生物化学 第0章 绪论

生物化学推荐教材或参考书：Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Forth Edition, David L. Nelson andg p y,,Micheal M. Cox, 2000, Worth Publishers.Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Third Edition,中文版，周海梦等译著，2005，高等教育出版社《生物化学》(第三版)，王镜岩主编，2002，高等教育出版社《生物化学导论》(第二版)，Trudy Mckee& James R. Mckee，2000，科学出版社PART I（上册）陈军1. 概论4学时）1（2. 氨基酸、多肽与蛋白质（2学时）3. 蛋白质三维结构（2学时）4.4. 蛋白质功能（2学时）周耐明•酶（6学时）•脂质（2学时）•生物膜与转运（2学时）•生物信号转导、激素的结构和功能（4学时）•核苷酸与核酸（4学时）自我介绍陈军实验室：信号传导，农生环C 座5楼细胞发育研究所40 hrEmail: chenjun2009@科研兴趣：利用模式动物斑马鱼及人类细胞系探索人类疾病的分子机制以及创造治疗的方法和药物•信号途径损伤新陈代谢抑癌基因p53信号途径：DNA 损伤，新陈代谢，iPS 中作用及分子机理包括：国际合作项目，国家自然科学基金，浙江省重点等项目•器官再生包括：973项目等斑马鱼可再生肝脏心脏内耳脊椎尾斑马鱼可再生肝脏、心脏、内耳、脊椎、尾鳍等多种器官，已有多种再生遗传突变体，加上斑马鱼研究发育所特有的优势，斑马鱼尾鳍是研究再生生物学理想体系。

CA-CANCER J CLIN ACTA CRYSTALLOGR A NEW ENGL J MED REV MOD PHYSANNU REV IMMUNOL 94.26254.33353.48451.69549271ANNU REV IMMUNOL NAT REV MOL CELL BIO NAT REV CANCER NAT GENET NATURENAT REV IMMUNOL 49.27138.65037.17836.37736.10135.196生命科学——自然科学的带头学科。

LANCET CHEM REVNAT REV GENET CELL SCIENCENAT BIOTECHNOL 33.63333.03332.74532.40131.36431085头NAT BIOTECHNOL NAT NANOTECHNOL JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC NAT MATERANNU REV BIOCHEM NAT REV NEUROSCI 31.08530.30630.01129.89729.742NAT REV DRUG DISCOV PHYSIOL REVANNU REV PLANT BIOL ANNU REV ASTRON ASTR CANCER CELL29.51028.71228.41728.41527.44426.925杂志名影响因子ANNU REV NEUROSCI CHEM SOC REV NAT PHOTONICS CELL STEM CELL NAT IMMUNOL NAT MED 26.75626.58326.44225.94325.668254302010年影响因子大于20的所有自然科学杂志共41个其中与生命科学有关杂志个（颜色标记）NAT MED IMMUNITYPROG POLYM SCI ENDOCR REVBEHAV BRAIN SCI ACCOUNTS CHEM RES 25.43024.22122.87022.46921.95221.840个，其中与生命科学有关杂志30个（颜色标记），综合型3（绿色），综述12（黄色），研究型论文14（褐色）。

以植物命名1个综述（蓝色）。

ANNU REV GENET LANCET NEUROL ADV PHYS NAT METHODSNAT REV MICROBIOL 21.77421.65921.21420.71720.686生物化学——生命科学的基础。

物化学是应用化学的论与方法研究物生物化学：是应用化学的理论与方法研究生物体的化学组成、各种成分的结构、生命体内各种反应化学本质新陈代谢及代谢调节的机种反应化学本质、新陈代谢及代谢调节的机理与规律的科学。

生物化学不仅是阐述生命核心过程的基础学科，而且在疾病诊断与治疗、农业的品种与品质的在疾病断与疗种与质改良、轻工、食品加工等研究中得到广泛应用，以后将发挥着越来越重要的作用。

生物化学的研究内容主要包括：生物分子、主要包括：生物分子物质能量代谢及调控、遗传信息。

（、生物分子：组成生物体基本物质（糖、蛋白质、核酸、脂等）的结构、性质和功能。

物质能量代谢及调控：物质代谢和转变、能能转能量的释放和储存、代谢过程的调节控制。

遗传信息：遗传信息的储存、传递和表达。

第一章概述1. 生命与细胞的分子逻辑不同生物体的化学单元；能量的产生与在新陈代谢中不同生物体的化学单元能量的产生与在新陈代谢中的消耗；生物信息转移；生物化学研究中所用的细胞与组织；原核与真核细胞的进化和结构；细胞组分的与组织原核与真核细胞的进化和结构细胞组分的研究；病毒。

2. 生物大分子与水生命体化学组成；三维结构：构型与构象；化学反应能力；大分子与单体；生物前进化；弱相互作用与水能力大分子与单体生物前进化弱相互作用与水相系统；水、弱酸和弱碱的电离；生物系统中抵抗pH 改变的缓冲能力；水作为反应物；生物体对水环境的改变的缓冲能力水作为反应物生物体对水环境的适应。

1. 生命与细胞的分子逻辑所有生物大分子是由少数简单小分子集合而成典型的细胞含有一万到十万种生物分子，其中近半数是小分子，分子量般在其中近半数是小分子，分子量一般在500以下。

其余都是生物小分子的聚合物，分子量很大，一般在一万以上，有的高达1012，因而称为生物大分子。

因而称为生物大分子构成生物大分子的小分子单元，称为构件。

氨基酸、核苷酸和单糖分别是组成蛋白质、核酸和多糖的构件。

能量生成与消耗（新陈代谢）Organisms Are Never at Equilibriumwith Their Surroundings gMolecular Composition Reflects a Dynamic Steady StateOrganisms Exchange Energy and Matter with TheirSurroundingsS diLiving organisms use either of two strategies to derive free energy from their surroundings:(1)they take up chemical components from theenvironment (fuels), extract free energy by meansof exergonic reactions involving these fuels, andcouple these reactions to endergonic reactions; or(2) they use energy absorbed from sunlight to bringh b b d f li h b iabout exergonic photochemical reactions, to whichthey couple endergonic reactions.reactionsCells and Organisms Different Forms of EnergyEnzymes Promote Sequences of Chemical Reactionsy qATP Is the Universal Carrier of Metabolic Energy, LinkingCatabolism and AnabolismAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)Biological Information Transfer生物信息转移The central dogmaThe Structure of DNA Allows for Its Repair and Replication with Near‐Perfect Fidelityli i i h f id liDNA能自我复制，其遗传物质能自我复制其他生物分子在DNA的直接或间接指导下合成。

生物分子的复制合成是生物体繁殖的基础制合成，是生物体繁殖的基础。

Changes in the Hereditary Instructions Allow EvolutionCells生物化学研究中所用的细胞与组织The human body, for example,contains at least 1014cells.Animal and plant cells are typically10 to 30 μm in diameter.Knowledge in biochemistry continues toK l d i bi h i t ti tbe derived from a few representativetissues and organisms, such as thebacterium Escherichia coli, theyeastSaccharomyces, photosynthetic algae,spinach leaves, the rat liver, and theskeletal muscle of several differentvertebrates.原核与真核细胞的进化和结构Escherichia coli Is the Best‐StudiedProkaryotic Cellyb t i l1t2lmany bacteria are only to μm longEvolution of Eukaryotic Cells细胞组分的研究Major Structural Features of Eukaryotic CellsThe Plasma Membrane Contains Transporters and e as a e b a e Co ta s a spo te s a dReceptorsEndocytosis and Exocytosis Carry Traffic across the Plasma Membrane;The Endoplasmic Reticulum Organizes the Synthesis of Proteins and Lipids;TheGolgi Complex Processes and Sorts Protein;Lysosomes Are Packets of Hydrolyzing Enzymes;Peroxisomes Destroy Hydrogen Peroxide, and Glyoxysomes Convert Fats to Carbohydrates.The Nucleus of Eukaryotes Contains the GenomeChromosomes and chromatin are composed of DNA and a family of positively charged p g y y y proteins,histones, which associate strongly with DNA by ionic interactions with its many negatively charged phosphate groups.Mitochondria Are the Power Plants of Aerobic Eukaryotic CellsChloroplasts Convert Solar Energy into Chemical EnergyMitochondria and Chloroplasts Probably Evolved from Endosymbiotic BacteriaThe Cytoskeleton Stabilizes Cell Shape, Organizes the Cytoplasm, and Produces MotionOrganelles Can Be Isolated by CentrifugationIn Vitro Studies May Overlook Important Interactionsamong Moleculespp g g p y One of the most effective approaches to understanding a biological process is to study purified individual molecules such as enzymes,nucleic acids,or structural proteins.The purified components are amenable to detailed characterization in vitro;their physical properties and catalytic activities can be studied without"interference"from other molecules present in the intact cell.Although this approach has been remarkably revealing, it must always be remembered that the inside of a cell is quite different from the inside of a test tube.The"interfering"components eliminated by purification may be critical to the biological function or regulation of the molecule purified.In vitro studies of pure enzymes are commonly done at very low enzyme concentrations in thoroughly stirred aqueous solutions.In the cell,an enzyme is dissolved or suspended in a gel‐like cytosol with thousands of other proteins,some of which bind to that enzyme and influence its activity.h d f h i f hi h bi d h d i fl i i i Within cells,some enzymes are parts of multienzyme complexes in which reactants are channeled from one enzyme to another without ever entering the bulk solvent.Diffusion is hindered in the gel‐like cytosol,and the cytosolic composition varies in different regions of hi d d i th l lik t l d th t li iti i i diff t i f the cell.In short,a given molecule may function somewhat differently within the cell than it does in vitro.One of the central challenges of biochemistry is to understand the influences of cellular organization and macromolecular associations on the function of individual enzymes‐to understand function in vivo as well as in vitro.Viruses病毒: Parasites of CellsTurnip yellow mosaic virus(small, spherical particles), tobacco mosaic virus (long Human immunodeficiencyviruses (HIV), the causativeleaving an cylinders), and bacteriophage T4 (shaped like a hand mirror).agent of AIDS,infected T lymphocyte of theimmune system.2. 生物大分子与水生命体化学组成在已知的百余种元素中，生命过程所必需的大约有30种，称为生物元素。