光学冷加工-研磨加工基本知识

研磨加工基本知识讲义
一、镜片加工流程及基本知识
1、镜片加工流程：
切削→研削→研磨→洗净
2、切削的基本知识：
切削：国内叫“粗磨”，国外叫NCG，为英文“球面创成”之缩写。

切削目的：去除材料硝材表面层，深度为0.5~0.6mm.。

由于硝材压型时精度不高，不加大加工余量就不能达到镜片所需尺寸（包括曲率、肉厚等）。

3、研削的基本知识：
研削（也称精磨或砂挂），是镜片研磨前的极为重要的工序，研削加工的主要目的为：
①加工出研磨工序所需要的表面精细度。

研削分为两道工序：
A、第一道工序称S1，用1200#~1500#的钻石粒。

B、第二道工序称S2，用1500#~2000#的树指进行加工。

②加工出研磨工序所需要的球面精度。

③满足镜片中心肉厚要求，在规定的尺寸公差之内。

④研削品质的好坏对研磨后镜片的品质影响极大。

如研磨不良伤痕（キ）、砂目（ス）、肉厚、面不等不良均与研削有直接关系，研削品
质的好坏决定研磨品质的优劣。

二、研磨加工基本知识：
硝材在经过切削及研削，其基本尺寸及表面光洁度已经形成，但仍不能满足客户光学上的要求，必须进行研磨工序，研磨是获得光学表面的最主要的工序：
1、研磨加工的目的：
①去除精度的破坏层，达到规定的外观限度要求。

②精修面形，达到图面规置之不理的曲率半径R值，满足面本数NR要求及光圈局部
允差（亚斯）的要求。

2、研磨的机理：
①机械研削理论。

②化学学说。

③表面流动理论。

3、光圈的识别与度量（我们通常说的面即光圈）
①什么是光圈？
被检查镜片表面面形与标准曲率半径的原器面形有偏差时，它们之间含形成对称的
契形空气间隙，从而形成等厚干涉条纹，有日光照射下可见到彩色光环（此时空气
隙，呈环形对称），这种彩色的光环称为光圈，我们通常观察光圈数（即面本数）以
红色光带为准。

这是因为红色光带较宽（波长范围为0.62um~0.78um），看起来清晰明亮。

②面本数的识别与度量
有原器检查镜片时，如果二者是边缘接触（中间有空气层），从正方稍加压力P，干
涉条纹从外向中心部移动即向内缩，称为低光圈或负光圈（图A），如果二者是从中
间开始接触（边缘有空气隙），从正上方稍加压力P，干涉条纹从中心向边缘移动（或
向外扩散）称为高光圈或正光圈（图B）
③亚斯的识别与度量
目前公司将面精度的中高、中低、垂边、分散或边等统称为亚斯，亚斯一定要满足
作业标准的要求，超过标准含影响镜头的解像，所以亚斯是一个非常重要的指标，
And grinding Basic knowledge handouts
Lens processing processes and basic knowledge
1, lens processing process:
Wash cutting →grinding →grinding →
2, the cutting of the basics:
Cutting: Domestic called "coarse", abroad called the NCG, English spherical Creation "abbreviation.
Cutting Objective: To remove the material the surface of the glass material layer and a depth of 0.5 to 0.6mm.
Due to the type of glass material pressure accuracy is not high, do not increase the allowance can not be required to reach the lens size (including curvature, flesh, etc.).
3, the grinding of the basics:
Grinding (also known as grinding or sand hanging) is an extremely important step in front of the lens grinding Grinding main purpose:
①machined surface fineness of the grinding step.
Grinding is divided into two processes:
A first process known as S1, 1200 # to 1500 # diamond particles.
B, the second process known as S2, 1500 # ~ # 2000 resin processing.
②processing spherical precision polishing step.
(3) to meet the center of the lens flesh requirements within the specified dimensional tolerances.
(4) grinding quality is good or bad quality of the lens grinding a great impact.
Such as grinding bad scars (Cash), graining (su), flesh, ranging from bad to have a direct relationship with the grinding surface, the pros and cons of grinding quality determines the quality of the grinding quality.
Grinding Basics:
Nitrate material in its basic dimensions and surface finish has been formed after cutting and grinding, but it still can not meet the requirements of the customer optical polishing step must
be carried out, is the most important step to obtain the optical surface polishing:
1, the purpose of grinding:
(1) removal of the accuracy of the destruction layer, to achieve the required appearance limit requirements.
②the fine shave shaped to drawing requirements ignore the radius of curvature R, meet the requirements of the surface number NR requirements and aperture local tolerance (Elias).
2, the grinding mechanism:
①mechanical RESEARCH cut theory.
(2) chemical theory.
(3) surface flow theory.
3, identification and measurement of the aperture (we usually say that the surface of the iris)
①What is Aperture?
Check the surface shape of the lens surface with the standard radius of curvature of the original surface shape deviation between them containing a symmetrical wedge-shaped air gap is formed, thereby forming fringes of equal thickness, the color can be seen under the sunlight halo (air gap annular symmetry), this halo of color called the iris aperture surface (the number), we usually observe the red band of light.
This is because the red wide band of light (wavelength range 0.62um ~ 0.78um), looks clear and bright.
②face identification and measurement of the number of
Original check lenses, if both the edge of the contact (the air layer in the middle), a little from the affirmative pressure P, interference fringes i.e. inwardly retracted portion moving from the center outward, as low the aperture or negative aperture (A) , if both are from the middle into contact with the air gap (edge), a little from the top of the positive pressure P, the interference fringes move from the center to the edge (or outward diffusion) called high aperture or positive aperture (Figure B)
Determine the number of its surface is the red band of light as a standard vertical observation of several rings with that surface of the number of the Figure A Figure B is NR = -3, for NR = +3 this.
(3) Elias identification and measurement
Surface accuracy high, low, slouch, dispersed or side collectively referred to as Aspen, Aspen must meet the standard requirements of the job, more than the standard containing the impact of the resolution of the lens, so Aspen is a very important indicators。