2语言文化差异与跨文化交际
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第二讲 语言文化差异 与跨文化交际
语言是文化的一部分，并对文化 起着重要作用。有些社会学家认 为，语言是文化的基石——没有 语言，就没有文化；从另一个方 面看，语言又受文化的影响，反 映文化。可以说，语言反映一个 民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民 族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏 着该民族对人生的看法、生活方 式和思维方式。语言与文化互相 影响，互相作用;理解语言必须了 解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。
The usual ways to deal with these problems
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
1. explaining the term: brunch晚吃的早餐；早吃的 晚餐 2. giving a name that sounds the same as the original term: radar雷达 coffee咖啡 dazibao大字报 qigong气功 3. creating a name: martial arts武术 software软件 hardware硬件 4. using two or more methods叩头kowtow: to kneel , touching the ground with the forehead，锅 wok, abowl=shaped cooking utensil used esp. in the preparation of chinese food 引擎engine
一、一般而言英语词和汉语词的语义 差别有以下几种情况：
1．对应词的有无。 2．在两种语言里，某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或 概念，其实指的是两回事。 3．某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一两种表达方式， 而在另一语言里则有多种表达方式，即在另一种语 言里，这种事物或概念有更细微的区别。 4．某些词的基本意义大致相同，但派生意义的区别可 能很大。
busboy ≠ 公共汽车上的售票员或司机 busboy 与 公共汽车没有任何关系，它指的是在餐馆中收拾碗 碟，擦桌子的杂工。（美国英语） goldbrick ≠ 金锭 goldbrick 不是用以称赞人的词， 它是美国英语中的俚语，指逃避工作的人，尤其是 爱偷懒的士兵、懒汉。 大忙人≠ busybody 英语的busybody相当于汉语的 “爱管闲事的人”。汉语中为“大忙人”可译为 a very busy person 令人发指≠to make one’s hair stand on end 前者 用于看到或听到某种暴行等而十分“气愤”的场合， 后者用于看到或听到某种可怕的事物而十分“害怕” 的场合，相当于“令人毛骨悚然”。
芝麻酱煮饺子dumplings being cooked in sesame paste
2.Words in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface, but which refer to quite different things. 3.things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language 4. terms that have more or less the same primary meaning but which have secondary or additional meanings that may differ from each other.
Cultural distinctions
In Chinese English intercultural communication, kinship terms often present problems because satisfactory equivalents are not always available.
The relationship between L & C
Language
is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. It is considered as the keystone of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible.
Semantic differences between English and Chinese terms
1. a term in one language that does not have a counterpart in another language: 三 伏“three fu”, 三九“three nine”。夏炼三伏， 冬炼三九
Cadre-not a common word, others are suggested such as official, functionary, administrator ,etc. but none of these is exactly the same as干部 干部
Cowboy,much legend and romance associated with the cowboy of the American west 牛仔 hippie: it refers to the young people of the 1960’s whose behavior seems so strange to Chinese.嬉皮士 Struggle meeting Revival meeting, bingo party
学习一种外语不仅要掌握语音、语法、词汇和习语， 而且还要知道说这种语言的人如何看待事物，如何 观察世界；要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他 们社会的思想、习惯、行为；要懂得他们的“心灵 之语言”，即了解他们社会的文化。实际上，学习 语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。
Are there any equivalent words in both languages?
一般地说，表示同一概念的词越多，词义就区分 得越细。 先秦时代的马，有很多种名称。 如汉语中只有“骆驼”一个词，它相当于英语 中的camel，可细分为dromedary（单峰骆驼）和 Bactrian camel（双峰骆驼）。但据说，阿拉伯语 中有400多个词来表示“骆驼”，因为骆驼曾是 大多数阿拉伯人的重要交通工具。这400多个词 可以区分骆驼的年龄、性别、品种、大小等， 甚至还可以区分骆驼能否驮重物。
Language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. I the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.
炕（a heatable brick bed）， 冰糖葫芦(candied haws on a stick)，秤(steelyard) 节气； 阴(yin)，阳(yang)，寒()，上火(excessive internal heat) The examples mentioned reflect the diversity that exists. such diversity may be the result of differences in environment or tradition or the level of industrial and technological development or dissimilar political and social systems.
汉语词 祖父（母） 外祖父（母） 父 母 兄（姐）
英语词 grandfather (mother) father mother brother (sister)
弟（妹）
伯父 叔父 姑父 舅父
uncle
姨父 姐夫
妹夫 brother-in-law
The kinship terms are much simpler in English than in Chinese. Westerners find it hard to express specific relationships and its not easy for Chinese to render into Chinese without further information about whether a brother is older or younger .
Learning
a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms.
It means learning also to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs and behavior of their society, learning to understand the “language of the mind”. Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.
Weekend :Friday evening, Saturday and Sunday 周末：in the past, Saturday evening and Sunday Intellectual: people of high academic status such as college professors. sometimes used in a derogatory sense 知识分子：college teachers, college students, doctors , engineers , interpreters and middle school teachers.
夏炼三伏，冬炼三九 干部 cadre（ 干部）official（官员；行政人员； 高级职员）functionary（机关工作人员；官员）， administrator（行政官员） cowboy ，hippie（或hippy） 炕、冰糖葫芦、秤；motel , hamburger. 在表示自然现象的语言中，汉语中“节气”的 概念在英语中是没有的。 在表示自然力和宇宙方面，汉语里有些传统的 古老的词，如“阴”“阳”，在英语里没有对应 词。
爱人；lover; husband/wife; fiance(未婚夫)/fiancee （未婚妻） First Lady 籍贯:可能指place of birth或where a person is from （本人的出生地或来自某地），也往往指where a person’s parents or ancestors came from originally （父母或祖先来自何地） high school ≠高等学校 high school 是美国的中学。 英国的中学叫 secondary school service station≠服务站 service station 是给汽车加 油及进行简单维修的地方。
语言是文化的一部分，并对文化 起着重要作用。有些社会学家认 为，语言是文化的基石——没有 语言，就没有文化；从另一个方 面看，语言又受文化的影响，反 映文化。可以说，语言反映一个 民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民 族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏 着该民族对人生的看法、生活方 式和思维方式。语言与文化互相 影响，互相作用;理解语言必须了 解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。
The usual ways to deal with these problems
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
1. explaining the term: brunch晚吃的早餐；早吃的 晚餐 2. giving a name that sounds the same as the original term: radar雷达 coffee咖啡 dazibao大字报 qigong气功 3. creating a name: martial arts武术 software软件 hardware硬件 4. using two or more methods叩头kowtow: to kneel , touching the ground with the forehead，锅 wok, abowl=shaped cooking utensil used esp. in the preparation of chinese food 引擎engine
一、一般而言英语词和汉语词的语义 差别有以下几种情况：
1．对应词的有无。 2．在两种语言里，某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或 概念，其实指的是两回事。 3．某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一两种表达方式， 而在另一语言里则有多种表达方式，即在另一种语 言里，这种事物或概念有更细微的区别。 4．某些词的基本意义大致相同，但派生意义的区别可 能很大。
busboy ≠ 公共汽车上的售票员或司机 busboy 与 公共汽车没有任何关系，它指的是在餐馆中收拾碗 碟，擦桌子的杂工。（美国英语） goldbrick ≠ 金锭 goldbrick 不是用以称赞人的词， 它是美国英语中的俚语，指逃避工作的人，尤其是 爱偷懒的士兵、懒汉。 大忙人≠ busybody 英语的busybody相当于汉语的 “爱管闲事的人”。汉语中为“大忙人”可译为 a very busy person 令人发指≠to make one’s hair stand on end 前者 用于看到或听到某种暴行等而十分“气愤”的场合， 后者用于看到或听到某种可怕的事物而十分“害怕” 的场合，相当于“令人毛骨悚然”。
芝麻酱煮饺子dumplings being cooked in sesame paste
2.Words in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface, but which refer to quite different things. 3.things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language 4. terms that have more or less the same primary meaning but which have secondary or additional meanings that may differ from each other.
Cultural distinctions
In Chinese English intercultural communication, kinship terms often present problems because satisfactory equivalents are not always available.
The relationship between L & C
Language
is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. It is considered as the keystone of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible.
Semantic differences between English and Chinese terms
1. a term in one language that does not have a counterpart in another language: 三 伏“three fu”, 三九“three nine”。夏炼三伏， 冬炼三九
Cadre-not a common word, others are suggested such as official, functionary, administrator ,etc. but none of these is exactly the same as干部 干部
Cowboy,much legend and romance associated with the cowboy of the American west 牛仔 hippie: it refers to the young people of the 1960’s whose behavior seems so strange to Chinese.嬉皮士 Struggle meeting Revival meeting, bingo party
学习一种外语不仅要掌握语音、语法、词汇和习语， 而且还要知道说这种语言的人如何看待事物，如何 观察世界；要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他 们社会的思想、习惯、行为；要懂得他们的“心灵 之语言”，即了解他们社会的文化。实际上，学习 语言与了解语言所反映的文化是分不开的。
Are there any equivalent words in both languages?
一般地说，表示同一概念的词越多，词义就区分 得越细。 先秦时代的马，有很多种名称。 如汉语中只有“骆驼”一个词，它相当于英语 中的camel，可细分为dromedary（单峰骆驼）和 Bactrian camel（双峰骆驼）。但据说，阿拉伯语 中有400多个词来表示“骆驼”，因为骆驼曾是 大多数阿拉伯人的重要交通工具。这400多个词 可以区分骆驼的年龄、性别、品种、大小等， 甚至还可以区分骆驼能否驮重物。
Language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. I the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.
炕（a heatable brick bed）， 冰糖葫芦(candied haws on a stick)，秤(steelyard) 节气； 阴(yin)，阳(yang)，寒()，上火(excessive internal heat) The examples mentioned reflect the diversity that exists. such diversity may be the result of differences in environment or tradition or the level of industrial and technological development or dissimilar political and social systems.
汉语词 祖父（母） 外祖父（母） 父 母 兄（姐）
英语词 grandfather (mother) father mother brother (sister)
弟（妹）
伯父 叔父 姑父 舅父
uncle
姨父 姐夫
妹夫 brother-in-law
The kinship terms are much simpler in English than in Chinese. Westerners find it hard to express specific relationships and its not easy for Chinese to render into Chinese without further information about whether a brother is older or younger .
Learning
a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms.
It means learning also to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs and behavior of their society, learning to understand the “language of the mind”. Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture.
Weekend :Friday evening, Saturday and Sunday 周末：in the past, Saturday evening and Sunday Intellectual: people of high academic status such as college professors. sometimes used in a derogatory sense 知识分子：college teachers, college students, doctors , engineers , interpreters and middle school teachers.
夏炼三伏，冬炼三九 干部 cadre（ 干部）official（官员；行政人员； 高级职员）functionary（机关工作人员；官员）， administrator（行政官员） cowboy ，hippie（或hippy） 炕、冰糖葫芦、秤；motel , hamburger. 在表示自然现象的语言中，汉语中“节气”的 概念在英语中是没有的。 在表示自然力和宇宙方面，汉语里有些传统的 古老的词，如“阴”“阳”，在英语里没有对应 词。
爱人；lover; husband/wife; fiance(未婚夫)/fiancee （未婚妻） First Lady 籍贯:可能指place of birth或where a person is from （本人的出生地或来自某地），也往往指where a person’s parents or ancestors came from originally （父母或祖先来自何地） high school ≠高等学校 high school 是美国的中学。 英国的中学叫 secondary school service station≠服务站 service station 是给汽车加 油及进行简单维修的地方。