增词法减词法补充,课后看

通过英译汉中的增词法减词法复习汉译英增词法减词法
I. What is Omission
Omission:
Amplification
to leave out some unnecessary words.
One of the differences in syntax between English and Chinese is the disparity in wording.What is regarded as a natural or indispensable element in one language may be regarded as superfluous or even “a stumbling block”in the other.For the sake of succinctness,functional words in English such as the article,the preposition are usually omitted in translation.
The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.
电子表比机械表准确得多。

He took off his coat and shoes. Then he put on his slippers，went to the sofa and began to watch TV. After a moment, he asked hiswife to bring him a cup of tea.
他脱了大衣和鞋子，然后穿上拖鞋，走到沙发前，开始看电视。

过了一会儿，他叫妻子给他端杯茶来。

3) A difference arose between the neighbors over the height of the fence.
邻居之间为了篱笆的高度惹起了一场争论。

邻居为篱笆的高低有过争论。

（思果，《译道探微》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2002）II. Omission of pronoun
1.在英语中，代词充当主语的情况相当多。

为了使译文前后的句子意思紧凑，避免重复用词，汉语习惯采用无主句，其主语就是前面的代词。

He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
他消瘦而憔悴，看上去痛苦不堪的样子（一副可怜相）
He was well-favoured, bright, a good dancer, a fair shot and a fine tennis player. He was an asset at any party.He was lavish with flowers and expensive boxes of chocolate, and though he entertained little, when hedid it was with an originality that pleased.
他很聪明，舞跳得不错，枪打得也可以，网球也打得挺好，深得（女孩子）喜爱。

他是宴会中的宝贝儿，任意购买鲜花和高价巧克力送人。

尽管他不大请客，请起来也别有一番创意，让人开心不已。

2.英语中的泛指人称代词作主语时，常常可以省略，翻译成无主句。

一进房间门，就会看见一台钢琴。

One can never be too careful in one’s work.
工作越仔细越好。

Fight when youcan win; move away when you cannot win.
打得赢就打，打不赢就走。

We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day.
一周有七天，一天有24小时。

知识是人到老年舒适而又必须的归宿。

如果年轻时不种下知识之树，老年时就得不到树阴的遮蔽。

尽管医生建议休息，他也知道休息本身是不够的，如果心情不平静，是休息不好的。

4）We live and learn.
活到老，学到老。

3.作宾语的代词,翻译时也可以省略.
Please take off the old picture and throw itaway.
请把那张旧画摘下来扔掉。

Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testingthem, and organizing findings–this is all work of science.
收集事实并加以论证，提出理论并加以检验，以及归纳整理研究成果——这全都是科学工作的内容。

4.物主代词在英语中出现的频率非常高，翻译时完全可以省略他们。

So the train came,he pinched hislittle sister lovingly,and put hisgreat arms about hismother’s neck and then was away.
火车来了，他爱抚地捏了一下小妹妹，用两条巨大的胳膊搂了一下母亲的脖子，然后走了。

Halliday put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his face towards the window.
哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗户。

Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead, her face was short, her upper lip short ,showing a glint of teeth, her brows were straight and dark, her lashes long and dark, her nose straight.
她的黑发蓬松地飘拂在宽宽的前额，脸是短短的，上唇也是短短的，露出亮亮的牙齿；眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。

5.“It”作代词时，也常常可以省略。

It is not entirely right to say that ifthere is food,let everyone share it.
说有饭大家吃并不完全正确。

Outside it was pitch dark and itwas raing cats and dogs.
外面漆黑一团，下着瓢泼大雨。

Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.
无论怎样的地方，要是住得久了，总会渐渐喜欢起那地方的。

“It”用于强调句中，没有实际意义，也要省略。

It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.
只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。

It was only then I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.
只是那时我才开始怀疑我的经历究竟能不能公之于众。

It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own home.
他费了不少劲才找到家。

III. Omission of conjunction
英语重形合，词与词，短语之间，句子之间的关系，主要通过连词表达；而汉语重意合，词与词之间靠顺序体现，句子之间的关系也往往通过句序体现。

翻译时，可以根据实际情况省略连词。

He did not sleep much,but when he did he dreamed of beautiful princesses, splendid castles, and gold and silver.
他没睡多久，要是一入睡便梦到如花似玉的公主，梦到富丽堂皇的城堡，梦到黄金，梦到白银。

(杨莉藜《英汉互译教程》河南大学出版社)
He was lazy,peevish,and a bon-vivant;the appearance of a lady frightened him beyond measure; hence it was but seldom that he joined the paternal circle in Russell Square, where there was plenty of gaiety, and where the jokes of his good-natured old father frightened his amour-propre(self-esteem).
他生性懒惰，脾气浮躁，又爱吃，又爱喝，一看见女人就吓得半死。

勒塞尔广场家里人多热闹；他的父亲性情随和，很爱开玩笑，说的话常常扫他的面子，害得他不敢多回老家。

(杨莉藜《英汉互译教程》河南大学出版社)
原打算五月份访华，后不得不推迟，深感失望。

由于贵公司的努力，访问这么快得以重新安排，非常高兴。

把汉语翻译成英语或写作时，注意形合和意合，还有就是有无主语：
McCrum (in 周志培，2003：380）举了一个新加坡华人写的英语句子：
“Yes Madam, quite big family!—eight children, six sons, two daughters. Big family!Ha! Ha! No good. Madam. In those days, where got family planning in Singapore.（哪里有计划生育）
(Shelly,Ode to the West Wind)
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
Asthe desert is like a sea,so is the camel like a ship.
沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。

然而，要实现这种改变并非易事，只有双方领导抛弃幻想，开诚布公，正视差异才能实现。

Those who say that we are in a time when there are no heroes, they just don’t know where to look.
有些人说这是一个没有英雄的时代，那是因为他们不懂得如何发现。

IV. Omission of the Articles
The article is the hallmark of English. However, we do not have the articles in Chinese.Themoon was slowly rising above the sea.
月亮从海边慢慢升起。

Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and thebranches are bare,thetrees themselves are beautiful.
冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但树本身却是美丽的。

Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，无论是固体、液体还是气体，都由原子组成。

A teacher should have patience in his work.
当老师的应当有耐心。

物以类聚，人以群分。

The horse is a useful animal.
不可省略：
Jack often drives at 90 miles an hour.
We enclose a cheque for US $ 10,000.
V. Omission of preposition
Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所禁止吸烟。

该国各地怨声载道。

Rumours had already spread along the streets and lanes.
各种流言传遍了大街小巷。

但是，动词后的介词一般不省略。

He stood by the desk.
She hid behind the door.
VI. Omission of verbs
气压低，沸点就低。

Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.
如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。

With regard to their products, they have the same concerns of the interrelationship of design,materials and manufacturing process.
关于产品，他们同样要考虑设计、材料和制造过程三者之间的相互关系。

VII. Omission of synonyms
据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：
传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。

The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
兹经买卖双方同意成交下列商品，特签定如下条款。

Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。

VIII. Omission of redundant words
Part-time job hunters who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.
寻找业余工作者，有工作经验者优先聘用。

There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
没有下雪，但已叶落草枯。

I. What is amplification
Example:
把presidential historian 翻译成“总统的历史学家”，意思就不够清楚.
如果翻译成“研究总统的历史学家”就更容易让人明白了。

For mistakes had been made, bad ones, he was severely criticized.
“因为已经犯了错误，很严重，他受到了严厉的批评”
“因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评”
Rocket research has proved the strange fact…..通过火箭进行研究……How she wished she could send that man to the Furies—for the punishment she thought he deserved.
Furies [希神]复仇女神(“土地”和“黑暗”的三个女儿,以清算罪恶为职责,被描绘成庄严、美丽的女郎, Fury为其中之一)
她真想把那个臭男人交给那母夜叉去整治,也好让她出口恶气。

II.根据意义或修辞的需要
1.增加动词：
由于意义上的需要及英汉语言上的差异，英语中重复用词的情况较少，而汉语有时为了达到一定的修辞效果，经常使用重叠或排比句，翻译成汉语时需要在名词前增加动词。

晚上在（参加）宴会、（出席）音乐会、（观看）乒乒球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

2) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
物质可以转换成能量，能量可以转化为物质。

3) His parents cannot afford the loss of their son; our young son, his father; and Imy husband.
他（王伟）的父母不能失去儿子，我们的儿子不能失去父亲，我不能失去丈夫。

4) My work, my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我干工作，做家务，朋友往来，这些占用了我的全部时间。

5)Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

2.增加形容词
1) With whatenthusiasmthe Chinese people are building socialism.
中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！
2) It will make a man of him in the college.
在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成堂堂的男子汉。

3）What a girl she is! See, she is speaking loudly while eating.
这女孩子真不礼貌！一边吃，一边大声说话
3.增加副词
根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定的场合可增加适当的副词，以确切表达原意。

1) After the thunderstorm, the clouds melted away.
xx过后，xx渐渐散去。

2) Now and then, his boots shone.
他的靴子时时闪闪发光。

3) A seagull saw the light from my window and darted up to it.
一只海鸥看见从我窗户透出的灯光，一下子扑了上去。

4.增加名词
A.不及物动词后增加名词
由于英语中有及物动词和不及物动词之分，有时宾语隐藏在动词后面，翻译成汉语时需要把宾语补充出来。

To do some shopping 买东西
To do some washing 洗衣服
He began to see things and to understand.
他开了眼界，懂了一些名堂。

He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.
由于疲倦了，他吃了些xx，喝了点酒。

The invading troops looted and raped wherever they went.
入侵士兵到处抢劫财物，奸污妇女。

B.在形容词前增加名词
1)“It is really nice and cheap. You will regret for not buying it later.”
这真是物美价廉，你不买会后悔的。

2) She was walking in the street alone, weary and ragged.
她独自一人走在大街上,面容憔悴，衣衫褴褛。

3) She is extroverted, smiling all the day.
她性格开朗，整天面带笑容。

他是个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢（郁郁寡欢）。

C.形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合汉语习惯，表达更为准确。

to persuade 说服persuasion
to prepare 准备preparation
to resolve 解决resolution
backward 落后backwardness
tense 紧张tension
arrogant 傲慢arrogance
mad 疯狂madness
antagonistic敌对antagonism
patriotic 爱国的patriotism
romantic 浪漫romance
necessary 必要necessity
1) The remedies you proposed are neat and easy but impossible.
你提的补救措施倒是干净利落，轻而易举，但是行不通。

2)From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain condition.
人们从水的蒸发现象了解到，液体在一定条件下能变成气体。

5.增加表示复数的词：
由于汉语名词的复数没有词形的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但有时需要通过增加“们，各位，诸位”等。

如“各位领导，各位嘉宾，老师们，同学们，大家好！”（ladies and gentlemen）
A.增加重叠词表示复数
1) Flowers bloom all over the yard.（朵朵）
2) Newsmen went flying off to Iraq to get the latest news.
（记者纷纷）
3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
B.增加数词或其他词
1) The lion is the king of animals.
（百兽之王）
2) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and mur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。

3)She passed the exams with the help of the classmates.
同学们
4) The US had a brief period of regional feudalism during the period of slavery inthe southern states.
南方各州
5) Note that the words“sense”and “sensitivity”are different.
两个词不同
Sense:
any of the five powers of the body by which a person receives knowledge of things in the world around, i.e.. sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch
Sensitivity:
quality or degree of being sensitive
6.增加表达时间的词：
由于英汉语言的差异，英语动词随时态的变化而变化，而汉语动词没有词形的变化，但有时为了表达的需要和准确性，需要增加一些表示时间的词如：
曾，曾经，已经，过了，了，那时，此时，当时，在，正在,着，将，将要，就要，就会，便等。

1) She came to the school in 1998. She had taught English in two schools.在那以前
2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
曾经
3)WhereasKissinger had once need Nixon as a channel to power,Nixon now need Kissinger to help him remain in power.
当年，基辛格曾需要尼克松的援引而获得权势，而今（如今），尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。

4) They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.
从前他爸爸是个渔夫，他过去跟我们现在一样穷。

5) My father is cooking, but my mother watching TV.
我爸爸在煮饭，而妈妈正看电视。

6) I knew it quite well as I know it now.
我当时（过去）就跟现在一样清楚。

7.汉语中的语气词很多，如：
的，吧，呢，啊，呀，嘛，啦，了，罢了，而已，在翻译时，需要在准确理解原文意义和修辞色彩的基础上增加适当的语气词。

1) Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.
不要认真嘛，我只不过开开玩笑罢了（而已）。

2) As for her, she did not love him from the very beginning.
（她呢，从一开始就没爱过他）
3) That shop has been moved for ages, don’t you know?
8.增加量词：
英语中数词与可数名词直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语必须借助量词，因此，翻译时需要增加量词。

A.A bike a desk
An apartment a full moon
A gift a paper
1)A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。

那是一派胡言。

B．英语中有些动词或者动作名词，翻译时需要增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。

Eg. Have a rest, have a wash (洗一下)
1）He gave her a sly look.
他狡猾地看了她一眼。

请进来看一看。

9.增加概括词
有时候把英语翻译成汉语时，需要把句中的连词省略掉而增加概括词。

三方面的成就
3)The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification,amplification, oscillation, modulation and detection.
(整流，放大，震荡，调制，检波)（五大主要功能）
4) You and I are good friends. We should trust each other.（你我两人）
10.增加承上启下的词：
在翻译时，特别是进行语篇翻译时，更需要目的语的连贯性，以准确表达原文意义，这就需要增加适当的词以起承上启下的作用。

1)For mistakes had been made, bad ones.
因为已经犯了许多错误，而且还是很糟糕的错误。

2) Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.不错，我是喜欢中国菜。

现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。

II.根据惯用法的需要
1）He intends to drop names.
他常常提及名人或有权有势的人，以便提高自己的身价让人对自己刮目相看。

To be nice more than wise
因爱面子而损害自己的实际利益
To see how the cat jumps
先观望一下形势，然后在行动
To run as fast as one’s legs can carry one
用尽吃奶的力气拼命地跑
To be a back-seat driver
喜欢插手超越自己职责范围的事务
2) Their “May-December” marriage ended in a stormy divorce.
他们两个人的婚姻是老夫配少妻，最后吵得昏天黑地，只好以离婚散伙而告终。

3）Britain suffered a considerable brain drain to the United States after World War II.
第二次世界大战以后，英国人才外流严重，许多精英都去了美国，这给英国造成了很大的损失
4）Taking cars off the streets does not create a new city centre; something must be added such as beauty and usefulness, as well as a good transportation plan.禁止汽车在街道上行使并不能创造出一个新的城市中心。

除了一个好的交通规划以外，还必须增加一些诸如美和有用的东西。

X
禁止汽车在街道上行使并不能创造出崭新的城市中心。

要使市中心彻底翻新，需要很好的规划交通，同时还要对城市进行美化以及增添实用有效的公共设施。