(注意关键词3-5个

Incorporating Culture into English

Teaching in Middle Schools

A Thesis

Presented to the College of English Shanghai Finance University

By Li Xiaowei

May 2008

Thesis Supervisor: Professor Yang Haiyan

论文标题：2号、Times New Roman 、加粗、居中

小4、加粗、Times New Roman 、1.5倍行距、空2行

此页是英文题名页的标准格式。本部分的论文题目、论文作者的姓名和指导教师的职称与姓名按实际情况填写。其余的按本格式复制。

小4、加粗、Times New Roman 、1.5倍行距、空6行

小4、加粗、Times New Roman 、居中。

Abstract: The mechanism of metaphor is actually the nucleus of the

study of metaphor. For more than two thousand years, metaphor was viewed as a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language. In accordance with this perspective, metaphor was a comparison between two things that do not belong to the same category or was regarded as one word used to substitute another because there were preexisting similarities between them. As a result of this perspective, two theories took shape: one was the Comparison Theory, the other was the Theory of Substitution. But modern scholars discard the perspective, holding that metaphor is not only a device of rhetoric, to be more important, it is a leading way for human beings to know this world, a way of thinking.

Key words: metaphor; collocation

（注意：关键词3-5个，字体要加粗，词与词之间用分号分开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写）

Key words 用Times New Roman 、4号、加粗；另起一行空2格居左；关键词内容用Arial 体、小4、词间空1格，用分号隔开。行间距取固定值20磅。

内容：Arial 、小4、行间距固定值20磅

Times New Roman 、4号、加粗、空2格、居左

Contents

Abstract ……………………………………………………….……….………..i I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………...………..1 II. A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor ……………………………...………...2 2.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphor —A Device of Rhetoric……………..……….2 2.2 The Platonic School —Language is Metaphorical……………….……………. 5 2.3 The Study of Metaphor from the 20th Century to the Present……………….…..6 III. On Similarity ……………………………………………………………………7 3.1 Similarity: A Fundamental Criterion for the Classification of Metaphor ………..7 3.2 Similarity and Culture………………………………………………………….9 3

.3 Similarity and Category................................................................10 3.4 The Relationship Between Similarity and Knowledge. (13)

IV . On the Mechanism of Metaphor …………………………….………………...15 4.1 Black‟s Interaction Theory………………………………………....................15 4.1.1 Introduction to the Interaction Theory…………………………………...15 4.1.2 Some Defects of the Interaction Theory…………………………………16 4.2 Lakoffian Conceptual Metaphor Theory……………………………………...19 4.2.1 The Philosophical Basis of Lakoffian Theory…………………………...19 4.2.2 Lakoffian Theory on the Mechanism of Metaphor………………………21 4.2.3 The Deficiencies of Lakoffian Theory in Expounding the Creation of

Similarity...................... (26)

4.3 Conceptual Integration Theory.......................................................29 4.3.1 An Introduction to the Conceptual Integration Theory. (29)

4.3.1.1 Four Mental Spaces……………….………………...……………..29 4.3.1.2 Three Processes of BT………………..……………..……………..33 4.3.1.3 Optimality Principles of BT………….…………………...……….34 4.3.2 The Advantages of BT in Solving the Paradox of the Two Former

Theories (34)

3号 、Time New Roman 体加粗，空1行顶部居中

空1行、Times New Roman 、小4

一级标题、 小4、Times New Roman 、加粗 二级标题、 小4、Times New Roman 、不加粗、缩进1个字母

三级标题、 小4、Times New Roman 、不加粗、缩进约3个字母

四级标

题、 小4、Times New Roman 、不加粗、缩进约6个字母