专插本英语语法专项复习

被动语态复习要点归纳

一、语态的基本概念和种类

语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。一般说来，主动语态侧重于行为者，被动语态侧重于动作的对象或动作本身。如：

主动句：They built this bridge.

被动句：This bridge was built by them.

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be +及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为系动词的变化完全一样。

英语主动语态的时态共有十六种，而被动语态只有十种。

三、八种常用时态的被动语态举例

1．一般现在时

A lot of books are kept in our school library. 我们学校图书馆有许多藏书。

2．一般过去时

A thief was caught last night. 一个小偷昨晚被抓了。

3．现在进行时

The watch is being repaired. 这块表正在修理。

4．过去进行时

The door was being painted at that time. 那时门还在油漆。

5．一般将来时

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon. 班会下周六下午召开。

6．过去将来时

They said the work would be finished the next day. 他们说这项工作第二天就能完成。

7．现在完成时

My bag has been stolen. 我的包被偷了。

8．过去完成时

She said this airport had never been used. 她说这个机场没有使用过。

四、被动语态的用法

1．当不知道谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如：

His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被热偷走了。

2．在没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如：

China was librated in 1949. 中国是一九四九年解放的。

3．强调或突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。例如：

The plan has already been made. 计划已经制订好了。

用被动语态时，如需同时指出动作的执行者，可用“介词by +动词执行者（宾格）”这一结构。例如：

Midnight was written by Mao Dun. 《子夜》是茅盾写的。

4.当出于行文的需要，被动结构更容易安排句子时。

They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built right beside the Office Building. The plan was especially supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak English.

五、使用被动语态应注意的事项

1．及物动词能构成被动语态，不及物动词不能构成被动语态。例如：

Children sleep soundly. 小孩睡得香。

某些不及物动词与介词或副词构成不可分割的短语时，如有宾语，可用被动语态。例如：

The speaker was listened to carefully. 人们聆听发言人的讲话。

2．某些动词形式上是主动语态，但含有被动的意思。例如：

This book sells well. 这本书畅销。

3．把主动语态变为被动语态时，句中谓语动词变为被动语态，及物动词的宾语变为主语。某些动词（如：give, send, pay, tell, lend, offer, show, throw, hand, bring, buy, get, make, leave等）有时带有两个宾语，有形成两种结构的可能。例如：

Someone gave me a book. 有人给我一本书。

变为被动语态时可能是：

I was given a book (by someone). (比较常用)

A book was given to me (by someone).

4．带有情态动词的一般被动语态是“情态动词+be +过去分词”。例如：

The question needn’t be discussed. 这个问题不必讨论。

5．带有不定式的一般被动语态是“to be +过去分词”。如：

A new hotel is going to be built near the station. 车站附近要建一所新旅馆。

6．动词有两个宾语时大多把间接宾语变为主语，保留直接宾语。如：

He was asked a number of questions by the teacher. 老师问他很多问题。

7．成语动词改为被动语态时不可丢掉其后的介词或副词。如：

He was often made fun of by his classmates. 班上同学经常开他玩笑。

8．“介词in, on, under等+名词”构成介词短语既可表被动意义又可表主动意义。

（1）表示主动的常见词组有：be at desk (= be studying); be at work (= be working);

（2）表示被动的常见词组有：be under discussion (= be being discussed); be under construction (=be being constructed

倒装结构（inverted order）

1. 用于never, hardly, little, not, no longer, not until, no sooner ... than, hardly ... when, neither, nor, no more等含否定意义的副词或连词开头的句子中。

At no time did he get permission for what he was doing.

Not until the next morning did she realize how serious it was.

Hardly had we walked in the door when the phone started ringing.

2. 作状语的副词here, there, in, out, away, down, up, off, only等置于句首时，主语和谓语的一部分要倒装（部分倒装）。

Here comes the bus.

Here you are.

Away went his hat.

Down there lives an old granny.

3.作地点状语的介词短语置于句首时，主谓语要倒装（全倒装）。这是一个考试热点。如：

On the top of the mountain stands a modern radar station.

4. When So, nor and neither are used to express agreement or disagreement.

You forgot your purse when you went out.

—Good heavens, _______.

A. so did I

B. so I did

C. I did so

D. I so did

点拨：选B。三者含义不同：so did I 意为“我也做了……”；so I did意为“我的确做了……”；I did so意为“我照着（某人的吩咐等）做了……”。根据句意不难