第三讲增词和减词

比较句
e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. — 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失 败中吸取教训更好。 e.g. The villagers are as ready to look after her as they were their own daughter. — 村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾 他们自己的女儿一样。
虚加
老师在等我，我得走了。 The teacher is waiting for me, so I must be off now. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.
Amplification（Adding) 增词译法
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译 时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将词量增 减。 增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法 上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原 文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加， 而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。 这种添加至少可以分为两类，即“虚加”和 “实加”。
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts. The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products. In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces. Our policy is to learn from all nations and all countries their strong points. It is much more absurd of the aggressors to whitewash their behavior as helping solve the dispute.
Adding words omitted in the original
Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text
问答句
e.g. — Is this your book? — Yes, it is. — 这是你的书吗？ — 是我的。 e.g. — what? Don’t you love him? — 什么？难道你不爱他？
增加数词或其它词表示复数
汉语中有些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是 表示“多，众多”的意思，如百（百花齐放，百家争鸣， 百鸟朝凤，百感交集）、千（千篇一律，千人一面，千 方百计）、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难 万险）等；还有些词，如、 群、众、历、丛等也表示 数量的多： e.g. The lion is the king of animals. — 狮子是百兽之王。 e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. — 群山白雪皑皑。 e.g. The crowd made a way for him. — 众人给他闪开了一条道。
1)这本书在市场上的出现轰动一时。 2）他热爱中国画。 3）读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的 4)他的讲演给听众的印象很深。 5)大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。 6）他的画的特点是笔力沉着，色彩鲜明。 7）参加体育锻炼对大学生来说是绝对必要的。 8）因为他对这城市完全陌生，我希望你能给他必要的帮助。 9）他有口才，有风度，但个性软弱。 10）他身体羸弱但头脑（正常）/机灵/灵活。
Adding nouns
After the intransitive verb
e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。 e.g. Doesn’t she wash after getting up? — 起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸刷牙）吗？ e.g. He sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed. — 他有时忘记洗脚就上床睡觉。 e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. — 她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗衣服，拖地板，做饭。
Adding adverbs e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! — 那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地 细心周到啊！ e.g. The crowd melted away. — 人群渐渐地散去了。 e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. — 他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
Adding words to make an abstract concept clear e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began. — 一切准备工作就绪后，运动会开始了。 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. — 一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和 与中国的紧张关系。
Practice
1）The appearance of the book on the market caused a sensation. 2）He is a lover of Chinese paintings. 3）An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 4) His speech impressed the audience deeply. 5) Most students behaved respectfully towards their teacher. 6）His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors. 7）Physical training is an absolute necessity to university students. 8）As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 9） He was eloquent and elegant--but soft. 10） He is physically weak but mentally sound.
实加
Adding verbs e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and flowers. — 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“中国群众” 挥舞纸旗和花束的场面。 e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会，出席过音乐会，观看了乒乓球表演赛之后，他 还得起草最后公报。 e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. — 我今天上午的确很忙，要上两节课，开一个会，还要接受一 个采访。
排比句
— Yes, of course I do. — 我当然爱他！
e.g. “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man…” — “读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。”（培根:《论读 书》王佐良译）
英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、 动作的动量词。
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e.g. Shall we have a rest? — 我们休息一下好吗？ e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. — 有次他们大吵了一架。 e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once. — 我看了一眼照片，马上就认出了她。
Chinese into English
1.语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 2.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 3.她在讲话中特别情调提高产品质量。 4.社会主义革命的目的使为了解放生产力。 5.我们的方针是，一切民族、一切国家的产出都要学。 6.更荒唐的是，侵略者把他们的侵略行径说成是为了“促进”争端的解 决。
Adding adjectives e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! — 北京的人们正以多么高的热情学习外 语啊！ e.g. What a day/life! — 多么（ 热/冷/难 熬/幸福/悲惨 ）的一天/生活啊！
Adding quantifiers
英语中的名词，特别是可数名词，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而 汉语几乎总是要用量词。
e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了一辆新自行车。 e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. — 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。
虚加
e.g. But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. — 然而如果没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第 三帝国。 Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热，就会汽化。 However carefully steam pipes are sealed, some heat is lost. 不管蒸汽管封闭的多么严密，还是有一部分热量损耗掉。 He did not go. He was tired.
实加
Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
Adding words which indicate the plural form 汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，很多情况下不必表 达出来，但要表达 指多数人的名词时，可用“们”， 如“老师们，同学们”，或在名词前加“各位／诸位” 或独立使用“大家”；表达事物的复数时可用“若干” 等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，增加 重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。
增加重叠词表示复数
e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原野。 e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一 排排的新房建成了。