浮现。
中方对信任要求较高，因此在初期的接触过程中，建立信任关系是必要的；西方商务文化较为直接，会对信任有较高的期望。
了解不同文化对信任的看法，可以协调双方的商业期望，提高商业合作的效率和稳定性。
分析中西文化差异及其在国际商务交际中的作用
分析中西文化差异及其在国际商务交际中的作用随着全球化的发展，国际商务交际越来越频繁，而不同的文化背景对于交流的影响也越来越明显。
中西文化存在许多差异，这些差异直接影响商务交际的效果和质量。
因此，在国际商务交际中，了解并尊重对方的文化背景是非常重要的，以下就介绍一些中西文化差异及其在国际商务交际中的作用。
1. 礼仪中西方文化在礼仪方面存在巨大的差异。
中国文化注重客套、尊重和谦虚，而西方文化偏重在个体表现和自我推销方面。
在国际商务交际中，尝试理解对方的传统礼仪，例如西方文化中的握手和拥抱，以及中国文化中的点头和敬酒，这样可以达到更好的沟通效果。
2. 时间观念时间观念是中西方文化的另一个重要差异。
中国文化注重稳重、缓慢和审慎，而西方文化通常强调速度、效率和精确性。
在商务活动中，保持时间的观念一致非常重要：西方商务活动通常注重时间的准确性，而中国商务活动通常注重交流质量而不是时间的持续性。
3. 语言中西方文化的语言和口语习惯，也会影响商务交际结果的质量。
西方人通常采用直接表达的方式，而中国人在交流时，通常采用隐晦的方式表达意思。
此外，在口音和发音方面，也存在差异。
在商务交际中，在理解对方观点的同时要尽可能表达清楚的意思。
4. 商务礼品在国际商务交际中，商务礼品是一种非常重要的文化差异，不同的国家有不同的礼品文化。
中国人通常礼让别人，礼物不一定要特别贵重，而是通过礼品去表达诚意。
而西方人则通常送礼品来表达感谢。
了解不同国家的商务礼品文化符合礼仪礼貌，也是交流的一种方式。
5. 商业谈判在商业谈判中，中西方文化的差异也非常大。
中国人在谈判中通常采用婉转、先退后进的方式，而西方人则通常采用威慑和强硬的方式来达到自己的目标。
了解对方的文化背景，可以更好地作出决策和判断，从而达成共赢。
总而言之，中西方文化在国际商务交际中的作用非常重要。
在跨文化交流中，要尊重对方的文化背景、接纳差异，并寻找共同点，这样才能建立良好的商务合作关系。
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异在全球化的时代，中西方之间的商务交际变得日益频繁。
由于中西方文化的不同，人们在商务交际中常常遇到各种文化差异带来的挑战。
本文将从礼仪习惯、言语交流和决策方式三个方面来探讨中西方文化差异对商务交际的影响。
礼仪习惯是中西方文化差异中最为明显的一点。
在西方国家，商务会议通常都比较informal（非正式），人们常常在开会时穿着休闲服装，言谈举止轻松随意。
而在中国等东方国家，商务会议一般都非常 formal（正式），人们穿着正式的商务服装，言谈举止较为庄重。
西方人注重 personal space（个人空间），他们习惯和他人保持一定的距离，会觉得过于亲近会让人感到不舒服。
而中国人则注重 interpersonal relationships（人际关系），更愿意和合作伙伴建立亲密的联系，例如可以常常邀请客户吃饭、喝酒等。
这些不同的礼仪习惯往往会带来误解和困惑，需要双方做出相应的调整和理解。
言语交流是另一个受到中西方文化差异影响较大的方面。
西方人注重直接、简洁、明确的沟通方式，在商务交际中常常直截了当地表达自己的意见和需求。
而东方人则更倾向于间接、含蓄、含蓄的沟通方式，更加注重维护面子和避免冲突。
在商务交际中，特别是在商务谈判中，这种差异常常会导致西方人觉得东方人不够坦率，而东方人则觉得西方人太过直接和冒犯。
西方文化注重个人主义和个人权利，人们习惯于表达自己的观点和需求。
而东方文化注重集体主义和团队合作，人们更注重团队意见和共识的达成。
双方需要在言语交流中互相包容和理解，适当地调整自己的沟通方式。
中西方文化差异还会对商务决策方式产生影响。
在西方国家，商务决策多数是基于理性和功利主义的，注重效率和效益。
人们更倾向于快速做出决策，并且强调以结果为导向。
而在东方国家，商务决策则更多地考虑到人际关系、信任和长远利益。
人们更倾向于慎重思考，并且会花更多的时间在建立和维护合作伙伴关系上。
这种差异常常会导致在商务决策上产生分歧和困扰，需要双方进行沟通和协调。
文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
文化差异对商务礼仪的影响文化差异对商务礼仪的影响随着全球一体化的推进，跨文化商务活动越来越频繁。
在跨文化商务活动中，由于不同国家和地区之间存在文化差异，商务礼仪也表现出很大的差异。
这些差异对商务活动产生深远的影响，甚至可能导致误解和冲突。
因此，了解和尊重文化差异对商务礼仪的影响至关重要。
一、文化差异对商务礼仪的影响1.时间观念不同文化对时间的看法和重视程度有很大差异。
在一些文化中，时间被视为金钱，人们强调守时和高效；而在另一些文化中，人们更注重人际关系和灵活性，时间观念相对宽松。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，双方可能因时间观念的差异而产生误解和冲突。
为了避免这种情况，商务人员需要了解对方文化的时间观念，并调整自己的行为。
2.社交礼仪不同文化的社交礼仪有很大差异。
在一些文化中，人们注重个人隐私和空间，而在另一些文化中，人们更注重亲密关系和肢体接触。
此外，不同文化对礼物、问候、称呼等方面也有不同的习俗和规范。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，商务人员需要了解对方文化的社交礼仪，以避免尴尬和误解。
3.沟通方式不同文化的沟通方式有很大差异。
在一些文化中，人们强调直接、明确、高效的沟通；而在另一些文化中，人们更注重间接、含蓄、委婉的沟通。
此外，不同文化对口头和书面沟通也有不同的偏好和规范。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，商务人员需要了解对方文化的沟通方式，并调整自己的沟通方式以适应对方的文化习惯。
4.商务惯例不同文化的商务惯例有很大差异。
在一些文化中，商务活动强调合同、法律文件和书面形式；而在另一些文化中，商务活动更注重口头协议和人际关系。
此外，不同文化对商务谈判、决策、执行等方面也有不同的规范和惯例。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，商务人员需要了解对方文化的商务惯例，并调整自己的行为以适应对方的文化习惯。
二、如何适应文化差异对商务礼仪的影响1.尊重对方文化在跨文化商务活动中，最重要的是尊重对方的文化。
商务人员应该尽可能多地了解对方文化的礼仪、习俗和规范，并调整自己的行为以适应对方的文化习惯。
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析国际商务礼仪是国际商业交往中至关重要的一环，而中西方文化差异又是影响国际商务礼仪的重要因素之一。
随着全球化进程的不断加深和扩大，中西方商务往来日益频繁，对于中西方文化差异的理解和尊重也显得格外重要。
本文将就中西方文化差异在国际商务礼仪中的表现和影响进行一些分析和探讨。
一、交际礼仪在中西方国家，交际礼仪有着明显的差异，这在商务交往中尤为突出。
在西方国家，人们习惯于直接表达自己的意见，通常会直截了当地表达自己的意见，开放且直言不讳。
而中国人在商务交往中，更加注重含蓄和委婉，善于使用比喻和暗示，不轻易表露真实想法。
这一差异给商务交际带来了一些困难，因此在交际礼仪方面需要相互理解和尊重。
二、商务会谈在商务会谈中，中西方文化差异表现得尤为明显。
在西方国家，商务会谈通常注重高效和快速，着重于解决问题和达成协议。
而在中国，商务会谈更加注重关系和情感，常常会在会谈过程中进行一些相互了解和交流。
在商务会谈中，西方人通常更加直接和冷静，而中国人更善于使用委婉和圆滑的方式表达自己的意见。
三、商务餐桌礼仪在中西方国家，商务餐桌礼仪也有着不同的表现。
在西方国家，商务餐桌礼仪注重效率和规范，通常不会谈论私人话题，主要聚焦于工作和业务。
而在中国，商务餐桌礼仪更加注重人际关系和互动，通常会进行一些相互了解和交流。
在餐桌礼仪方面也存在不同之处，如用餐方式、用餐顺序等方面，需要双方加强沟通和理解。
四、礼品赠送在中西方国家，礼品赠送也有着不同的文化表现。
在西方国家，礼品通常价值不大，常常被视为一种客套和礼貌，不会过多地在意礼品的价值。
而在中国，礼品的价值和含义更加重要，通常会代表着双方的情感和关系，因此需要更加慎重地选择礼品。
在礼品赠送过程中，需要特别注意在不同文化背景下礼品的选择和意义的传达。
在商务谈判中，中西方文化差异也会对谈判过程产生一定的影响。
在西方国家，商务谈判通常直截了当，注重结果和效率，讲究实事求是。
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析随着国际贸易和投资的不断扩大，国际商务交流逐渐成为一种经济和文化交流的主要方式。
正确的国际商务礼仪更是成为一个企业成功的关键。
但由于不同文化背景的影响，中西方的商务礼仪存在许多差异，甚至可能会造成企业间的误解，影响商业交往的进程。
因此，本文将分析中西方在商务礼仪上的文化差异，从而促进商务交流的顺利、友好进行。
一、文化背景影响中西方文化背景不同，每个民族的习惯和文化传统不同，从而影响到他们的商业文化和商务礼节。
例如，在西方文化中，其中一个最重要的观念是个人主义，而在中国文化中则强调集体主义，这种差异也会在商务礼仪中得到体现。
西方商务文化注重个人成就，商务礼仪中通常会注重个人形象和出现频率，然而在中国商务文化中则主张团队合作，礼仪则着重于任何个人而非个人。
二、礼仪习俗及礼节礼节在中西方文化中都十分重要，但方式和理念上不尽相同。
在西方商务文化中，握手是一种举止体态，表示对加入合作的人的尊重和欢迎。
但在中国商务文化中，则不太常见，通常是以微笑、鞠躬的方式来表达。
同时，在商务场合用餐也是一种常见的商务礼仪，在西方国家中，荤素搭配、经济实用是主流用餐观念，而在中国商务文化中，酒宴中的“众僚同宴”则是表现互相敬重和深情厚意的一种方式。
三、礼物表示与反应在中西方文化中，送礼通常都是一种示好的方式。
但是中西方礼品的选择体现出文化差异。
在西方国家中，会选择实用、高品质的礼物，而在中国商务文化中则通常是依据收礼人的喜好和生肖送出符合文化特点的礼物。
如果有人送了礼物，中西方文化的反应也会有所不同，如果在中西方中，人们都会施以微笑和感谢，但在中国则没有表达感激之情的“谢谢”，而是表达出一种具体的、朴素的祝愿，例如：祝生意兴隆或祝您好运气。
由此可见，中西方文化的差异，以及商务礼仪上的差异，如果不能妥善处理及有意识地调整，就很容易产生误解或者甚至带来一些意料不到的矛盾，尤其对于国际贸易交流更为重要。
中美文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
中美文化差异对商务礼仪的影响摘要:作为世界上两大重要的国家和主要的贸易合作伙伴，如今中美两国的商务活动越来越频繁。
然而，当两国进行贸易时，受文化差异的影响所产生的商务礼仪的不同是一个不可忽视的问题。
如果不了解对方国家的文化礼仪，两国的商务进程很可能会失败。
因此，掌握各国的商务礼仪知识是十分必要的，而且在进行贸易活动之前对这些差异进行研究也是十分值得的。
在本文中，作者首先对礼仪做出了定义和概念,介绍其基本的观点，然后再进行深入了解。
但是本文的重心则从五个方面分析中美两国商务礼仪的差异，包括首次见面时的礼仪，餐桌礼仪，由于时间、价值观念不同看法，和思维方式的差异带来的礼仪。
本文的写作目的是帮助两国的商人了解彼此礼仪的差异，使他们能够在商务进程中做出得体的举止，并尽可能地取得成功。
关键词：文化差异，商务礼仪，影响1.IntroductionThe rapid development of science and technology are making the world smaller. Therefore, the relationship among countries is becoming closer and closer, especially between China and America. During the economic development of the globalization, the most obvious phenomenon is that the business activities between the two countries are becoming more and more frequent. However, because of the different economic backgrounds, values, and religious beliefs due to cultural differences, the business etiquette differs from each other, which leads to conflicts and frictions in doing business.In order to reduce the conflicts, people should know the differences well in cultures and business etiquette between China and America. In the following studies, cultural differences and their influence on each country’s etiquette on different occasions are systematically presented.Besides, the author gives several cases to illustrate the differences of etiquette and shows how important for the business men in both China and America to understand those differences.2.Literature ReviewPresently, more and more people have realized the importance of business etiquette, thus many scholars engage in studying in this field. Since this thesis studies the impact of Sino-American cultural differences on business etiquette, a review on the theories of predecessors from two aspects including culture and business etiquette is indispensable.2.1 Theories related to culture2.1.1Definition of cultureThere are many definitions of culture. The earliest and classic definition was put forward over 100 years ago by Taylor, a well-known British anthropologist, who defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (Taylor, 1874:1)There are many other definitions from different perspectives, but nevertheless, we are concerned with those which are conductive to our understanding of the relationship between culture and business etiquette.Geert Hofstede, an expert on management and cross-cultural differences, defined culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another …Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values，and values are among the building blocks of culture.”(Geert Hofstede, 1984) From this point of view, we can see that culture is a system of values and norms which are shared by a group of people. By those values and norms, people in one group can judge what is good, right, and desirable.2.1.2Cultural differences and their rootsIt is known that people across nations and cultures have different behaviors and beliefs. “Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them. Some believe that the physical world is real. Others believe that it is just an illusion. Some believe everything around them is permanent while others say it is transient. Reality is not the same for all people.” (Samovar, Porter & Stefani, 2003:33) For instance, age is highly respected in China. Young people are taught to respect the old when they are children. On the contrary, Americans encourage and promote thosewho are qualified and competent regardless of age and the young don't see the old in the same way as Chinese do. American culture is considered to be individualistic, whereas Chinese culture is characterized by collective.Why cultures differ between these two countries? To answer this question, we should explore the roots of American culture and Chinese one. “In the United States, it is estimated that 86% of the population is Christian.” (Samov ar, Porter & Stefani, 2003:94) Christians believe in God who is almighty and the Creator of everything, heaven, earth, moon, animals and human. So they behave confidently and attach much importance to individualism. While in China, Confucianism is a philosophic thought that has spread not only in China but also in the whole East Asia for 2,500 years. “Confucianism can be conceived as involving six core values: (a) moral cultivation, (b) importance of interpersonal relationships, (c) family orientation, (d) respect for age and hierarchy, (e) avoidance of conflict and need for harmony, (f) concept of face.”(Fang, 1999:109) According to this thought, individualism has negative meanings. It stresses on harmony, face, peace and so on. All these have shaped Chinese traditional culture. Nowadays, the influence of Confucian can still be seen everywhere in China. With so many cultural differences, each country’s business etiquette must differ from each other.2.2 Theories related to business etiquette2.2.1Definition of business etiquetteBefore discussing the definition of business etiquette, we should understand the meaning of the word, etiquette. Etiquette refers to a kind of standardized behavior in human’s contacts and communications which means more than poli teness. Here is a definition of etiquette as follows: “Etiquette means formal rules of correct and polite behavior in society or among members of a profession.” (Hornby, 1997:491) Accordingly, business etiquette can be defined as standardized behaviors and norms that should be abided by business people in their activities．In Ma’s opinion, he defines the business etiquette as follows: Business etiquette is the norms and criteria along with language, expression and behaviors, in different situation abided by two or more business parties, by which they express their recognition, show their respects toeach other and exchange each opinion, in order to establish a friendly and harmonious business relationship. (Ma,2004:411)2.2.2Root of Chinese and American etiquetteChina, as the cradle of oriental culture, enjoys a reputation of the etiquette country. In China, etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony. As early as in Han dynasty, there were three great works, called “three li”, Yi-li, Chou-li and Li-ji, which together had a great influence in Chinese society.However, America history is short, so is its etiquette history. The word etiquette was originated from French “etiquette”, whose original meaning was laissez-passer in court. Later, people found not only in court, but in social community they should abide by some norms and regulations. So etiquette became the laissez-passer of personal intercourse nowadays. (Zhu, 2006: 3-6)Therefore, American etiquette is not as profound as Chinese etiquette. That’s why Americans don’t care so much about etiquette as Chinese people do.3. Impacts of Sino-American cultural differences on etiquetteBecause culture influences etiquette, the values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors are vastly different from culture to culture. With such different cultural backgrounds between China and America, the business etiquette of the two countries is different beyond question. The specific differences will be discussed from five aspects as follows.3.1 On knocking up an acquaintance3.1.1GreetingGreetings can be roughly divided into language greetings and non-language greetings. For the non-language greetings, it means besides saying something, they greet through facial expression or body language, such as nodding, smiling or shaking hands.It is a common etiquette all over the world that people greet each other when they meet. But the ways or words they use to greet are different. In America, people greet each other as simple as: “hello” or “how are you?” or “good morning”, “good afternoon” according to the time. These are quite different from our China’s greetings. Take an example, a new American teacher in China was riding his bicycle in thecampus when he met a Chinese student. The Chinese student asked him: “have you had your dinner?” Of course it is just a common Chinese greeting aroun d meal time. But the teacher stopped and said: “I’m going to. Let’s go.” But the student had walk away, just leaving one word: “goodbye.” The American teacher felt surprised and embarrassed. Because to Americans, the greeting might mean: “I haven’t either. Come on. Let’s go to eat something together.” That is to say, if we greet Americans like this, they will consider we give them an invitation.The other greeting in China is that: “Where are you going?” This is also improper when greeting an American. Because Americans put much emphasis on privacy and they think it is their privacy.3.1.2 Personal spacePersonal space is variable from person to person, depending on the gender, age, cultural background, and relationship to the people with whom they are communicating. In China,people are comfortable with a closer personal space than that of Americans. They think a short distance can enhance the friendship between people. But when conversing with the opposite sex,the personal distance is bigger, because Chinese people have a conventional concept on it. According Chinese culture, people should keep a bigger distance between men and women.3.1.3 AddressingIn business activities, people are very sensible to the addressing others make to them. Chinese culture is a formal one. In China, Mr. or Ms. (surname) is popular addressing, and complete name is also acceptable. But title and status are extremely important. Using titles is a sign of respect in China. For example, it’s proper to address someone Mr. Zhang, but it’s better to address him as Chief Zhang if he is a chief of a company. Chinese people always avoid calling people by their first names, unless they are longtime friends, for the use of a first name at a first meeting is considered as an act of disrespect.Comparatively, Americans have a more informal culture. They believe that an informal, casual addressing demonstrates friendliness and sincerity. They often feel uncomfortable to follow the prescribed etiquette even in formal situations. Therefore,for Americans they always call someone by his or her first name, disregarding for titles and status. They think this is an act of friendship and goodwill.There is another difference in addressing between China and the United States.In Chinese traditional culture, people consider that it’s a virtue to respect the old. “The old” stands for somebody who is full of knowledge and experience. So in China, people often call someone “old+surname” to show their respect. But in America, it’s totally different. American culture speaks highly of the youth rather than the old. In their minds, youth are the symbol of future, hope and enthusiasm and all of those are declining when getting old. Relatively, the old are the group who are not respected by people. Therefore, Americans often try to avoid saying the word “old”. No matter old or young, they like to call someone by his or her name directly.3.1.3Exchanging business cardThe business card is used in communication, especially on business occasions. It’s printed with the personal name, company’s information, phone number and address and it is always used as an introduction. But people from different countries treat business card differently. Chinese people with a formal culture, tend to treat it with respect and ceremony. People often offer and receive it with both hands, looking at it carefully for four or five seconds, and then put it away cautiously and respectfully. Sometimes they may expect the counterpart’s business card after offering their own. However, the situation in America is of totally another kind. Many Chinese business men are struck by the way Americans treat this little piece of card. Americans treat it casually. When Chinese people politely offer their business card with both hands to Americans, the Americans may put it into pockets at once or toss it onto the desk immediately without a glance. That’s because American culture is an informal culture. They like do things in the informal and casual way and they think the business card is not necessary since they have met.3.2 On dining-table etiquetteMost of the international business activities are carried on not only in bland office environment, but also in the social places, such as restaurants, bars and so on. The purpose of dining with business counterparts is not only for a dinner, but also aprolongation of business. Due to the Sino-American cultural differences, there are a lot differences in dining-table etiquette between the two countries. Therefore, it’s necessary to know the differences in order to speak and behave properly while dining.3.2.1DrinkingTable culture is the most distinct part of Chinese culture. As Chinese culture is a typical collective culture.So they value relationship most. They don’t talk a lot about business in a dinner, but drink and toast much to establish a close relationship. How much you drink usually means how sincere you are. The Chinese toast “gan bei” literally means “empty glass”. However, the tradition of emptying glass can’t be accepted by Americans.American culture, on the other hand, is a typical individualistic culture. The concept of relationship is not as important as that in China.Americans value time and efficiency as most important. So they always bring business on the dining table. Although they also establish relationship in a business dinner, they drink properly but talk a lot about business. Some Americans regard that Chinese way of drinking is impolite and even a waste of time.Therefore, when people from these two countries are not familiar with the etiquette, they may well make jokes or embarrassments. There is a joke between Chinese and American business men. A Chinese company just signed up a contract with an American company. And they invited those American representatives for a banquet one night. During the banquet, Chinese kept persuading American representatives to toast and bottom up till everyone was drunk, though the Americans said they couldn’t drink anymore several times. Then the next day when the Chinese representatives went to the place where they planed to meet for a second round of negotiation, they couldn’t find the Americans. After waiting for a long time, they called one representative who said: “we’re terribly sorry but we’re still in the bed. By the way, we really appreciate the beautiful food in the banquet, but we can never afford too much drink next time, please.”3.2.2Words in banquetsIn China, people are taught to be modest from their childhood and modesty is considered as a Chinese virtue. Chinese people are passionate and hospitable. When they invite an American to come for a dinner, they always prepare a full table of delicious dishes but still say: “I’m sorry, but there are only a few dishes. Please help yourself.” The American is surprised: “since there have been so many dishes, why does he still say a few?” During the dinner, the host persuades the guest to eat more at times. And later, when they finish, the host will add “excuse me, the dinner is not nice.”Conversely, the situation in America is completely different. Generally speaking, the Americans are dissatisfied with the Chinese modesty or self-denial. They value honor and individualism. Americans seldom serve a lot of dishes when they invite someone to have a dinner. But they are still so satisfied with themselves that they say: “this is my best dishes I can offer you. Enjoy yourself.” Chinese people think Americans are too direct and arrogant. However, it is the American style. In the midof the dinner, American host never add dish to the guest’s plat e at will before they ask: “would you like some more…?”3.2.3TablewareTableware is a small difference between the two countries’ etiquette and it’s easy to learn. In American eating style,people cut the meat, bread and other food with the knife which is held in the right hand and the fork in the left.But in China, people use chopsticks most because their main food is rice and flour-made food. But they also use a spoon to drink soup like Americans do.3.2.3SeatingSeating arrangement is a very important component of dining-table etiquette, especially on business occasions. Seating is not as simple as the action itself. But it is a way to express one’s respect, or to show one’s power or status, or to demonstrate different relationship in many countries.Culture influences even the manner and the meaning in seating arrangements.In China, people usually seat the most honorable guest at the most conspicuous place and sit beside him. In most cases, they use round table for dinner. Butsometimes they use square ones and they arrange the guests seating on the left of the table or facing east, to express their respect. Further more, if there are men and women at the table, they try to seat the same sex together.But for Americans, they have different attitude to seating arrangement. They tend to talk with people opposite them, which will make Chinese people feel uncomfortable as if they were on trial. In addition, they usually use a square table for a dinner and seat the guests at the right place as to show their honor. The last different is that Americans often avoid seating two men or women together and they respect women more than Chinese people.(Song, 2006:246)3.3 On mode of thinkingBecause of the differences between China and America in geography, environment, religion, economy, custom and culture, each country has its own mode of thinking characterized by respective national features.Integration and segmentation One of the main differences of the mode of thinking between China and the United States is the comparison of integration and segmentation.Chinese culture put much emphasis on integration. That is, Chinese people tend to analyze things from entirety. Although they always divide things into two opposite aspects, the aspects are regarded as an inseparable unity. It is because of the feature that Chinese people often do things from the whole to part, from general to detail. For example, in the international business, they put the principle as their first consideration and get into the details after.But for Americans, influenced by linear thinking, they value individualism and small unity. Unlike Chinese people, Americans like to break a whole thing up into several parts and analyze it one by one.Spiral and linear Chinese mode of thinking is spiral. When coming to a subject, people prefer to talk about it allusively rather than directly. Quite often they say something else to prove the truth of the central idea even it is a very understandable sometimes. Especially when they want to express their disagreement, they tend to talk about it in an indirect, ambiguous and roundabout way. They seldom say “no” directly but in an acceptable manner. For example, they say “we’re really sorry, but we findit’s very difficult to accept your terms due to…” or they use some indirect hints, such as “maybe”, “perhaps”, “inconvenient” and “I will consider it”, which may mean “impossible” in Chinese culture. Therefore, it’s hard for foreigners to understand Chinese people if they don’t explore the implicative m eaning.On the other hand, American mode of thinking is a linear one. Americans prefer directness and blunt expressions. Whatever they say, they don’t like to talk in a vague and roundabout way because they think that way of speaking is insincere and not good for doing business. For example, in business negotiation, they often ask “frankly speaking, what is the bottom line?” and if they don’t understand the others, they also always say directly “do not beat around the bush” or “get to the point”. Furthermo re, Americans are inclined to say “no” directly. They never hide their disagreement in their deep heart as Chinese people do. All those in China, people consider it as impolite and arrogant, or even aggressive and rude.We can see the importance of knowing the difference from the flowing case. It shows how an American business man successfully deals with his Chinese counterpart holding different mode of thinking (Jeanne, 2000:P10-11):A U.S. company had a contract from a German buyer to sell Chinese bicycles in Germany. When the first shipment was ready, there was a problem. The bikes rattled. The American buyer did not want to accept the shipment, knowing that with the rattle, the bicycles would not be acceptable to the German customer. In American culture, the normal approach would be to tell the manufacturer that the rattling bikes were unacceptable and that the problem had to be fixed. However, in china, such a direct confrontation would be extremely rude. He was putin a difficult situation, knowing in Chinese culture indirect expression was very important in resolving the conflict. But if he did nothing, his Chinese partner would ship the rattling bicycles and his German buyer would reject them. Finally the American manager went to the Chinese plant, inspected the bicycles, and rode round and round. The bicycle rattled. The assembly workers could not hear the rattles after they finished the products. Now they got a chance to hear it and they frowned, looking at each other. At this moment the American buyer asked about the rattle, “Is this rattle normal? Do all the bikes rattle? Do you think the German buyer will think there is something wrong with the bike if it rattles?” then he left. The American buyer knew that he had drawn enough attention of the rattling to the Chinese manufacturers and they would immediately solve the problem. Surely, the next shipment of bikes had no rattles.In this case, he didn’t point the problem directly. If he did, he may irritate his Chinese partner and the deal may break down, resulting in repudiating the contract with the German buyer. Thanks to the knowledge of Chinese mode of thinking that the American manager acquires, he finally solves the problem successfully.3.4 On value conceptValue concept comes together with many things in every field. All our human being’s thinking, experiences, behaviors are on the basis of value concept. While different culture has different value concept.3.4.1Interdependence and independenceAs mentioned above,Chinese culture is a collective culture, so collective value comes first. Individualistic value is embodied by the contribution to collectivity. A person should be responsible both for himself and for others and the whole society as well. Because of this value, they emphasize the importance of establishment of harmonious relationship with others and consider dedication as another traditional virtue. They hold the idea of friendship, mutual concern as most important. So they are more willing to hear others’ matters and to tell their personal things to others. They like to help others when people are in need and they are willing to accept it when they are in trouble. Therefore, it’s understandable that when people from other countries do business with Chinese people, they are very passionate and hospitable.On the contrary, American culture is an individualistic culture.They have strong sense of personality, self-central, and independence. Individual benefit always ranks first and everyone is only responsible for himself. Their living way and quality totally depend on their own ability. An American scholar, Larry A. Samovar, who studies on cross-cultural communication, said: “In western culture, individualism is supreme. It is the initial and affirmative value, which may guide everyth ing in America.” (Samovar, 2004:) Therefore, in business activities, Americans are accustomed to neither helping others nor accepting others’ help. Because helping others initiatively may be thought to disparage them and accepting help only shows their inability.3.4.2Modesty and ForwardnessChinese people have the quality of face, honor, integrity and friendship. In order to own this quality, a person should act according to external expectation rather than to their own will or desires. In this culture, people seldom boast and they regard modesty as a virtue. When others compliment them, they always deny it. Especially in business activities, they usually refuse the praise and compliment on an achievement because they think the achievement belongs to the group and it is owing to others’ help.But in America, it’s different. Americans put much value on competition, challenge and personal achievements. They consider self-esteem and conceit as a symbol of mental sanity. In business activities, they try to show them off and take the initiative to make their own speech, regardless others’ opinion. When they get an achievement, they never conceal their feelings of confidence, pride and honor. And whenever they got praise and compliment, they will accept it confidently with a reply of “thank you” and a smile. They don’t like Chinese humility and self-denial for in Americans’ eyes, it not only denies their own ability, but also the others’ percipient. 3.4.3Friendship and privacyIn Chinese culture, people are interdependent. They put much value on friendship. To establish a harmonious relationship, they like to learn the things about the counterpart before starting business. For example, they always ask, even at their first meeting, others’ age, occupation, inco me, marriage, family and so on.However, Americans emphasize personal privacy much more than other values. They all respect themselves and don’t allow others to interfere in their own affairs. There is a saying in America which can prove this point: “Go fly your kite.”One’s personal affairs are a part of one’s personal rights. For example, it’s impolite to ask an American’s income because that belongs to their privacy. American’s concept of personal privacy is just like a nation’s territory. Others can’t enter it without permission.3.5 On time conceptTime concept differs much from each other due to different cultures. To some cultures, time has little meaning. But to some others, time means a lot. According toRichard Lewis, a famous expert on cross-cultural management, the global time concept can be divided into tree types: single-track, multi-track and ring-track. (Li, 2000)In China, time concept belongs to the kind of ring-track. According to this culture, time is fluid and it has circulation. People think a lot of history. So they like to learn the history background of their counterparts’ and establish rapport with them before business activities.And they believe that a considerable amount of time is worth in building an atmosphere of understanding, trust, and close relationship. They do not mind talking on the same point repeatedly. Therefore, they always spend much time to get to know their partners.In American culture, however, time concept belongs to single-track style. In Americans’ opinio n, since time is gone, they will never return. They think today has nothing to do with history and they value present and future. To American business men, time is money. They place much emphasis on getting tasks accomplished quickly and within a limited time. They like to make plans. No matter big or small, everything should be organized and should have a beginning and an end. Time is a commodity that shouldn’t be wasted and every day they seem to be in a hurry to make use of it. Business men tend to get down to business as soon as possible and they may want to make a contract even at the first meeting. However, such way of business in Chinese culture is considered brash or too aggressive and Chinese people feel uncomfortable with their fast pace.We can see the difference from the following case:Two American representatives from a textile company went to Zhejiang in China. They wanted to buy some equipment from a Chinese textile machinery company. After exchanging numerous letters and faxes, they had come to negotiate the sale and make contracts.This was their first visit to the company. When they arrived, Mr. Li, the manager of the Chinese company, himself met them at the airport. Then he led them to a luxurious hotel that he had arranged for them ahead. The two Americans felt comfortable and optimistic about the deal. They thought it was a good beginning.。
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
商务交际是指商业活动中人与人之间进行沟通和交流的过程，是商业活动不可或缺的环节。
中西方文化差异在商务交际中会对交流产生不同的影响。
首先，礼仪和礼节方面的差异。
西方文化注重个人独立和自由，交际时讲究直接、简洁、自然。
而中国文化注重人际关系和集体利益，礼仪和礼节非常重要。
在商务交际时，中国人习惯于通过热情招待、礼仪的表达、慷慨大方的礼品等方式表示友好，以建立起良好的关系。
而西方人则更注重实用性和效率，商务交际时更注重节约时间和处理问题的有效性，礼仪和礼节只是一种交际方式，不是最重要的方面。
第三，价值观和商业文化的差异。
中西方的价值观和商业文化也存在差异，这会对商务交际产生不同的影响。
中国人注重亲情、人情、关系，追求长期稳定的合作关系，商业交往中也希望达成双赢的局面。
而西方商业文化更强调短期利益和竞争，注重市场效应和个人利益，更倾向于通过竞争和合作来取得成功。
在商务交际中，中国人需要注意与合作伙伴建立起具有亲和力和信任感的关系，而西方人需要更加注重合作利益的平衡和权益保护。
综上所述，中西方文化差异在商务交际中会对交流产生不同的影响。
为了增进交流和协作，双方需要了解对方文化的特点和价值观，做到尊重差异、理解对方、平等协商，以达到双方共赢的目的。
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异中西方文化差异在商务交际中起着非常举足轻重的作用，这些差异常常成为跨国企业生产销售、投资、谈判以及合作等行为中面临的主要挑战。
以下是几个中西方文化差异对商务交际的影响。
1. 礼仪与礼节西方文化更注重直接、简单和积极的沟通方式，会话中大多数时间会让他们表达自己的观点和立场，即使言语过于直接也并不会引发较大的反弹。
与之不同的是，东方文化看重礼仪和礼节，强调文化上的尊重，尤其在人际互动以及公共场所的交际中时刻留意谦卑的表现并尽量避免伤害对方。
商务交际中，这种文化差异给外商们带来了学习礼仪和交际礼节等方面的挑战。
2. 时间观念中西方的时间观念也是巨大的文化差异之一。
西方观念更注重时间规划和效率，强调时间的利用和珍惜，时间是金钱的经典谚语更是体现了这种文化差异的重要性。
相反，东方的时间观念注重关注人情世故，时间的概念是随意灵活或是视情而定。
当外国企业进行商业活动时，这些文化中的不同概念很容易导致时间的误解和冲突，因此建议在商业交流时考虑彼此的时间观念差距。
3. 个人主义与集体主义在很多西方国家中，重视个人主义和成就、竞争和“做大做强”的原则。
而东方国家更注重集体主义、协作和和谐，努力保持社会的和谐。
在商务领域，这种文化差异可能导致跨国企业在协商时出现矛盾和冲突。
面对这些矛盾，外籍商人需要了解当地人的文化背景并尊重其个人和团队分工的不同。
4. 谈判风格谈判风格是中西方文化差异中最常见的之一。
在进行谈判时，西方文化注重合同、结果和进展，并且喜欢在商谈中逐项协商。
中国文化则在商谈中更注重情绪传递和建立亲密关系，企业之间需要有一些相对自然的呼应，同时准备好互动或谈论关于自身企业或经营理念的国际版块，代表自己的企业，和解的讨价还价交流概念是中国文化中非常重要的一个方面。
由此可以看出，谈判风格的文化差异在商务谈判中非常重要，如果外籍商人能够遵循当地文化而不陷入文化冲突，那么谈判将会更有效。
商务礼仪培训从中西方文化差异到跨国商务交际全方位解读
商务礼仪培训从中西方文化差异到跨国商务交际全方位解读商务礼仪是跨国商业活动中的重要一环，它涉及到不同文化之间的差异和相互尊重。
对于企业和商务人员来说，了解并掌握不同文化背景下的礼仪规范，可以帮助他们更好地开展国际贸易，促进交流和合作。
一、中西方文化差异对商务礼仪的影响中西方文化的差异体现在礼仪方面有很多不同之处，这对跨国商务交际提出了挑战。
首先，中西方在对待时间的看法上存在着差异。
在西方国家，时间被视为金钱，非常注重准时和效率。
而在中国等东方国家，时间更多地被视为流动的概念，注重人际关系和弹性。
因此，在商务会议上，双方对待时间的态度可能存在冲突，需要双方互相理解和妥协。
其次，中西方的礼仪习惯也有所不同。
在西方国家，人们更加注重个人空间和个人隐私，喜欢通过直接、坦率的方式进行交流。
而在中国等东方国家，人们更加注重团体意识和面子，比较节制和保守。
因此，在商务交际中，双方需要尊重对方的文化差异，并灵活调整自己的行为方式。
最后，中西方在用餐礼仪方面也存在差异。
在西方国家，餐桌礼仪非常注重餐具的使用和礼仪规范，例如使用叉子和刀叉的顺序。
而在中国等东方国家，人们更注重餐桌上的互动和交流，例如共同品味一道菜。
因此，在商务餐宴上，双方需要互相适应对方的用餐习惯，并遵守相应的礼仪规范。
二、跨国商务交际中的礼仪要点在跨国商务交际中，掌握一些基本的礼仪要点是非常重要的。
首先，尊重对方的文化差异，不要对对方的行为持有偏见或进行不适当的评价。
其次，学习并遵守对方国家的礼仪规范，包括打招呼的方式、名字的称呼、交谈的姿态和思考问题的方式等。
再次，注意自己的言行举止，保持礼貌和谦虚，尽量避免冒犯对方。
最后，尽量了解对方国家的商务文化，包括商务礼仪规范、商务沟通方式和商业谈判的习惯等，为跨国商务交际做好充分准备。
三、商务礼仪培训的重要性和方法商务礼仪培训是帮助企业和商务人员提高跨国商务交际能力的重要手段之一。
通过培训，企业可以提升员工在国际商务场合中的形象和声誉，增加商务合作的机会和成功率。
最新中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
中英文化差异对国际商务礼仪的影响摘要随着世界经济一体化的迅速发展，国际商务合作越来越多。
在国际商务合作中国际商礼仪每时每刻都在发生。
来自不同文化背景的商务人员有着不同的价值观和思维方式，从而有着不同的交流方式以及不同的行为。
这就意味着如果你想要在国际商务中获得成功，就必须了解各国的文化并识别出国际商务活动中的文化差异。
本文主要介绍了中英文化差异，以及此差异在国际商务礼仪中的影响，以及今后如何对待这种差异。
在国际商务礼仪中主要介绍了交换名片的差异，赠送礼物的差异，思维习惯差异。
此差异主要对商务谈判有重要的影响，可能引起谈判中的误解，以致谈判破裂。
最后以商务谈判为例，在认识和接受文化差异的同时，要尽量淡化文化差异，这对跨文化国际商务合作的成功是非常重要的。
比如，在跨文化商务谈判中，谈判者应该接纳对方的文化，并努力使自己被接受；需要借助有效的沟通，在不损害双方利益的前提下做出正确的评价。
在认识和接受文化差异的同时，要尽量淡化文化差异，这对于跨文化国际商务的成功是非常重要的。
关键词：文化差异，国际商务礼仪，影响，跨文化策略The Influences of Chinese-British Cultural Differences on International Business ProtocolAbstractWith the rapid development of the economic integration all over the world, international business cooperation become much more than before. Of course, the international business protocol which is one of the essential parts of the international trade occurs every moment, everywhere. However, different cultural backgrounds influence the progress of the negotiation. Negotiators from different cultural backgrounds have different values and thinking modes, so that they have different communication styles. It means that if you want to succeed in international business contracts, you must know the culture of all the countries and recognize the cultural differences in the international business activities.To some extent, culture decides the result of business etiquette. And this paper mainly analyzes cultural differences between China and English, introduces the impacts in business etiquette, and provides some recommendations which can help them overcome cultural obstacles and achieve more success in the business negotiation. For example, in the cross-cultural business negotiation, negotiators should accept the other parties’ culture, and try hard to make others accept themselves. It needs the help of effective communication, without prejudice to the interests of both sides to make a correct evaluation ofthe premise. It is very important for the success of cross-culture negotiation that in the understanding and acceptance of cultural differences, we should try to play down the cultural differences.Keywords: Cultural difference; international business protocol; strategyContentsAbstract (I)Contents............................................................................................................... I I Chapter1 Introduction (1)Chapter2 Literature Review (2)2.1 A brief introduction to culture (2)2.2 A brief introduction to international business protocol (3)Chapter3 Cultural Differences (4)3.1 The cultural differences in exchanging business cards (4)3.2 The cultural differences in making appointments and greeting (5)3.2.1 Initial contacts and appointments (5)3.2.2 Greeting customs (6)3.3. The cultural differences in giving gifts (7)3.4 Differences in habits and thinking modes (9)Chapter4 Influence of Cultural Differences (11)4.1 The culture differences may cause business negotiation cracked .. 114.2 The culture difference can cause misunderstanding (12)4.3 The culture difference can cause culture shock (14)Chapter5 How to Treat the Cultural Differences (15)Chapter6 Conclusion (19)Bibliography (20)Acknowledgements (21)Chapter1 IntroductionWith the development of globalization and China’s WTO entry, Chinese enterprises have more chances to attend international economic activities. In recent years, the trade cooperation between China and Britain has viewed an ever faster development, and since 2006, China and Britain has become the second largest trade partner each side.However, the cultural differences between the two sides have made a further impact on the development of bilateral trade cooperation. Chinese negotiators sometimes feel very uncomfortable and puzzled because of different customs, values and behaviors performed by the British negotiators; meanwhile, the British negotiators also confront the same problem. Therefore, understanding the cultural differences becomes the main point in business negotiations between China and Britain.With the hope of providing suggestions for Chinese enterprises to carry on business negotiation, this essay analyses the cultural differences between China and Britain according to Edward T. Hall’s Cultural Dimensions and Hofstede’s Values Dimension such as high context and low context, collectivism and individualism and so on.Chapter2 Literature ReviewIn order to better understand the influences of Chinese-British cultural differences on international business protocol, it is necessary to learn about the definition of culture and international business protocol.2.1 A brief introduction to cultureWhat’s culture? Culture involves learned and shared behaviors, norms, values, and material objects, and it also encompasses what humans create to express values, attitudes, and norms. Obviously it’s very hard to give culture a rightful and comprehensive definition. Edward Hall (1966), a key researcher into culture, once defined culture as those deep, common, unstated experiences which members of a given culture share, which they communicate without knowing, and which form the backdrop against which all other events are judged. And Charles Mitchell (1999) gave a more formal and common definition: Culture is a set of learned core values, beliefs, standards, knowledge, morals, laws, and behaviors shared by individuals and societies that determines how an individual acts, feels and view oneself and others. And Linda Beamer and Iris Varner (2001) defined culture: Culture is the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is import, furnishes, attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.Culture dominates our values, actions and behaviors. Each nation has its own culture and the difference between Chinese and British cultures is very distinct, so it’s very necessary for Chinese negotiators to know about British culture.2.2 A brief introduction to international business protocolCompared with the definition of culture, the definition of international business protocol is much easier to understand. Etiquette refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situations (Chaney & Martin, 2000).Etiquette and customs vary not only by country but by regions or locations within a country. Religious backgrounds and ethic identities may account for some differences in customs. Your ability to adapt to the etiquette and customs of each culture will, to a large extent, determines the success of your intercultural encounters. When, if at all, do you bow? And what is the appropriate bow? When, if at all, do you touch members of the opposite sex? These and other questions need to be asked and answered so that you can fashion your behavior to meet the needs of each culture.Proper international business protocol includes learning cultural variations in making introductions, invitations and appointments, greeting and exchanging business cards, recognizing position and status male /female relationships, dining practices and special foods and consumption taboos, tipping etiquette, giving gifts, and travelling. So we should know the cultural differences between Chinese and British.Chapter3 Cultural DifferencesIn order to communicate effectively in the intercultural business environment, being knowledgeable about all cultural differences that affect the situation is essential.3.1 The Cultural differences in exchanging business cardAn important aspect of business etiquette is known as the proper procedure for exchanging business cards. In U.S, exchanging business cards is an important ritual. Presentation of the card varies with the culture. In British, business cards are exchanged in business setting but not in social settings. Although most British businesspeople carry business cards, they do not always exchange them when meeting unless there is a reason to contact the person later. The practice in the British of glancing at the business card and promptly putting it in the pocket is considered rude (Baldrige, 1993).The Chinese give and receive cards carefully, use two hands and study the card carefully even make some comments rather than taking it and one-handedly stuffing it in a pocket. In Britain, avoid presenting the card with your left hand as the left hand is reserved for making card of bodily functions.In non-English-speaking countries, information on the business cards is always printed in English on one side and in the local language on the other side. For example, in China, business cards are routinely exchanged and areprinted in both Chinese and English.Rank, title, and profession are taken quite seriously in some cultures, so it is important to include your position and titles or degrees in addition to your company name on your card. Include foreign headquarters as appropriate as well as your fax number and perhaps e-mail address. For example, titles are very important for Saudis and always used. In China, business cards should be translated into standard Chinese and contains the name of your company, your position plus titles, for example Ph.D., MBA, vice president, or general manager.3.2 The cultural differences of making appointments and greetingIn the international business protocol, making appointments and greeting are the basic business behaviors. So we should know the differences between two countries clearly.3.2.1 Initial contacts and appointmentsCultural differences begin as soon as communicators encounter one another. The ways in which you make initial contact and an appointment to conduct business can range from a brief telephone call to writing a formal letter of request. The manner in which the initial business contact is made and the amount of advance notice between the contact and appointment are key factors you must consider when doing business in another culture. If you wantan appointment in Britain, you must send a letter of introduction to an British contact who can facilitate obtaining an appointment. The use of an intermediary who is willing to set up appointments with all the right people is essential in the British business world (Samovar Poryer, 2004).But when doing international business, it is important to establish contacts before you invest in a trip. The International Chamber of Commerce in every country can assist in arranging appointments with local Chinese business and government officials, and can identify importers, buyers, agents, distributor, and joint venture partners.3.2.2 Greeting customsOnce you make an appointment, it is important that the greeting practices of the host culture be observed. Customary greeting vary from culture to culture. Being sensitive to greeting variations will ensure that your first encounter with a person from another country will leave a positive impression.For example, in China, communicating a good impression to the Chinese businessperson starts with punctuality. Chinese tend to be formal in business and official situations. To conduct business successfully, you should communicate the details of a meeting agenda as well as any other issues to the Chinese prior to a meeting. Social status and rank are highly honored in China; this can be evidenced in seating arrangement and order of entrance into the meeting rooms. You should follow others to seat you and walk ahead of you to ensure that you are seated in the right position for the meeting.In contrast, British tend to be formal and friendly. Persons from other cultures are struck by the informality of Britain. British who often say “Hi!”to complete strangers. The standard greeting “Hi, how are you?” does not mean that British are actually inquiring on the state of one’s health. First names generally are used with the exception of senior persons or formal situations. In addition to the informal “Hi”, when meeting someone, persons of the Britain engage in other ritualistic greeting behavior. When greeting an office colleague, one person will say, “Good morning, how are you?” the appropriate response is, “Fine, thank you. And how are you?”some people make the mistake of forgetting that this is only a ritual and will proceed to tell you in great detail the state of their health. Remember, the appropriate response is, “Fine, thanks.”3.3. The cultural differences of giving giftEach country has its seasons and occasions for giving gifts. Gift giving in some cultures is an art and is considered an integral part of building intercultural professional and social relationships. Therefore, it is important to know not only the views concerning gift giving but also what gifts are appropriate for men and women in the culture where you will be doing business.In many cultures it is appropriate to take small gifts when one is invited to enjoy hospitality. In northern Europe a fitting gift is flowers or chocolates for the hostess. However, although flowers make appropriate gifts, learningcultural taboos related to color, variety, and number is also important. For example, in China, white is the color of mourning, and gladioli are often used in funeral sprays; thus, a gift of white gladioli would be inappropriate. In most European countries, avoid a gift of carnations which are for cemeteries only. Chrysanthemums would be inappropriate in Britain. They are associated with funerals and mourning. Red roses are associated with romance in China because they are for lovers. In some cultures the number of flowers on happy occasions; even numbers, give gifts in threes in these countries (Barnum & Wolniansky, 1989).The opening of gifts also varies among culture. In the Britain the recipient of a gift is expected to open a gift expected to open a gift immediately upon receipt. Doing otherwise would show a lack of interest and appreciation; it would be rude. The oral expression of thanks is followed by a written note of appreciation unless the gift is small and is used an advertisement. Business gifts to the office or department such as a basket of fruit or box of candy, are open immediately and shared by all. The Chinese, on the other hand, never open presents while the giver and even receiver. So we should understand the cultural giving gifts.3.4 Differences in habits and thinking modesCustoms include a number of social activities. Chinese people are sensitive about one's reputation in their daily lives and work, very concerned about their image in others, fear of people’s jokes, discussions and misunderstandings. Americans are more practical, and would not be too concerned about theviews of others. Americans believe dealing with people with asking each other's age, income, and marriage is a violation to the privacy of others; but in China, they have often asked them these. Americans like to express their point of view frankly; while the Chinese are a tactful way to express meaning. Once asked about something the Americans must be given a clear answer in general. The Chinese people advocate the belief “silence is golden.” It is Common in the United States for the elders and the younger generation to meet each other by clapping each other's shoulders or kissing the face, but in China, it is of little scene. Americans are very punctual, and understand Chinese people often be late with a reason. Differences in habits and customs between China and the United States are still very clear.Differences in the main thinking modes between China and the United States are reflected in the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture focus on the overall way of thinking, a whole way of thinking which is in accordance with the overall point of view to observe and reflect things in the world, analyze the issue of always starting from the whole of things, pays attention to the whole matter as a whole function of thinking, the complexity of the relationship and operation of the process, rather than focus on the internal structure of the things. Americans focuses on the individual way of thinking, which complicates things into simple elements; and carries out them one by one. And the main difference between China and the United States reflect the values of collectivism and individualism. It is believed that a harmonious interpersonal relationship is the foundation of a society, which is also the core of Chinese values of collectivism; therefore, the Chinese peopleattached great importance to the interests or values of a particular group or value. Cultural values of individualism are the core of the United States that is the individual-based philosophy of life. The main content of the belief is that individual self-control, self-control, self-development emphasizes on their personal values and high value personal freedom,.The above mentioned mainly discusses four points, the different making appointments culture between China and America, differences in expressing gratitude convention, differences of exchanging business card, and differences in habits and thinking modesChapter4 Influence of Cultural DifferencesCultural differences will inevitably lead to differences in behavior. Different cultures will form different international business protocol. In order to achieve the goal of effective communication, in international business activities, we must start from the point of view of cultural diversity to understand the international business protocols and know the differences of multinational business etiquette. Generally speaking, resulting in business etiquette differences are mainly due to different values and western concepts of time, diet, outlook and language habits. Based on the differences of Chinese and English cultures-level, different of international business protocols are analyzed, so as to help cross-border business workers.4.1 The culture difference may cause business negotiation crackedThe friendship between the Chinese businessmen can accommodate changes in the general terms of the contract. Pay attention to the interests of Americans. Once they signed the contract, they will attach great importance to the legal contract. If the contract is not performed, the contract should be performed strictly in accordance with the terms of payment of compensation for fear of the breach of contract and liquidated damages, and there is no room for further consult ations.4.2 The culture difference can cause misunderstandingThe most important communication tools between business negotiations are language, with the exception of non-verbal communication. However, the non-verbal language and cultural differences do make up the two obstacles of communication. For example "goat" in Chinese does not have any special significance, but in English "it" means something else. Also as for the Chinese people, they do not stare at people to show respect; while in the United States, they stared straight before the eyes of the Speaker with respect. Such a different understanding of the negotiations of both sides will mistakenly believe that they do not respect themselves.This part mainly talks about the effect of the culture difference on business negotiation thing at a time and they just concentrate on this thing. Time is experienced and used in a linear road, from the past to the future. Monochromic time is divided into different segments which make it possible for a person to pay attention to one at a time. In a monochromic system, the procedure may take priority above all else and deadlines are strictly adhered to monochromic business culture.In polychromic culture, people often do many things at once and polychromic time is characterized by a great involvement with people. Under the polychromic culture, it emphasizes completing human transactions than on holding the procedure. People often change the plan easily and they are more concerned with those who are closely related.America is a country with a monochromic culture. For Americans, punctuality is an essential part of business etiquette. Scheduled appointments or meetings must be attended on time. Americans believe that time is money and the deal is a signed contract. They may appear to be hasty in their decision-making, because they want to get the best results in the quickest time. However, for Chinese, their negotiating goal is to create relationship with the other side rather than sign a contract, so they will spend considerable time in the negotiating process so that they could know each other well and determine whether they would like to build a long-term relationship.As a rule, Chinese negotiators tend to devote more time and attention to the pre-negotiation than the Americans, whereas American negotiators generally want to get down to the cases directly. Chinese negotiators regard pre-negotiation as an indispensable part to any business relationship, so they are very carefully and patient in the pre-negotiation before actually making a decision to undertake substantive negotiations. As a result, sometimes American negotiators think the discussion with Chinese has already moved from the pre-negotiation to the subsequent stage when in fact they have not because Chinese negotiators have not made their mind to move to the next stage. So for this reason, misunderstanding between the two sides may result in the failure of the talks.4.3 The culture difference can cause culture shockCulture shock (commonly called culture shock) is the trauma you experience when you move into a culture different from your home one. Culture shock is basically a communication problem in the international business protocol. Culture shock can have a real effect on the outcome of a business undertaking often in ways that the head office may never know until they see the fine print of a contract. The most obvious negative is antagonism toward a foreign business partner. The antagonism and cynicism that can build towards the representative of another culture can have very public manifestation that result in a failure to achieve business goals. But there is another and often more subtle danger: rather than becoming resentful toward the new culture and business partners and blowing the deal, an individual will become far too eager to place, to go along with almost anything, just to return home and escape the pressures. This loss of patience and perspective can result in something even worse than a failed business deal bad business deal. A nightmare contract does indeed exist and can have a major impact on individual in many the first step in coping with what is truly an inevitability of working in different worlds.Chapter5 How to Treat the Cultural DifferencesAs old English proverb says, “That song is best esteemed with which our ears are most acquainted.” Everyone likes the familiar. This familiarity helps you reduce stress, for in most instances you know what you can expect from your environment and from those around you. However, you are now, by either chance or design, leaving these comfortable surroundings and journeying into new areas or design, leaving these confronting people who are often unlike yourself. Leaving the known and moving to unknown can create a number of secondary communication problems. Smith and Bond (1994) offer these problems: Separation from previous support net works, climate differences, increased health problems, changes in material and technical resources, lack of information about daily routines (e.g. how to travel from A to B ) and so forth all exact their price.Let’s take the business negotiation with British counterparts for an example. Chinese negotiators need to do the following:Firstly, cultural differences that may occur need to be understood before negotiation. It is essential to understand the cultural difference before negotiation. Preparations for negotiation include: negotiation background, the assessment of the situation, the facts need to be verified in negotiating process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. Negotiation backgroundconsists of location, site layout, negotiation unit, number of negotiators, channels of communication and negotiation time limits. All these preparations must consider the possible cultural differences. For instance, cultural differences in terms of site layout may be slightly on the impact of co-operation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room is not arranged properly, more casually, may cause the other party anxious and even angry.In addition, the ways of negotiating also vary from culture to culture. Americans tends to crowd together to “hammer out an agreement”; while the Japanese like to talk to each person individually first, and if everyone agrees, they will arrange a wider meeting.The control of negotiating time limits is also very significant. Different culture has different concept of time. For example, the concept of time is strong in North American culture, and time is money for them. But in the culture of the Mid-east and Latin America, the concept of time is weak. In their view, the time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared.Secondly, dealing with the cultural differences correctly is needed. First, on the chosen and use of the negotiation language, for western countries, we must take an export-oriented communication; and do our best to express our ideas in a si mple, clear and frank way. Don’t be ambiguous and vague. For instance, Americans like to argue, and their language is confrontational. They believe that argument is a right to express personal ideas, and is useful to solving problems, and differences in views would not affect relationships. While inthe oriental culture, in order to save both parties’ faces, ambiguous and indirect languages are frequently used. Even if they do not agree with each other's views, it's rare to be rejected or refuted directly. They will twist and turn to state their views. “Harmony” of the values of the Chinese people creates a harmonious atmosphere as an important means of negotiations. In negotiating process, they avoid friction; put the friendship on the first consideration. What they want is permanent friendship and co-operation. (Liu Wenqi, 2004:54). Second, on the problem of negotiating way, taking an example of China and America, oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, and their way used in negotiation is from whole to part, from big to small, from general to specific. That means reaching a consensus on general principle first, and then guide to develop specific programs to solve problems by this. There is not obvious order in oriental mode of thinking. Usually in the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments to reach an agreement. While the Western people are influenced by mode of analyzing thinking and the most important for them is the logical relationship among things. They value specific more than overall, and they eager to start negotiations about the specific terms. As a result, they usually resolve the problems of price, delivery, warranty and service contracts and other issues respectively. Each settlement of the problems has concessions and commitments from start to finish. The final agreement is a collection of a list of little agreements.Thirdly,after negotiations do the follow-up job well for the exchange of cultural difference. Management after negotiations related to the contractsmanagement and the follow-up communication behavior. First of all, for contracts, in the countries where people value the relationship among people, such as China, the settlement of disputes usually don’t depend on the law completely, but depend on the relationship of the two parties. In these cultures, the written contract is very short. It is mainly used to describe the two parties’ own responsibilities. But in western countries, such as America, they regard the contract signing ceremony as a movement of wasting time and money, so they usually sign the contract by sending e-mail. To follow-up communication, the American culture emphasizes on “separate the people and things”, so they don’t pay attention to follow-up communication. But in oriental cultural countries, such as Japan, keeping the follow-up communication with most foreign customers is seen as an important part of international business negotiation. Long after they sign the contract, they will still communicate with each other by letters, pictures, and exchange visits, etc (Wang Tengning, 2004:46).。
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异商务交际是国际商务活动中不可或缺的一部分，而在不同的文化背景下，商务交际也会受到不同文化因素的影响。
中西方文化差异较大，这些差异在商务交际中也会产生一系列的影响。
本文将分别从中西方文化传统、商务礼仪、沟通方式和商务取得成就等方面探讨中西方文化差异对商务交际的影响。
一、中西方文化传统的影响中西方文化传统差异较大，这些传统对商务交际有着深远的影响。
在中方文化中，注重的是家庭和个人的关系，强调集体主义，尊重长辈和权威，追求和谐。
在商务交际中，中国人更注重建立良好的人际关系，通过人情来解决问题，重视个人的信誉和名誉。
而在西方文化中，强调个人主义，注重个人独立和自由，强调契约和法律，更注重效率和结果。
在商务交际中，西方人更注重合同和规则，追求商业利益，重视个人能力和成就。
二、商务礼仪的影响中西方文化的差异也体现在商务礼仪上。
中国人讲究礼节和尊重，重视面子和礼貌，并注重传统的礼仪。
在商务交际中，中国人更注重仪表和言谈举止，重视交际礼仪和场合礼仪。
而在西方文化中，商务活动更注重实效和结果，比较注重时间和效率，礼貌和礼仪的要求相对较低。
在商务交际中，西方人更注重专业素质和业务能力，强调实际行动和业绩。
三、沟通方式的影响中西方文化差异也会影响到商务交际的沟通方式。
在中国文化中，人们更习惯于间接沟通，讲究含蓄和非言语传达，更注重人际关系和情感交流。
在商务交际中，中国人更注重身体语言和微妙的表情，善于借助比喻和隐喻来传达观点。
而在西方文化中，更注重直接沟通和清晰表达，讲究言辞直接和实事求是，更注重逻辑和数据。
在商务交际中，西方人更注重表达清晰和简洁，重视言语表达和逻辑思维。
中西方文化差异在商务交际中会产生一系列的影响。
了解和尊重对方文化的差异，是有效开展跨文化商务交际的关键。
企业在进行国际商务活动时，需要从文化的角度出发，灵活应对，提高自身的文化适应能力，以最大限度地促进商务交际的成功。
通过深入了解中西方文化差异，积极借鉴优秀的文化传统，促进不同文化间的交流与合作，实现互利共赢的商务合作。
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析随着全球化的加速发展，国际商务交流日益频繁。
在国际商务交流中，文化之间的差异往往成为影响商务合作的重要因素之一。
尤其是中西方文化的差异，对商务礼仪的理解和实践产生了深远的影响。
本文将从礼仪、沟通和商务谈判三个方面进行中西方文化差异的分析，以帮助人们更好地理解和处理国际商务中的文化差异。
一、礼仪1. 拜访礼仪在中西方文化中，拜访礼仪存在着显著的差异。
在西方国家，拜访他人通常需要提前预约并遵守时间的约定。
迟到被认为是不尊重对方的表现。
而在中国传统文化中，客人抵达时可能会受到热烈的欢迎，而且主人通常会主动表示善意，因此客人通常不会按时抵达。
2. 礼物的赠送在商务交流中，礼物的赠送也是一个重要的礼仪问题。
在西方国家，礼物通常以商务目的为主，通常情况下是一些小而精致的礼物。
在中国，礼品具有特别的意义，一定要选择合适的礼品，尤其是在商业谈判中，礼物往往被赋予特殊的含义，要慎重选择。
3. 用餐礼仪西方国家的用餐礼仪相对严谨，通常有固定的用餐顺序和礼节。
中国用餐礼仪强调“尊老爱幼”，在用餐中主人会优先照顾客人，客人会礼让主人。
餐桌上的礼仪也有很多讲究。
例如在用餐中不能碰杯底、不能用筷子戳食物等等。
二、沟通1. 语言的使用语言是文化最显著的标志之一，在国际商务交流中尤为重要。
在西方国家，英语是最主要的商务交流语言，在商务交涉中可以直截了当地表达自己的意见。
而在中国，礼貌和委婉的措辞往往更受青睐，因此在商务交涉中需要更多地注重语言的使用和交际技巧。
2. 书面沟通西方国家的商务信函通常简练、明了，内容直截了当；而中国的商务书信通常会在开头及结尾表达对收信人的关心与祝福，文章中通常会使用一些平和、有礼貌的措辞。
在书面沟通中，对语言文字的处理也有很大的不同。
3. 面部表情和身体动作在商务谈判中，表情和身体语言也是重要的交流方式。
在西方国家，表情和姿势往往比较严肃、拘谨，力求准确传达自己的意思。
中国与西方商务会议礼仪的对比
中国与西方商务会议礼仪的对比标题一：文化差异对商务会议礼仪的影响文化差异是中西方商务会议礼仪中最显著的差异之一。
在商务会议中的每个礼仪细节中，包含着对文化习惯以及价值观的理解和反映。
中西文化在礼仪意识、礼仪行为等方面存在巨大差别，如何适应不同的文化习惯，成为商务会议中一个重要的问题。
从中西方礼仪文化上的差异看，中西方在礼仪的敬意、礼貌、待客、礼品、言语以及礼仪细节上存在着很大差异。
例如中国的礼仪习惯中，长辈、领导等地位高的人会优先进入会议室，在商务会议中有着更高的地位，而在西方国家中，这个礼仪习惯并不重要。
如果西方国家的企业人员对此一问三不知，容易引起企业间的误解和不适。
如何准确的理解中西方文化差异，并正确使用中西方礼仪，在商务会议上给客户以更好的印象，需要咨询相关人员和寻求有效的方法才能够达到最佳效果。
标题二：西方商务会议礼仪的基本流程及要点商务会议礼仪是企业人员的内在素养的体现，它反映出企业的文化价值和经营水平。
适用于商务会议的礼仪流程和要点，各国也有着不同的规定。
而西方国家的商务会议礼仪和中国的礼仪却有着一些细节上的不同。
在一个好的商务会议中，礼仪的细节要求是必须仔细遵守的。
首先，在商务会议开始前要有一个明确的程序，会议的主题、开会人员名称、职位、议程等都要事先通知客户。
其次，需要对商务会议场地进行精心布置，会议室必须保持干净整洁，环境宜人，机器和设备也要有充足的保障。
最后，西方商务会议中要注重会议流程的执行，会议主持人的语言表达要得体、准确。
会议中与客户的交往面，要尊重客户的想法和意见，从这些方面能反映出企业团队的优秀素养和专业水准。
标题三：中国商务会议礼仪原则在中国，商务会议礼仪原则包括了会议准备、开场致辞、主席主持、发言顺序、礼品等全方位的内容。
会议前的准备工作是至关重要的，包括会议主题、议程、会场布置、接待等。
在开场致辞时，主持人应该要清楚明了的介绍会议的主要内容，帮助参会人员快速了解会议的背景和必要的信息。
中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响中国是礼仪之邦，有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明，在世界上影响深远。
当在近200多年，随着西方国家的崛起，西方主导着世界。
现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。
在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合过程中，我们中国，更多的还是借鉴西方。
但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪，或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。
难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。
文化的差异就会导致我们在商务谈判中出现一些常识性的文化错误，让对方感受不到我们的诚意。
因此，理解不同的文化对我们进行一次成功的商务活动奠定了坚实的基础。
一、价值观差异在中国的文化观念中，人生的价值往往体现在其社会价值之中，总是把个人或者自我放在社会关系中去考察，否定个体的自我主体性，人生意义常常与“忘我”或者“牺牲”相联系。
它追求的是这一种群体和谐的、稳定的伦理道德社会，个人可以弘扬个性，但不能将自我置于国家、集体之上；西方则不然，其主张以自我为核心的个人主义价值观念。
个人是社会的核心，追求个人利益的主观能动创造性是社会进步的内在动力。
因此，应将个人利益置于高于一切的位置，实行利己主义和自由主义，个人有满足自己物质利益和精神享受的权利，有自己生活上的隐私。
这种价值观的差异可以说是根本性的，它是决定中西方商务礼仪差异的根本因素。
在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。
看到别人买的东西不可问其价格；如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶。
而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
但在中国人与美国人打交道时，在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况，美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私，别有用心，一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。
在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
日常生活中，中国人拜访他人表示热忱。
中外文化差异与国际商务礼仪
中外文化差异与国际商务礼仪中外文化差异在国际商务礼仪方面表现得尤为明显。
了解和掌握这些差异有助于促进跨文化交流，提高商务活动的效率和质量。
以下是一些主要的中外文化差异以及在国际商务礼仪中的应用：1. 思维方式差异：西方人倾向于具体思维，强调精确和直接。
在商务交流中，他们更喜欢直截了当地表达观点和需求。
相比之下，中国人倾向于抽象思维，沟通时更注重内涵和意境。
在国际商务谈判中，要充分了解对方的文化背景，以便更好地理解和应对不同的思维方式。
2. 价值观念差异：中式价值观念强调集体主义，即个人价值的实现在于他对社会做出的贡献。
而在西方文化中，个人价值的体现在于个人成就和自我完善。
在国际商务礼仪中，尊重对方的文化价值观念至关重要。
例如，在团队建设中，要注重团队协作，充分调动每个人的积极性。
3. 习俗文化差异：在国际商务礼仪中，要尊重对方的习俗文化。
例如，在邀请外国客户参加活动时，要了解他们对邀请函、活动安排等方面的要求。
同时，要避免在商务场合谈论敏感话题，如宗教信仰、政治观点等。
4. 宗教迷信差异：西方教堂里的神是以一种血淋淋的、受苦受难的形象出现的，体现了人的苦难和思想的化身。
而中国庙宇里的神则是真神。
在国际商务礼仪中，要尊重对方的宗教信仰，避免在商务活动中使用可能引起对方不适的宗教符号或形象。
5. 饮食文化差异：西方饮食文化注重营养均衡，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等。
而中国饮食文化强调味觉享受，注重色、香、味、形的搭配。
在国际商务活动中，要了解对方的饮食喜好和习惯，以便安排合适的宴请或聚餐。
6. 交际法、观摩法、穿插法、对比法、主题法等：在国际商务礼仪培训中，可以采用这些方法帮助参与者了解和掌握中外文化差异。
例如，通过情景模拟、案例分析、文化讲座等形式，提高商务人士的文化敏感性和跨文化沟通能力。
总之，在国际商务礼仪方面，了解和尊重中外文化差异是关键。
通过提高跨文化沟通能力，商务人士可以更好地与外国合作伙伴开展合作，推动国际商务活动的顺利进行。
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异中西方文化的差异是国际商务交际中一个非常重要的因素。
中西方文化在价值观念、行为规范、沟通方式等方面存在着很大的差异，这些差异对商务交际有着深远的影响。
本文将从礼仪、沟通方式、工作态度等方面探讨中西方文化差异对商务交际的影响。
一、礼仪差异礼仪是中西方文化中的重要组成部分，也是商务交际中尤为重要的一环。
在中西方文化中，对待礼仪的态度和方式存在着明显的差异。
在西方文化中，尤其是北美和欧洲的国家，人们对待礼仪的态度相对较为随意。
例如在商务交际中，西方人在会议上常常会直接发表自己的观点，甚至打断别人的发言；在商务宴会上，也不会过多在乎用餐时的动作和言谈。
而在中国文化中，人们对待礼仪更加重视，商务场合中的言谈举止更加注重礼貌和尊重。
在商务交际中，中国人会更加留意对方的面部表情和态度，更加注重言辞的客气和正式。
对比之下，这种差异会造成中西方商务交际中的认知障碍和沟通困难。
在商务交际中，人们对待礼仪的态度和方式也反映出了中西方文化的差异。
了解并尊重对方文化中的礼仪规范，可以帮助商务人士更好地进行跨文化交流，避免因为误解礼仪而导致的交流障碍。
二、沟通方式差异中西方文化中的沟通方式也存在着明显的差异，这种差异对商务交际有着重要的影响。
在西方文化中，人们更加直接和开放地进行沟通，重视言辞表达的清晰和准确。
在商务交际中，西方人更加倾向于直接表达自己的想法和意见，不会因为担心冒犯他人而过多地控制自己的言辞。
这种沟通方式在商务交际中，能够提高决策效率和合作效果，但也容易因为直接表达而引发误解和冲突。
相比之下，在中国文化中，人们更加倾向于间接和委婉地进行沟通。
在商务交际中，中国人会更加注意言辞的方式和措辞，尤其在处理敏感问题和冲突时更加倾向于委婉和圆滑。
这种沟通方式在中西方商务交际中容易引发认知偏差和信息不对称，容易造成交流障碍和决策困难。
三、工作态度差异工作态度是中西方文化差异中的另一个重要方面。
中英文化差异对商务沟通的影响分析
中英文化差异对商务沟通的影响分析在全球化的今天，跨国商务交流已成为商界不可忽视的重要组成部分。
交流能力的好坏直接影响着商务谈判的成功与失败，而语言交流是商务中不可或缺的一部分。
然而，不同国家和地区的语言和文化差异，给商务交流带来了困难。
中英两国有着巨大的文化差异，英国依然保持着传统的西方文化风范，而中国拥有自己悠久的历史文化传统。
这些文化差异对商务沟通造成的影响不能被忽视，下面将分别从语言差异、商务礼仪和价值观的差异等方面进行分析。
一、语言差异英语和中文是两种完全不同的语言，它们的语音、语法、语气、口音等方面都存在着很大的区别，这直接影响了双方的商务交流能力。
例如，英语注重委婉、殷勤、礼貌，而中文则更加注重直接表达、口感、句子长度。
这种不同的沟通风格容易引起误解，不能准确把握对方的意思。
此外，在商务交流中，一些习惯用语和俚语的语言问题，也容易导致误解。
为了解决这个问题，双方可以将翻译作为一个桥梁。
翻译既可以帮助沟通，又可以避免因语言差异而引起的贸易争端。
然而，拥有资深翻译人才也是非常重要的，需要快速而准确的翻译。
二、商务礼仪商务礼仪也是中英文化差异的重要方面。
英国商务礼仪主张礼仪优先、细节关注、严守规矩。
英国人通常会用英式的礼貌语言、既定的礼节程序，引导对话。
而中国商务礼仪重视人情味、亲近感和人际关系，通常喜欢给对方送贺礼，表达好意和友善之情。
这种礼仪差异可能会导致误解，因为英国人可能不理解中国人的交往方式，而中国人也可能会因为过于热情而感到英国人的冷漠。
因此，在商务交流中，双方需要了解对方的商务礼仪开始沟通。
在英国，双方可以多遵从英方礼节，将此理解为一种文化尊重的体现，同时在中国，双方也可以体现中国的几何礼仪，表现出自己的尊重和善意。
三、价值观的差异英国和中国的价值观也存在着巨大的差异，包括家庭观念、人际关系和事业等方方面面。
英国社会重视个人的独立和自由性，以及个人工作对自己的价值贡献，然而在中国社会中，家庭和亲朋好友，在商务沟通中也非常重要。
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中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响[摘要] 随着中国改革开放步伐的加大和经济的迅猛发展，对外商务活动日趋频繁。
商务谈谈是对外商务活动的重要组成部分，必然会受到谈判者所处的不同文化的影响和干扰，从而形成风格迥异的谈判风格。
本文拟从中西方文化差异的角度探讨在对外商务活动中如何克服文化差异障碍，以及怎样更好地掌握和运用相关的涉外礼仪。
关键词:中西方，商务礼仪，差异商务礼仪，即人们在商务活动中，用以维护企业形象或个人形象，对交往对象表示尊重、友好的行为规范和惯例、交往艺术。
任何社会、任何国家的人们在交往中都需要一定的准则，而这些准则又因文化背景的差异而不同。
全球经济一体化，使信仰、价值观念、道德标准、民俗习惯及文化背景各不相同的各国商人走到了一起。
他们有的成了谈判高手，有的却败走他乡。
有时导致失败的原因并不是一些大的因素，而往往是由于某些细微的疏忽。
礼仪就是这种常常被忽视而恰恰起关键作用的因素之一。
中国是礼仪之邦，有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明，在世界上影响深远。
当在近200多年，随着西方国家的崛起，西方主导着世界。
现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。
在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合过程中，我们中国，更多的还是借鉴西方。
但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪，或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。
难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。
文化的差异就会导致我们在商务谈判中出现一些常识性的文化错误，让对方感受不到我们的诚意。
因此，理解不同的文化对我们进行一次成功的商务活动奠定了坚实的基础。
一、价值观差异在中国的文化观念中，人生的价值往往体现在其社会价值之中，总是把个人或者自我放在社会关系中去考察，否定个体的自我主体性，人生意义常常与“忘我”或者“牺牲”相联系。
它追求的是这一种群体和谐的、稳定的伦理道德社会，个人可以弘扬个性，但不能将自我置于国家、集体之上;西方则不然，其主张以自我为核心的个人主义价值观念。
个人是社会的核心，追求个人利益的主观能动创造性是社会进步的内在动力。
因此，应将个人利益置于高于一切的位置，实行利己主义和自由主义，个人有满足自己物质利益和精神享受的权利，有自己生活上的隐私。
这种价值观的差异可以说是根本性的，它是决定中西方商务礼仪差异的根本因素。
在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。
看到别人买的东西不可问其价格;如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶。
而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
但在中国人与美国人打交道时，在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况，美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私，别有用心，一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。
在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
日常生活中，中国人拜访他人表示热忱。
而西方人在拜访前，要跟这人预约，突然造访会造成受访者不快，因为会打乱别人的工作安排。
西方人比较忌讳别人探听其隐私。
中国人比较热情，愿意帮助他人，喜欢询问别人可有什么帮忙。
比如,中国人会直接询问别人所购物品价格，在中国人看来，物品贵贱只代表物品质量。
西方人则认为是隐私，不宜直接询问。
中国人的空间距离较近，经常可以看见中国少女亲昵而行。
西方人认为中国人过于亲近，中国人认为西方人冷淡、傲慢、过分疏远。
这都是东西方文化观念差异导致的。
东方人重义重情，西方人崇尚个人独立。
西方人见面时，不一定会握手，只要笑一笑，打个招呼就行了，即使是第一次见面，而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。
但在中国握手并没有太多的限定，而西方人握手是有一定礼节的。
例如男女之间，若女方无握手之意，男子就只能点头鞠躬致意;长幼之间由长辈先伸出手;上下级之间，由上级先伸出手;宾主之间由主人先伸出手。
而且握手时应注视对方，并摘下手套，否则会被视为不礼貌。
在商务谈判中，见面礼是对方对你的第一印象，只有在自己了解了不同国家的不同习俗才能给对方带来亲切、重视的感觉。
让对方认为你很重视这次谈判，也让对方看到你的诚意所在。
尊重他人的文化，是我们在商务活动中取得成功的必要条件，我们只有了解了对方的文化习惯，才能顺利的完成谈判过程，并且愉快且轻松。
二、时间观差异在中国的传统文化领域中，人们推崇一种环形的时间观念。
因此，中国人利用时间比较随意，比较灵活;西方人奉行的则是线形的时间观念，认为时间是一去不复返的。
因此，他们的时间观念非常强烈，做任何事都有严格的日程安排，时刻保持“紧张”的时间观念。
这种差异表现在国际商务礼仪中，主要导致例如以下两个方面的中西差别:首先，在国际商务活动中，中国人不重视预约，有时候即使预约，也不严格遵守预约时间，而西方人则注重预约，且严格按照预约时间安排活动。
其次，在商务谈判中，西方人喜欢开门见山，且在谈判中不喜欢停下或者保持沉默，而是习惯于速战速决。
然而，中国人则喜好感情投资，喜欢宴请或者送礼物，在交杯换盏中达成一致，商务活动进程一般比较缓慢。
三、饮食观及宴请差异在中国，饮食已经上升到一种几乎超越其他一切物质形态和精神形态的举足轻重的东西，“民以食为天”是其最好的表达。
中国的菜肴讲究“五味调和”和“色、香、味、形、器俱佳”，追求美味，而忽略营养均衡;西方人饮食追求科学搭配，营养均衡，菜肴的“色、香、味”是次等要求。
他们喜欢清淡少油、原料新鲜的食物，只是将饮食当做一种摄取营养的手段，吃得比较简单，不会过分地追求口味。
因此，在商务活动中，中方喜欢安排圆桌筵席，美味佳肴置于中心，与客人相互敬酒让菜、热闹非凡，在形式上形成一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。
然而，西方的宴会则讲究优雅温馨，富有情趣和礼仪，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的;在宴请礼仪方面，中国从古至今大多都以“左”为尊，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。
西方则以“右”为贵，“女士优先、尊重妇女”是人们宴会排座位的标准。
宴席中，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。
此外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。
吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。
中国就餐中这些热情的举动，在西方可能会被视为不太注重礼节，但在中国，这些都是商务谈判中对对方重视和表现自己诚信的方式。
在餐饮氛围方面，中国人喜欢很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。
而西方人在用餐时，更喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，并且在吃饭的过程中很注重自己的餐桌礼仪，要表现的很有涵养，不能失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。
酒文化在中国由来已久，被视为做生意，交朋友等社交场合不可或缺的。
酒杯不空茶水不满。
在西方，通常喝啤酒、葡萄酒，不喜欢劝酒。
在中国，宴会喜欢共桌共菜，西方则认为不合卫生，实行分餐制。
中国人宴请时，觥筹交错，歌舞升平。
西方则要求少声响少动作，用餐程序较多。
四、语言习惯差异1、称谓称呼方面在西方,称呼是比较笼统的，一个称呼可以涵盖中国很多称呼。
例如，西方称呼男的为先生，称呼女的女士或小姐，而在我国“先生”第一解释是“教师”,是对教师最古老最悠久的称谓。
随着改革开放,先生已成为社会上最流行的尊称口语，西方人称”uncle”,可以涵盖我国的婶婶，伯母，姨。
他们对这些方面的关系也不如中国分明,中国父亲那边的为伯伯，姑姑，堂兄妹，母亲方为舅，姨，表兄妹。
在西方人们见面时喜欢直呼其名。
而在中国,人们喜欢加上职位，xx经理，xx 总裁等。
这是身份与地位的象征，西方人很少用正式的头衔称呼别人，正式头衔用于法官。
高级政府官员、军官、医生、教授、高级宗教人士等。
在中国，谦虚被奉行为一种美德。
所以，在得到别人的赞扬时，中国人常以“哪里”、“不好”、“不行”、“还不够”等来回应。
这不符合西方传统，尤其是美国。
西方人会对别人夸奖做积极的回应，常说“Thank you”。
另外，中国人讲究贬己尊人，把自己的家叫“寒舍”，自己的作品叫“拙作”，称对方为“您”，对方的意见为“高见”、“宝贵意见”。
而英语中的敬语和谦词则非常少见，在英语环境里，不管谈话的对方年龄多大、辈份多长、地位多高，you就是you，I就是I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如“您、您老、鄙人”等敬谦语。
所以，在国际商务活动中，中国人的谦虚与贬己常常让西方人感到不礼貌。
2、交际语言方面中国人通常是见面点头致意，握手或行拱手礼，微微欠身然后握手，而西方人认为欠身显得自卑，拥抱是最常见的见面礼与道别礼，亲吻礼与吻手礼也较为常见。
在我国除了见面和告辞时使用，在表示祝贺、感谢或互相鼓励时也使用。
发展到现在，被简单的“你好”，“再见”所取代。
可是西方的贴面礼、亲吻礼、吻身礼，让国人仍很不习惯接受。
中国在见面时喜欢客套的问去哪了,有没有吃饭,西方则认为这侵犯了他们的隐私，感到奇怪。
送客离开时，中国人习惯挽留，说“走好”“慢走”,而西方仅微笑作再见就可。
五、禁忌习俗中国人不喜欢说4，因为与“死”同音，认为8、6吉利，偏向于双数，追求成双成对。
西方人不喜欢13。
缘起基督教中的故事最后的晚餐,犹大出卖耶稣，有13个人。
也不喜欢星期五。
中国人尊老，而西方人忌老。
中国人喜黄色，有图腾为“龙”,视为龙的传人。
而西方则认为龙是蛇，基督教中蛇就是撒旦、是魔鬼，黄色暗含断交之意。
国人在馈赠送礼时不可“过时送礼，事后补礼”。
与年长者不能送“钟”,乌龟有“王八”之称，亦不可。
外国人在送礼时不求贵重，意到便可。
送礼收礼时亦少有谦卑之词。
但礼品包装要求精美。
在与人交谈时，西方人忌谈论个人私事、年龄、婚姻、收入等。
中国人则习惯称自己“礼不好，请笑纳”。
结束语中西方的文化差异导致了截然不同的商务礼仪。
随着改革开放的步伐加大，中国经济的迅猛发展，全球经济一体化的逐步实现以及中国加入世界贸易组织，对外商务合作也日益增多和频繁，商务礼仪在对外交往中的作用愈显突出。
商务人士要想成功地进行国际商务交往，就必须文化层面理解和认识国际商务礼仪，及时调整自己的礼仪行为，避免产生不必要的误会，最终存进国际商务活动的顺利开展～参考文献:[1].吴熹、陈悖，跨文化交际语言得体性分析 [J]. 江西教育学院学报,2006,27,(5). [2].卞浩宇、高永晨，论中西饮食文化的差异 [J]. 南京林业大学学报:人文社会科学版,2004,4(2).[3].汪清囡，中西文化差异对国际商务活动的影响及对策[J]. 企业经济,2006,(12). [4]李道魁:现代礼仪教程[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社，.. 2005223《商场现代化》.. 2008年.. 1月(中旬刊)总第.. 527期文案编辑词条B 添加义项 ?文案，原指放书的桌子，后来指在桌子上写字的人。