大学英语外报外刊阅读教程(第二版)课后习题参考答案

大学英语外报外刊阅读教程教学参考手册
第二版
端木义万主编
Lesson 26
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C
VI.
1. The author thinks that the millennial generation is a generation that primps, dyes, pulls and shapes, younger and with more vigor.
2. Experian’s research finds that 43 percent of 6-to-9-year-olds are already using lipstick and lip gloss, 38 percent use hairstyling products and 12 percent use other cosmetics.
3. This is a group that’s grown up on pop culture that screams, again and again, that everything, everything, is a candidate for upgrading. Ads for the latest fashions, makeup tips and grooming products are circulated with a speed and fury unique to this millennium —on millions of ads, message boards and Facebook pages.
4. Statistics from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery show cosmetic-surgery procedures performed on those 18 and younger have nearly doubled over the past decade.
5. The author, by ―level the playing field‖, means that standards of beauty are ubiquitous and people of all kinds have the same cosmetic options available to them.
Outline
I. (1) Specific example of Marleigh’s beauty care
II. (2—4) Millennial generation’s obsession with beauty
1. Starting grooming and beauty treatments at an early age
2. Surveys and findings
III. (5) Analysis of the trend
1. Diva-ization of the generation
2. Influence of pop culture and ads
IV. (6—7) Effects of the trend
1. Waste of time and money
2. Big increase of young people seeking cosmetic treatments
Lesson 27
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A
VI.
1. Conserve is a Delhi non-profit organization recycling plastic bags into accessories. Anita Ahuja started it in order to clean up the streets of the Indian capital and help people who have problems.
2. When Anita Ahuja’s homemade products were popular at a fair at the US embassy, she realized she had finally found a successful recipe and decided to venture into accessories.
3. She, by using contracts in the Delhi government, got Conserve IDs for her ragpickers. She also got certificates of endorsement from Delhi’s chief minister and prominently displayed her own clout at the different units. She put together a group of garbage collectors, who, acting as middlemen, buy the plastic bags from 150 pickers in different pockets of the city. In this way, she ensured a regular supply of plastic bags.
4. The bags are sliced open, then washed in detergent, dipped in basil-scented water and hung out in the sun to dry, and after that were layered and compressed by heat in an ovenlike contraption. Staff and professional tailors then cut them out and sew the sheets into Conserve’s belts, bags and wallets.
5. It was difficult to train the trash pickers on the nuances of the different plastic bags because they spoke different dialects.
6. Anita Ahuja has turned down the suggestion of handing over the fabric because making the fabric alone is not so profitable.
Outline
I. (1-3) Brief accounts of Conserve
1. Conserve’s business
2. Anita Ahuja’s purpose in starting Conserve
3. Conserve’s success
II. (4-6) Conserve’s initial stage of development
1. Ahuja’s development of the idea of recycling plastic bags
2. Experiments with plastic bag recycling
3. Ahuja’s way to ensure a regular supply of plastic bags
III. (7-13) Conserve’s business management
1. Conserve’s way of recycling plastic bags
2. Payment to collectors and pickers
3. Training of trash pickers
4. Markets for Conserve’s products
IV. (14-16) The way to gain capital for business development
1. Setting up a for-profit unit
2. Use of the money to pay the rent on a new factory
3. Turning down the suggestion of handing over the fabric
V. (17) Bharti Sharma’s success at Conserve
Lesson 28
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A
VI.
1. Zach’s walk was 650-mile long. The aim of the walk was to raise funds to help homeless
children.
2. Zach started the organization four years ago. By the end of the year, they had 27 truckloads of aid.
3. The walk was very hard. They spent two months trudging 10 or 13miles a day along sweltering
back roads.
4. They raise money for their philanthropic organization through tutoring. They use the money to
distribute blankets, clothing and soap to Washington’s homeless.
5. When Brittany and Robbie Berguist heard about a soldier overseas who couldn’t pay the phone
bill for his calls home, they raised money by selling back old cellphones to be recycled. Since then, the siblings have sent more than 600,000 phone cards to troops and raised more than $ 5 million. For their philanthropic work, Brittany had been awarded so many community-service scholarships that she has enough to cover the entire cost of Stonehill College, and even the cost of graduate school.
6. Zach’s walk raised about $ 50,000. He plans to use some of the money for a playground at an
emergency foster-care shelter at Tampa and for bedding, computers and other supplies at Sasha Bruce Youthwork.
Outline
I. (1-2) Zach’s final stage of the 650-mile fundraising walk
II. (3-8) Zach’s Little Red Wagon Foundation
1. Zach’s identity
2. Development of the Little Red Wagon Foundation
3. Media’s attention to the Little Red Wagon Foundation
III. (9-18) American children’s philanthropic efforts
1. Children’s change of image from mere poster children into high-profile CEO of their own
foundations
2. Timothy Hwang and Minsoo Han’s organization of Operation Fly
3. Effects of child philanthropic efforts
4. Efforts made by Brittany and Robbie Bergquist to help American soldiers abroad
5. Rewards to Brittany for her philanthropic efforts
IV. (19-23) Zach’s fundraising walk
1. Distance covered each day
2. Hardship endured on the way
3. Fund raised by the walk and the planned way to use the fund
4. Zach’s stress on the nee d to help homeless children
V. (24-25) Social Support for Zach’s walk
1. Sponsors for the walk
2. Zach’s gratitude for the support and attention
Lesson 29
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C
VI.
1. They play an important role in the U.S. economy. They produce more than $1 trillion in annual revenues. Major credit card companies and banks are eager to get their business.
2. They work really hard. More than 4 in 10 work at least 6 days a week and 52 percent take less than a week off a year. When they aren’t at work, 59 percent still take calls and Emails
3. Most people think that the business of small businesses declines in summer because they believe customers go on vacation during summer.
4. The stock market changes don’t have an impact on them. Over half insist that the stock market doesn’t reflect economic reality.
5. According to Discover, a third of small business owners said that housing’s slide and the ensuing credit crisis have a significant impact on their business.
Outline
I. (1) Size, number, and importance of mom and pop businesses
II. (2) Discover’s surveys of mom and pop businesses
III. (3-9) Major findings about the real world of mom and pop businesses
1. The owner’s view on being his/her own boss
2. Normal working hours
3. Business during the summer
4. Stock market changes’ impact on mom and pop businesses
5. Fuel price changes’ impact on mom and pop businesses
6. Health care provision mandate’s impact on mom and pop businesses
7. Minimum wage increase’s impact on mom and pop businesses
IV. (10 - 11) This summer's mortgage fallout on small business
Lesson 30
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A
VI.
1. It provides bus transportation, hotel lodging and, tailgate food and entertainment.
2. He is launching a virtual coffee marketplace that matches javaholics with independent roasters and their beans across the country
3. Wor king in Corporate America doesn’t hold the same appeal because large employers are downsizing, and high entry salaries and stock options are less common now.
4. Berlin thinks that as a student, the risk of starting an entrepreneurial venture is relatively minimal and there is often little money to lose
5. According to Preiss, the coffee market place is moving toward customers who view it more like wine. They care where it comes from, where it is grown and the quality of the beans.
Outline
I. Specific example of Calle and Berlin
(1-4) 1. Change from football fans into entrepreneurs
2. Starting a business that serves football fans
II. Fashion of college students’ launching businesses
(5-8) 1. Students’ entrepreneurial venture across the US.
2. Example at Georgia State University
3. Example at Emory University
4. Example at Morehouse College
III. Students’ interest in business and the reasons for their interest
(9-18) 1. Students’ keen interest in business
2. Reasons fo r students’ keen interest in starting up a business
a. Repression’s impact
b. Minimal risk of initial investment
c. Advantage provided by the technology
VI. Way of business development
(19-30) 1. SEC Excursion’s way of developing business
2. David Preiss’s way of developing his coffee business
Lesson 31
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A
VI.
1. US President Bush called the G-20 summit.
2. The G-20 is expected to design new roles to meet the global financial crisis.
3. According to the author, the G-20 summit is likely to be remembered not so much for the action taken as for the milestone it marked and the emerging global economic order it heralded.
4. The new international economic order will reflect a diffusion of economic power and responsibility to countries like China, Brazil, and South Korea.
5. They welcome the expansion of the world economic club to include them. But they are also demanding a bigger role in international economic decision-making.
6. He recognizes the growing role of developing economies. He expects the summit to take up special reforms that acknowledge a changed world.
7. He warned against overzealous attempts to reinvent the system.
Outline
I. (1-3) Appearance of the G-20 and the significance
1. Appearance of the G-20
2. Significance of its appearance
II. (4-7) Likely achievement of the G-20 summit
1. No significant accords expected
2. A likely call for broad international participation in effort to stimulate global economy
3. Likely formation of working groups
4. The likely host for a follow-up summit
III. (8-10) Impact of the G-20 summit
1. A new international economic order
2. Recognition of the importance of emerging economic powers
IV. (11-14) Developing economic powers’ responses
1. Welcoming to expansion of the world economic club
2. Demanding the recognition of particular needs
a.Access to investment funds
b.Dependence on export markets
V. (15-18) Bush’s attitudes and expectations
1. Recognizing the growing role of developing economic powers
2. Expecting specific reforms to improve the system
3. Warning against overzealous attempts to reinvent the free-market system
Lesson 32
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D
VI.
1. Ten years ago, Amazon sold books.
2. Today, Amazon’s business in Britain is very large. It is receiving 1 million orders a day, having transformed itself into a giant shopping mall. It is now challenging all the major high street chains for the title of Britain’s biggest retailer.
3. It is expanding very fast. Earlier this yea r it opened one of Europe’s largest warehouses in Swansea, 60% bigger than its existing monster-sized distribution center in Milton Keynes. But already the firm is seeking a site for another huge warehouse. It is tooling up for its next move, with the launch early next year of a low-cost, music download service that could rival Apple iTunes.
4 The traditional way of online shopping in Britain is searching out the cheapest price for each
individual purchase at price comparison websites and then ordering from a raft of different retailers. The author says that this way may now be redundant because Amazon offers the cheapest prices for most products.
5. The main reason for Amazon’s offer of cheaper prices is the benefit of scale: no shops and no staff in them, and no carrying inventory in 500 different places at the same time. Huge volumes of business enable Amazon to get better commercial terms than anyone else.
6. By ―the social aspect to shopping‖ the author means that a lot of customers want to be able to pop around to a local shop, talk about a product, speak to the shopkeeper and have a chit-chat.
7. The out-of-town shopping centers and online retailers will cause the bankruptcy of local independent stores and the disappearance of money from the locality.
8. According to Guardian Money, if customers buy all their Christmas presents on Amazon, they should be aware that if the item breaks down after six months, it appears that all the company will offer them back is 10% — 20% of the initial price.
Outline
I. (1-4) Development of Amazon in Britain
1. Transformation into a giant shopping mall
2. Further expansion
3. Price competitiveness
4. Many online competitors’ decision to join Amazon’s marketplace
II. (5-6) Reasons for Amazon’s price competitiveness
1. Benefit of scale
2. Ability to get better commercial terms
III. (7-10) Impacts of Amazon’s development on Britain
1. Posing a threat to Britain’s local independent stores
2. Causing the loss of social contact in shopping
3. Taking money out of the local areas
4. Explanation given by Amazon’s Brian McBride
IV. (11-20) Problems with Amazon’s service
1. No full protection of customers’ interests when products are found shoddy
2. Case of David Handly
3. Case of Ray Ferris
Lesson 33
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C
VI.
1. Louis Gill has taken to laying out cots and mattresses between the shelter’s 174 registered beds to cope with the rush of homeless families brought to his doors by the financial crisis.
2. According to Louis Gill, in the preceding year homeless families increased by 34 percent and homeless children increased by 24 percent.
3. The author thinks that the recession has caused ravages including a surge in foreclosures and unemployment approaching 10 percent and driven thousands of families onto the streets.
4. According to administration officials, the typical homeless person has changed to become less focused on the chronologically homeless or single individual homeless to somebody who is part of
a family whether it be a mother or a father, or a child in a homeless family.
5. The life of homeless young women is particularly fraught with danger because they are at much greater risk of being victimized when they have no stable home. It can be more difficult to obtain needed services.
6. They suggest that rural and suburban areas were particularly ill-equipped to cope with the new wave of homelessness
7. The department has allocated $1.5 billion over the next three years to combat homelessness nationwide.
Outline
I. (1-2) Specific example of Bakersfield Homeless Center
1. Going beyond capacity to cope with the rush of homeless families
2. Fast increase of homeless families and children
II. (3-5) Change in the make-up of homeless people
1. Gill’s idea about the change
a. Original stereotype of a homeless person
b. Present increase of people becoming homeless due to the economic crisis
2. Government figures supporting Gill’s experience
III. (6-11) HUD’s report about the homeless
1. Increase of homeless families nationwide and in rural and suburban areas
2. Distribution of homeless people
3. Change of homeless stereotypes
4. Dangerous situation faced by homeless women
5. Issues left out in the report
IV. (12-15) HUD’s study and findings
1. Way of study: measuring changes in the number of homeless people
2. Case study’s findings
a. Inability of rural and suburban areas to cope with the new wave of homeless people
b. Increase of homeless people in some states
c. Case of a Kentucky emergency shelter
V. (16) Efforts made by HUD and local areas to help the homeless
Lesson 34
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A
VI.
1. In 2003, the Congress passed the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban.
2. The three lower courts criticize the law because the law does not have an exception for protecting the health of pregnant women.
3. The Supreme Court upheld the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban
4. They hold that the ban is harmful to women’s health and interferes with medical decision making and opens the floodgates for states to chip away at Roe.
5. Jay Sekulow believes that state legislatures will now be emboldened to pass other restrictions, including ones requiring informed consent.
6. According to David Masci, abortion could become a more visible issue in the next presidential election, and at the very least, the ruling will force candidates, who have already weighed in along partisan lines, to speak more clearly about where they stand
7. If the majority comes to see the decision as the first step towards dismantling Roe, it would mobilize Americans in ways abortion opponents would regret.
Outline
I. (1—3) Supreme Court’s ruling and its effect
1. Illegality of partial-birth abortion
2. Supreme Court’s ruling to uphold the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban
3. Limited effect of the ruling
II. (4—6) Views on the ruling’s impact
1. Abortion-rights activists’ view
2. Abortion opponents’ view
3. Jay Sekulow’s view
III. (7) Ruling’s effect on politicians: forcing them to speak even more clearly about their stand IV. (8) Prospects of anti-abortion movement
Lesson 35
Answers to the Questions
V. 1.B 2. D 3. C 4. A
VI.
1. David Shipler’s description of the bleak world of the American working poor is a kind of domino model of a downward economic spiral.
2. His book is based on his interviews of scores of people. The book lacks the first-person focus and angry wit of Nickel and Dimed. But poverty is in the details, and he lays those in abundance.
3. Convenience stores in poor neighborhoods routinely advance cash to their customers at the at interest rates of about 20% for a two-week loan. If the debt can’t be paid, it’s gladly rolled over——for another 20%. One study in Illinois found that the average customer had 10 renewals of that kind, which meant that in the space of a few months, he or she owed twice as much in interest that had been borrowed.
4. The essence of Shipler’s message is that working poverty is a seamless web of challenges, some personal, some erected by a society content to let the federal minimum wage languish at a $
5.15 an hour.
5. Unscrupulous bosses make workers falsify their time sheets so that they can work longer hours for the same pay. Labor contractors deduct exorbitant housing costs from the worker’s pay, but warehouse them in filthy barracks.
6. Shipler’s solutions are a higher minimum wage, better job training and medical coverage for the almost 44 million who have none.
7. The author says so because the working poor don’t vote in anything like the numbers of their more affluent neighbors, therefore carry no real weight and the economic situation is gloomy, the economic boom of the 90s is gone, the job creation is feeble, and the time limits on welfare are kicking in.
Outline
I. (1) Shipler’s description of the working poor’s life
II. (2-5) Aim, features, essence of the book
1. Shipler’s aim in writing the book
2. Main features of the book
3. Shipler’ dissection of the extortionate are loan fees
4. Essence of Shipler’s message
III. (6-7) Analysis of the working poor’s own problems
1. Problems on the part of the working poor
2. Nothing to fall back on when they stumble
IV. Shipler’s solution and the author’s comment
Lesson 36
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B
VI.
1.Tom Mauser is the father of Columbine victim Daniel Mauser. He maintains a memorial page
to his son because he wants to arouse Americans’ attention to the gun violence problem and get their action.
2.America’s gun violence is very serious. Each year America loses 11,000 to gun homicide, and
three times that number are injured.
3. The reasons for Americans’inaction about gun violence problem are the gun lobby’s great
influence on the public and American s’ fear about an armed takeover. They are convinced that any form of gun control is a major step toward the total elimination of all guns.
4. No, punishment alone isn’t enough because in most cases once they lose loved ones it is too
late, and because punishment doesn’t stop shooters intent on committing suicide following their rampage.
5. They put the issue on the statewide ballot and won by a margin of 70 percent to 30 percent.
6. The author suggests that Americans should put more measures on the ballot or learn to put
more pressure on elected officials to offset the relentless badgering of the gun lobby.
I. (1-3) American’s reaction to the frequent gun violence
1. Tom Mauser’s effort to get public attention to the gun violence problem
2. Need for far more attention and action
3. Most Americans’ passive reaction to gun violence
II. (4) Serious extent of gun violence
III. (5-6) Reasons f or Americans’ weak reaction to gun violence
1. Powerful influence of the gun lobby
2. Public fear about armed takeover and total elimination of all guns
IV. (7-10) Difficulty in preventing gun violence
1. Punishment’s limited effect
2. Existence of the gaping gun loophole
3. Sale of military style assault weapons
4. Political leaders’ submission to the hard-core gun supporters
V. (11-12) Measures to solve the gun violence problem
1. Colorado’s measures to close the gun show loophole
2. Need to put more measure on the ballot and more pressure on elected officials
VI. (13-14) Gloomy prospects
1. Difficulty is enforcing reasonable restrictions due to gun lobby’s stranglehold on policy makers
2. Overwhelming voices of fear
Lesson 37
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D
VI.
1. It was the most powerful ever in the region, measured a preliminary magnitude of 7.0. It rocked
the island of Haiti, collapsing a hospital, the presidential palace and other buildings, triggering massive panic and claiming thousands of lives.
2. The earthquake was so destructive because it measured a magnitude of 7.0, was centered about
10 miles west of Port-au-Prince and was shallow, and it hit one of the city’s most densely
populated areas.
3. According to Fajardo, relief efforts were hampered by poor road conditions and lack of security.
4. The installations of the UN Peacekeeping Force sustained serious damage. The headquarters
collapsed and troops were trying to find survivors amid the wreckage of the five-story building.
5. The US government promised to provide both civilian and military disaster relief and
humanitarian assistance.
6. US officials planned to send teams to assess Haiti’s needs, but first they wanted to determine
whether airport runways were able to receive cargo planes.
I. (1) Newslead
Summary of the news story about the Haiti earthquake
II. (2 – 4) Impact of the earthquake
1. Catastrophic destruction
2. Issuing of tsunami alerts and reports about aftershocks
III. (5) Specifics about the earthquake
Size and location of the earthquake and time of its occurrence
IV. (6 – 9) Details about the effects of the earthquake
1. Casualties and damages
2. Stern’s account
3. Photos showing damages
V. (10 – 11) Background information about Haiti’s
1. Poverty
2. Disasters caused by storms, military coups and gang violence
VI. (12 - 18) More details about the quake’s damages
1. Rodger’s account
2. Fajardo’s account
3. Joseph’s account
4. Alain LeRoy’s account
VII. (19 - 26) America’s response to the quake
1. Obama’s pledge to help
2. Hillary Clinton’s offer of help
3. US Embassy personnel’s account
4. US officials’ plan
VIII. (27 - 30) Further details about the earthquake’s damages
1. AP’s account
2. Godfrey’s account
3. Impact on Cap-Haiten: little damage
4. Buzard’s account
Lesson 38
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
VI.
1. President Lech Kaczynski’s plane crashed in Smolensk, Western Russia on April 10, 2010
2. The aim of President Lech Kacz ynski’s trip was to attend the commemoration of the Katyn
Forest Massacre.
3. The crash killed 97 people, of whom 88 were passengers.
4. The crash was a stunning blow to Poland and threw the whole nation into grief. Poles mourned
the death of their leaders and united in their grief. Thousands massed outside the Presidential
Palace, laying flowers and lighting candles.
5. Relationship between Poland and Russia has been strained ever since the Katyn Forest
Massacre. The crash happened at the moment that the two countries were beginning to come to terms with the killing of Poland’s officers. So, the relationship took a chilling twist. For poles, it was a wound which is difficult to heal.
6. The Law and Justice Party lost numerous important leaders in addition to the president.
Although Mr. Kaczynski had been trailing far behind his opponent in the polls, the outpouring of sympathy from the mourning public might benefit his party in the moved-up presidential election.
7. According to the article, Russia’s leaders, acutely aware of the potential fallout of the crash,
immediately reached out to Poland with condolences. Mr. Putin left Moscow to meet Mr. Tusk at the site of the crash, and President Medvedev recorded an address to the Polish people, saying, ―All Russians share your sorrow and mouring.‖
Outline
I. (1 – 2 ) News lead
Summary of the news story about the Polish jet crash
II. (3 – 5) Impact of the crash on the relationship between Poland and Russia
1. A stunning blow to Poland
2. A difficult-to-heal wound
III. (6 – 7) Possible cause of the crash
1. Air traffic controllers’ warning and order
2. Plane’s descent in spite of the warning and the order
IV. (8) Information about the passengers
V. (9 – 15) Polish people’s reaction to the crash
1. National grief over the crash
2. Examples of Niemczyk, Figurski and Tusk
3. Background information about the aim of the trip
4. Welesa’s comment on the crash: the second disaster after Katyn
VI. (16 – 18) Effects of the crash on Poland’s politics and relations with other c ountries
1. Repercussions on the coming presidential election
2. Effects on Poland’s relationship with other countries
VII. (19 – 22) The two governments’ responses
1. Kaczynski and Tusk’s arrival at Katyn
2. Background information about the two countrie s’ half-a-century relationship
3. Russian leaders’ prompt offer of condolences
VIII. (23 - 26) Additional information about the cause of the crash
1. Category and age of the plane
2. Officials’ repeated request for a replacement of the plane
3. Russian ne ws media’s reports about the crash
IX. (27 - 29) Additional information about the passengers
1. Number of Polish passengers
2. Information about the high ranking passengers
3. Information about Kaczynski
X. (30 - 31) Impact on Poland’s plan to host America’s missiles
1. Kaczynski’s support for the plan
2. Unlikely change of the plan
Lesson 39
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C
VI.
1. The early returns from Afghanistan’s presidential election had the smell of a decorous massage job.
2. Karzai is very good at the traditional form of Afghan politics, crating alliances among tribal and ethnic factions. He distributes money to those allies and in this way gain their support.
3. The military situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated. The Taliban have grown in strength. It is widely expected General McChrystal will be requesting more troops.
4. No. Obama’s dilemma is not as stark as has been posed in recent press accounts. The military has become far more nuanced when it comes to making requests of Presidents. The negotiations about what McChrystal can officially request will not take place anywhere near the public eye. It is very likely that more troops will be sent. Most Democrats have little desire to reverse themselves. They don’t want to hurt the President, and they don’t want to be perceived as weak on defense come election time.
Outline
I. (1) Election situation
1. Early returns from the presidential election
2. Fraudulent management
II. (2) Absurdity of holding the election
1. Factors preventing a fair election
2. Karzai’s problems
III. (3) Military situation in Afghanistan
1. Taliban’s growth of strength
2. Expected request from General McChrystal for more troops
IV. (4-6) Discussion about Obama’s next move
1. Analysis of the situation facing Obama
a. Not a dilemma as stark as has been posed in recent press accounts
b. The military’s response: far more nuanced in making requests
c. Most democrats’ response: having little desire to reverse themselves
2. Discussion about the right thing to do in Afghanistan
a. Nothing wrong with the invasion
b. Wrong to ignore traditional Afghan ways of social organization
c. Legitimate to question the present way of Afghan nation-building
d. Need to work out a better plan。