十年六级真题阅读理解重点单词及难句翻译

1999年1月
Passage 3
1.Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation
2.Underpinnings：支柱
3.For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them：因为，正如我
们将要看到的那样，动力意味着人们获得享受的能力
4.We also use categorizations colored by emotion s in our families, communities,
and overall society：我们也带着感情色彩对我们的家庭、社区和整个社会进行分类
5.In fact, society exploit s our emotional reactions and attitudes：事实上，社会
利用了我们情感上的反应和态度
6.It give high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as
surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts：社会给予外科医生等从事重要工作的人很高的奖励，将战争中的战斗机驾驶员等做出不寻常或具有危险性成就的人树为英雄，并利用刑法体系使人们不敢从事反社会的行为。

1999年6月
Passage 1
1.We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety：我们有时认
为人类是唯一对忧虑脆弱的动物。

2.Passively
3.One of the most startling examples of ……一个最令人震惊的例子
4.Suppress
Passage 3
1．Groan [grəun]：vi./ n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音
2．The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cut-backs.如果政府不采取行动改善高校的财政状况，不废除某些公共服务开支削减计划，一些大学已威胁说他们将向学生强行收取学费以弥补经费不足。

scrap[skræp]：n.碎片；废金属；[pl.]剩饭；点滴；vt.废弃，废除
cut-back：削减
3．The government responded to the universities’ threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation ,under a non-party troubleshooter, sir Ron Dearing.政府对大学的这一威胁做出回应，请无党派人士罗恩·迪尔林爵士对一代人的高等教育进行一次最基本的审查。

sir：n.先生；[S-用于姓名前]…爵士
non-party：无党派
4．troubleshooter：1发现并修理机器故障的人；2 解决纷争的人;解决困难的人；调停人。

5．strain[strein]：n.拉紧[ pl.]旋律vt.扭伤；绷紧vi.尽力6．Suspend：vt.暂停，中止；悬，挂，吊
7．The whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope.人们正以挑剔的眼光看待大学应该是什么这一概念。

8．A loan scheme for tuition fees：学费贷款项目
9．Lifelong learning：终身学习
10．Refer to students as consumers：把学生当成消费者
11．The times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to“mass production methods more typical of European universities.”《泰晤士报》同意政府的态度，并批评道，由于欧洲大学里具有代表性的大批量培养人才的方式取代了英国传统的导师监管制，扩招已导致教学质量下降。

2000年1月
Passage 3
1.Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried（已定的，
惯常的，不可更改的）：有关冲突的传统至理名言似乎相当陈腐
2.optimal：最佳的，最理想的
Passage 4
1.Which contain a compound called olestra：包含一种叫做olestra的混合物
2.It’s up to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep
eating：因此，要由消费者来决定这种新的无脂肪产品是否口味够好，值得经常吃。

2000年6月
Passage 1
1.Institute austerity program to reduce imports：制定了减少进口的紧缩计划
2.It represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic
stability for farmers：这就意味着国家将首次允诺为农民提供更为稳定的经济条件。

3.The law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production
through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices：这个法律赋予农业部长权力同农民自愿订立协议，通过给他们补偿以减少耕地面积。

4.故意造成农产品的短缺是为了提高价格。

5.This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds
that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of the people.
最高法院以用全民的税收付给一个特殊人群为由，宣布该法律违反宪法6.Achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures,
but which were based on the principle of soil conservation：达到休养土地、提供抗洪措施的同样结果，但都是基于保养耕地的原则。

7.It was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens：它不
完全是通过损其他公民的利益来帮助农民的计划。

Passage 2
1.But as useful as computers are, they’re nowhere close to achieving anything
remotely resembling these early aspirations for human-like behavior：但是，尽管电脑非常有用，它们在实现行为动作像人的这些早期愿望方面还差太远。

2.Never mind something as complex as conversation：更不要说像谈话一样复
杂的事情了
3.Takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with
intelligence：更为密切地关注自然赶上智能的更间接方式
4.The results of there early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the
new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the filed：早期工作的结果是奇特的，也是有前途的，而基于自然的人工智能新动向的确正缓慢走向该领域的最前沿。

5.Many of the brain’s capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency
of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell：
Passage 3
1.Offer only marginal improvements：只提供枝节上的改进
2.Mass-transit ridership：公共交通工具乘坐者数
3.But they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse
emissions：但它们只能少量地减少污染和温室气体排放
2001年1月
passage2
1．A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that end up debunking a widely practiced medical treatment.一个9岁女学生独自设计一个公开的科学实验，最终揭穿了一种广泛采用的医疗方法的真相。

End up doing：结束了……，以……结束
2．Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation ：显然注意到这种情况的宣传价值
mindful of：adj.注意....的,留心...的,不忘...的
3．practitioner：n.开业者(尤指医师、律师等)
4．Skeptic：n.怀疑者
5．Straight forward：直截了当的，简单的
2001年6月
Passage 2
1.Department store：百货公司
2.Appealing：吸引人，打动人心的
3.Downfall：堕落
wn：草坪，草地
5.Swell：vi./ n.肿(膨)胀，鼓起；增多；波浪起伏
6.but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as long term hardships：但
实际上，高跟鞋却成功的造就了短期或长期的受苦。

Passage 3
1.The depressing state of literacy：令人沮丧的人们的读写能力的状况。

2.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of
elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading：但我今天对中产阶级读者读写技能甚至也下降了的担忧——这问题有点要求过分——胜过对基本读写能力这一压倒一切的问题的担忧，担忧他们不愿把安静的地方、难得的家庭生活的机会、时间和注意力用来读书，而典型的读书活动正需要这些。

3.The violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our
notion of literacy; this new for part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, render s impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital：这种对集中精神、安静、独处状态的妨碍同阅读概念直接冲突；这种在娱乐背景下半读书半分散精力的读书新方式不可能专心致志地理解，更不要说
任何一个人对真正喜爱的一首诗或一篇散文所能表示的最大赞赏是将其背诵下来。

不明白，而是背下来；这种说法很重要。

By heart：=by memory，凭记忆，记忆，背诵
Render：
4.Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformation s probably much
more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing：摆在我们前面的有技术、心理和社会的变革，这些变革比德国印刷术的发明者古特伯格带来的变革更剧烈。

5.Rather bleak：相当令人沮丧的；fairly bright：充满希望的；very impressive：
给人印象深刻的（褒义，描述正面的、壮观的、感人的事物）；
6.Conscientiously：adv. 良心上地，认真地，小心谨慎地
Passage 4
1.For centuries, explores have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for
reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic：几个世纪以来，探险家冒着生命危险到未知世界去探险，在不同的程度上是为了经济和国家的利益
2.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives,
the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply going where no scientists had gone before：虽然他们的任务混合了商业、政治和军事的使命，但所有参与这些活动的探险家到达了科学家从未去过的地方，都完成了某种意义重大的科学活动。

3.Today mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita：今天，隐约闪现
的火星是人类下一个要探明之地。

4.It is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel
human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface：很清楚，不是经济利益或国家利益，而是使命将迫使人类在那个红色行星的表面留下足迹。

5.The question naturally invites a couple of others：这个问题自然引出其它一
些问题
6.With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been：
火星探险的科学赌注比以前都高，人们对此大有争议
7.The issue has been highlighted by mounting evidence：这些问题由于越来越
多的证据而引人注目
8.The finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest
mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe：这个发现将为所有科学中最大的奥秘之一提供第一批具体线索：宇宙中的生命是普遍的。

9.Inducement
10.At issue
2002年1月
Passage 1
1.Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive：即使就现在的价
格而言，导航电脑也足以打动人心
2.even the voice that recite the directions can differ：甚至连复述指令的声音也
可改变
Passage 4
1．Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious “both to the general public and to socialists：就在几十年前，对于公众和社会学家来说，这似乎是显而易见的……
2．Substituted their place superficial relationship with passing acquaintance：取而代之的是点头之交的肤浅关系。

3．But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences：但是，极大程度上，这一事实并不能推断出什么重要结果……
4．Indeed（事实上）, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people：实际上，有意义的社会关系的数量和质量在大小城市居民之间没有什么区别。

rural：农村的，乡村的
5．urbanism [ˈəːbəˌnizəm]：n..城市化，城市规划,都市建筑规划; 都市生活方式6．alienation [ˌeiliəˈneiʃən]：n..1.离间,疏远;2.让渡,转让;3.【医】精神错乱;4.
【哲】异化
7．Sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for （特别留意）young trouble makers：给住在隔壁一对老夫妇打扫人行道或关注常惹麻烦的年轻人。

8．Leftist political candidates：左翼政党候选人
Passage 3
It was considered discriminative not to do so：不这样做便被认为是有歧视的。

2002年6月
Passage 1
1.when global warming finally came, it stuck with（无法摆脱，困于，紧随，继
续从事，坚持）vengeance：当全球变暖最终来临时，紧随其后的是报复性后果。

2.The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it
happened more than 10,000 years ago：只有农业能够适应：产生农业的全球变暖危机在10,000年前就发生了。

3.convene：[kənˈvi:n]：vi.开会，集合vt.召集
4.earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate
has changed in the past：地球科学家正开展一项革命来了解气候在过去是如何变化的。

5.researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the
powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry, and back again over a time period stretching back（回溯）hundreds of millions of years：研究人员已开始拼凑一个画面，以说明在数亿年前强大的地理和天文力量如何联合起来使地球环境从热到冷、从湿到干，然后又反过来改变的。

6.dawn [dɔ:n]：n.黎明；开端，起始vi.破晓；开始，出现
7.indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate
change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it：有些科学家认为，实际上，人类的历史不仅受到地球气候变化的影响，在某些
情况下还受到它的推动。

8.the new research has profound implications for the environment summit
（n.最高点，峰顶；最高级会议；极点）in Rio：这项新研究对里约热内卢的最高级环境会议具有重要意义。

Passage 2
1.No woman can be too rich or too thin：女人的钱再多也不为多，再瘦也不为
瘦/女人再富有、在瘦弱都不为过。

2.This saying often attributed to the late duchess of Windsor embodies much of
the odd spirit of our times：这句话经常被认为是已故温莎公爵夫人说的，体现了我们独特的时代精神。

3.Consequently，I have been on a diet for the better----or worse---part of my
life：因此，我一生的大部分时间都在节食，不知是好还是坏。

4.For the better：好转，向好的方向发展
5.Relative：n.亲戚，亲属；adj.相对的，有关系的
6.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a
little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? 我们在何处背离了生活常规？什么时候吃黄油成了一种罪？稍稍多长了一点肉不是令人厌恶，就成为丑陋？
off the track：出轨；unappealing；repellent
7.However until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to
eat：直到最近，大多数人的温饱还是个问题。

8.In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high
morals：在一些宗教团体，财富是可能起到拯救作用和高尚情操的象征9.Obsession
Passage 3
1.In the case of：万一；就……来说；至于
2.The many expression of human violence are always conditioned by social
conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior：人类暴力行为的表达常常受到社会习俗的制约，而社会习俗也使侵略行为产生
3.We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns with which human violence has
been directed：宗教传统在人类的暴力行为中曾起着主导作用，这一点可以从宗教礼仪和道德模式中看出
4.But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized
and diffused：但在法制社会中，复仇的责任是非个人化的、分散的
5.The society assumes the responsibility for：社会承担……责任
6.Individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of
violence：个体不再对暴力行为实施复仇
7.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus：国家法律
机构的另一面是国家的军事机构
8.In war the sate affirms supreme power over the individuals within its own
borders：战争中，国家对其境内的个体行使着最高权力
9.It is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its
people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice：这个时候国家行使权力要求其公民承担义务、忠诚（顺从）并做出牺牲
2002年12月
Passage 1
1.The MBA always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed on the
tree-lined campus：在绿树成荫的大学校园里，MBA常常承担/担当着低俗商业和贪婪的标志。

lowly：adj&adv. 地位低下的，低俗的，卑贱的
2.But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business
school graduates：然而，甚至随着经济的萧条，对商学院毕业生的雇佣明显缩减
3.When someone says,”S hould I attempt to get an MBA, the answer a lot more
is: it depends”：当有人问：“我应该去读MBA吗？”得到的答复多半是：看情况吧。

4.The Harvard business review printed a lively, fictional exchange of letters to
dramatize complaints about business degree holders：《哈佛工商评论》刊登
一些生动的、虚构的来往信件以调侃对MBA拥有者的抱怨。

5.The article called MBA hires“extremely disappointing”：文章称MBA雇
员……
6.Most participants in the debate acknowledge：大部分参加辩论的人
7.Created the assumption that：造成了假象
8.They don’t get a lot of grounding in the people side of the business：他们在公
司里的人缘基础不好。

Passage 2
1.The media flocked to the story, portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims
of stingy (吝啬的) taxpayers：新闻媒体纷纷将目光聚集到这一事件上，并将该镇的2305名学生说成是吝啬纳税人的牺牲品。

2.There is some truth to that：在一定程度上的确如此
3.Officials declined to borrow against next year’s state aid, they refused to trim
extracurricular activities：官员们拒绝从国家下一年的州政府援助资金中借款，并拒绝减少课外活动
4.Unemployment payments：失业津贴
5.In case=if
6.Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political
statement as to keep schools open：其他迹象表明学校权力机构至少像保证学校正常开课一样，渴望发表一项政治声明。

7.The Michigan Education Association hired a public relations firm to stage a
rally marking the school closing：密西根州教育协会雇用一家公共关系公司筹划一场集会来纪念这次关闭事件
8.The union tutored school officials in the art of television interviews：协会以电
视采访的方式对学校官员予以指责。

Passage 3
1.Germany, Along with other European nations, experienced an unprecedented
rash of（连续发生的）workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization：德国，与其他欧洲国家一道，因为工业化程度的提高，经历了一个史无前例的工作场所死亡和工伤事故高发期。

2.undercut the support of the socialist labor movement：抑制/削弱对社会主义
劳工运动的支持
3.benefit payments：救济金=relief payments
4.File for claims：提出索赔
Passage 4
1.Early in the age of affluence that followed world war Ⅱ：二战之后的富裕时
代初期
2.An American retailing analyst：以为美国零售分析家
反义词：Wholesale
3.We make consumption our way of life：把消费作为我们的生活方式。

4.We convert the buying and use of goods into rituals：我们把购买和使用商品
变为例行公事
5.Consumption has become a central pillar of life：消费已成为生活主要支柱
6.The time-honored values of integrity of character：诚实的品质这种历史悠久
的价值观
7.Poverty is no solution to either environmental or human problems：贫穷不是
解决环境和人类问题的方法。

8.It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too：它给人来带
来无穷尽的灾难，对自然界也没有什么好处
9.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too
much, we are left to wonder how much is enough：如果过于贫穷或过于富裕都会破坏环境，那么，我们想知道消费多少才算适度？
10.When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction：什么时
候，富有才会停止显著地增加人类满足感？
add to something；add something to something
2003年6月
Passage 2
1.The cult of lecturing dully, like the cult of writing dully, goes back, of course,
some years. Edward shills, professor of society, recalls the professors he
encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. 当然，对枯燥讲
课的崇拜，像崇拜枯燥写作一样，可以追溯到多年前，社会学教授Edward Shils 年轻时在宾西法尼亚大学读书的时候，当时的教授就是这样上课的。

2.They seemed “a priesthood, rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their
bearing; they never referred to anything personal. 他看起来像“一个牧师，尽管才能各有千秋，但穿着非常统一；他从来不谈私事。

Passage 3
1.the owner of well over half of all world wide web sites：超过半数以上的网站
主人
2.try out：试验
3.Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid（prep.在…中间，在…
之中，被…围绕）much criticism：法穆公开了他的程序，但招致许多批评。

4.hunt down：对…穷追到底，追捕到
5.far from it：远非如此
6.let’s look on the bright side：让我们看到光明的一面
7.But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when
the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for：然而，当网络上最有影响力的居民们想出售他们的服务并想要收费时，希望一切会有所改变，那时安全将变成头等重要的事情。

Passage 2
Contact lens：隐形眼镜
By day：（在）白天；at night：（在）夜晚
Pupil：n.（小）学生；瞳孔
Optician：眼镜商，光学仪器商
2003年9月
Passage 3
1.The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy
was the provocation：流泪者有可能会道歉，甚至刺激其流泪的是毁灭性的悲剧
2.The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the
emotional outpouring：看到别人流泪的人则会尽可能使这一情感的宣泄停
止。

3.Counterproductive：反作用的
4.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit
assistances from others：尽管有些观察者提出提出哭是希望从别人那里得到帮助的一种方法
5.Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion：
2003年12月
Passage 1
1.For years, doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking
multivitamins doses is give them expensive urine：
2.Vitamin deficiency
3.All vitamin supplements would be evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical
trails：对补充维生素的所有评价都要在非常科学严格的临床试验中进行4.At some point, while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies, it
just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost：在某种意义上，研究人员在致力于发现真相的同时，能说出潜在的好处大于花费的代价也就可以了（可行的，有意义的）
5.Despite vitamin C’s great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has
not been positively linked to any great benefit：
6.The body quickly becomes saturated with c and simply excretes any excess：
7.The multivitamins question boils down to this：复合维生素问题可以归结起
来这样说
It all boils down to the age-old question：都归结到一个古老的话题
So, that is what it boils down to：哦,原来是这样
8.If the latter, there’s no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest horse pills or
the most expensive bottles. Large doses can cause excessive bleeding：如果是后者，就没有必要走极端购买大剂量的药丸和最昂贵的瓶装药。

大剂量服用会引起出血过多
9.Any benefit is modest and subject to further refinement, taking a daily
multivitamin makes a lot of sense：潜在的益处是有限的，并会逐步得到发
挥，每日服用复合维生素就会有意义
10.Side effect：副作用
Passage 2
1.Defy / deny
2.Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the
workforce may portend a rejection of marriage：
3.Household
4.Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the
increase in divorce rates：伴随着妇女外出劳动增长的是离婚率的增长。

5.Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions：然
而，简单地得出任何因果结论或许都不对。

6.The impact of a wife’s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on
marriage decisions：妻子外出工作对离婚的影响与其对做出结婚决定的影响一样不明了。

7. A wife blocked from a career outside the home：妻子在外工作受阻
8.Also, a major part of women’s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact
that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners：此外，妇女在婚姻上的不平等主要在于大多数家庭主要靠男人养家糊口
9.Equal partnership：平等的伴侣关系
Passage 3
1.There is something by virtue of which man is man：存在于某种使人之所以成
为人的东西
2.Humanity / Human nature
3.This historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the united states：这种
历史的方法得到了支持，尤其是在美国
4.Primitive
5.Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed
human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed：促使人们否定人性固有这种假设的事实是这一概念常被滥用来为最无人性的行为作庇护。

fixed / mixed 6.In the name of human nature：以人性的名义
7.Scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and
selfishness as innate human traits：学者们试图证明贪婪、竞争和自私是人类天生的特性
8.Popularly, one refers cynically to “human nature” in accepting the inevitability
of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying：一般来讲，人们在承认贪婪、谋杀、欺骗和撒谎这样违反社会道德的行为不可避免时，会讥讽地说这是“人性”
9.Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea
of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable：一旦人类被看做是进化过程中不断发展的，那么认为在人的本质中包含某种固定不变的东西的想法就显得不可思议
10.Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect
new insight into the problem of the nature of man：但我相信正是从进化的观点出发，我们可以期待对人性深入探讨的新见解
11.The concept of human nature was used to justify social evils：人类的概念被用
来为恶行正名
Passage 1
1.The practicalities of the economic recovery rate do not differentiate
between environmentally sound investment and a recovery based on an increase in energy use and material goods, and more intensive farming：无论是环保的投资，还是建立在能源消耗、物质消费和密集农垦基础上的经济发展，从其结果上看，并没有什么区别。

2.It has become necessary to change the traditional perception of a division
of environmental policies and economic well-being：有必要改变一下将环境政策和经济繁荣割裂开来的传统看法
3.environmental taxation：环境税
4.sustainability：可持续发展
5.the task of managing the transition to an environmentally balanced
economy over the next few decades, become the single greatest challenge facing political leaders：在将来几十年内实现转型，达到生态平衡经济成了政治领导们所面临的最大挑战。

6.until then：在此之前
7.self-sufficient：自给自足，自立
8.cohesive：粘合的，有凝聚力的
9.this develops（产生，发展，制定）a clear case for self-efficiency：这就
是自我效能的典型例子
10.if the course of mankind is left to go the way it is going：如果人类的历
史进程任其自由发展
Passage 2
1.three quarters of the bright but speech-delayed children：四分之三的聪
明但说话较晚的儿童。

2.overrepresented：极具代表性的
3.discrepancy [disˈkrepənsi]：n.1.差异, 不一致, 矛盾；2.偏差, 误差；3.
失调；4.亏损
4.blacks have not merely held their own（to maintain one's position/prove
equal to opposition）in American popular music：黑人不仅在美国的流行乐中占有一席之地
5.none of this presupposes any special innate ability of blacks in music：这些
并不能说明黑人在音乐方面有特殊的先天条件。

presupposes（[ˌpriːsəˈpəuz]：vt.1.预先假定，推测，预想；2.以...为前提，含有）
Passage 3
1.on the sidelines：无所事事
sideline：n.副业，边线；vt.使退出
2.on the side：作为兼职或副业；暗地里
3.rear：[riə]n./ a.后部(面，方)(的) vt.养，种
4.diminutive：[diˈminjutiv] a.小的
5.antelope：[ˈæntiləup] n.羚羊
6.in principle：大体上；原则上
7.pair bond：“生物”对偶结合
8.opt [ɔpt]：vi.(for)选择，挑选
Passage 5
1. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the
state：已颁发的专利是发明者与国家之间讨价还价的结果。

2.the shelves of the library attached to the patent office：专利局附属的图书馆的
书架上。

3.anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most new
ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills：任何与专利及发明密切相关的人很快会得知，多数新的专利事实上已相当陈旧。

4.It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or
dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money：只有把握时代的需求，锐意进取，跟上新技术的步伐，专利才能变成／转变成商业实践，做到名利双收。

5.The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886：电磁
录音理论的基本专利始于1886。

6.originate from：源于
7.Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a
cart with the horse at the rear（n./a.后部/面/方/的vt.养，种）：甚至德国大众的后置发动机汽车也被1904年的马在马车后面的专利抢先了。

anticipated：vt.预期／料，期望；提前使用，先行动
2005年6月阅读理解
Passage1
1.slash-and-burn：刀耕火种
2.Un orthodox[ʌnˈɔ:θədɔks]：adj.非传统的，异端的
3.Clearing：n.1（森林中的）开垦地；2a.(U)结算；票据交换；b.[~s]票据
交换额；3(U)a.清扫；b.清除障碍物，扫海，扫雷
4.rainfall ['reinˌfɔ:l]：n.降雨，降雨量
5.ingredient [inˈgri:diənt]：n.组成部分，成分，原料；要素，因素
an ic [ɔ:'gænik]：adj.器官的，有机的，根本的，接近自然的；n.有
机物质
7.particle [ˈpɑ:tik l]：n.微粒，颗粒，粒子；小品词，语助词
8.charred [tʃa:d]：adj.烧焦的
9.earthwork：土工作业；土方工程
Passage 2
1.embrace [imˈbreis]：vt.1.拥抱,抱
2.抓住(机会)
3.信奉(主义,信仰等),高
兴地接受,采纳4.参加,着手;开始从事5.包围,环绕6.包含,包括7.看出,领会8.相当于
ndscape [ˈlændskeip]：n.风景；风景画；全景vt.美化…的景观
3.observe [əbˈzə:v]：vt.注意到；观察；评论；遵守，奉行
4.irresistible [ˌiriˈzistəbəl]：a.无法抗拒的，不可抵抗的
5.momentum [məuˈmentəm]：n.动力，冲力，势头；动量
6.Prince Charming：白马王子
7.Blond Berliner [bə:'linə]：n.金发碧眼的柏林市民
8.tan [tæn]：v.(使)晒成棕褐色；硝制n.棕褐色；晒黑
passage 3
anism [ˈɔ:gənizəm]：n.生物，有机体；机体，有机组织
2.review [riˈvju:]：n.／vt.审查，回顾；复习；评论；检阅
3.appease [əˈpi:z]：vt.平息，抚慰，姑息，缓和
4.undermine [ˌʌndəˈmain]：vt.暗中破坏，逐渐削弱；侵蚀…的基础
5.literally [ˈlitərəli]：n.逐字地，照字面地；真正地；简直
6.rash [ræʃ]：a.轻率的n.(皮)疹；爆发的一连串
7.impairment [imˈpɛəmənt]：n.1.故障;缺陷2.损害,损伤3.减少,削减4.
恶化
2006年12月
Part Ⅴreading comprehension
1.I’ve heard from and talked to many people who described how Mother Nature
simplified their lives for them.（许多人给我来信，和我交谈，向我描述大自然母亲如何简化他们的生活）
2.the fire saved us the agony of deciding what to keep and what to get rid of （火
灾省去了我们决定如何保留和丢弃带来的烦恼）
3.she and her husband saw how they had weighted them down.（不堪负重）
4.we vowed（发誓）when we started over：我们发誓当我们重新开始时
5.Gibbs and I did have a close call shortly before we decided to simply.（就
在吉布斯和我决定简化生活之前，我们经历了死里逃生）；Susan had a close call in her car （苏珊开车险些遇到意外）；The bus almost ran him over. It was a close call.（那辆汽车差点把他碾死,真可谓死里逃生）6.We saw that there was so much we could get rid of and only never miss,
but be better off（更富裕，情况好转）without.（我们发现很多东西都可以抛弃，不仅不会想它们，没有它们会更好）
7.just to name three （仅列举三个）
8.call up：给 ... 打电话，使想起，召集，征召
9.incredible ：a. 不可信的；不可思议的，惊人的
Part Ⅵerror correction
Endowment
Ethnic
PartⅥ translation
72.If you had followed my advice, you would not have fallen (fall→fell→fallen)
into the trouble. （听从了我的忠告，你就不会陷入麻烦）。