智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
建筑智能化系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑智能化系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Building intelligent systems of projectmanagementAbstract:project management level, will directly affect the quality of the project schedule, cost and safety, and other key elements. The author through many years of project management of electricity in this study, and talk about his experience and understanding.Keywords:Project Management, Plan, OrganizationThe project management science takes an emerging discipline to arouse the entire society's widespread interest, the academic circle also in the widespread absorption developed country and the local project management advanced experience, unifies our country's national condition, establishes and develops China's project management system gradually.The construction always takes the project management, the project management level quality immediate influence project progress, the project quality and the item cost system takes the building program a sub-item, project management successfully or not has the similarly vital significance.Each project management is common, but also has its inherent characteristics of intelligent building project that is not exceptional also. First, intelligent systems engineering with the requirements of the main schedule, Secondly, intelligent system construction, and attached to the other system architecture, need to cooperate with other correlation project, also need other projects with high demand, is the project, must extensive communication and coordination, Again, building intelligence system belong to product of high technology, comprehensive, systematic structure and function, the technology content involves complex areas including the calculation of machine learning and electronics, control theory, the theory of light, system integration of different disciplines, as with high-tech features and characteristics of complex goal. All this, of intelligent building project management should be management system, technology, plan, organize and implement and control, communication and coordination, acceptance and so on each link should be matched with characteristics, to ensure the ultimate goal of the project. Intelligent project management systemAlong with the development of architectural elv systems, system and improve the content is not simple elv subsystems, but a cumulative associated with integrated requirements, comprehensive intellectualized systems. Complex project requirements of project management USES a unifiedcoordination interface, responsibility of liability management system. Elv project total contract is currently popular and effective project management system.Elv total package management business as a special contractors should have the following basic qualifications:1.Intelligent building project has to undertake corresponding qualification certificate;2.With the corresponding building intelligent systems technology planning, design and implementation capacity;3.With the corresponding construction project management system, intelligent, experience and methods.What advantage does the weak electricity always wrap the management system says to the customer and the related building program management has?4.The responsibility is clearElv contractor's construction projects in the intelligent construction is responsible for everything. Customers and construction supervision company, construction project contracting party on the responsibility in project management, but simply to avoid many elv engineering contractor in engineering surface, reduce the responsibility for customers and construction supervision company for many engineering contractor's direct coordination.5.The technical management pressure reducesElv contractor has the ability of the intelligent system planning, design and implementation of the management. Intelligent system has high technical requirements and systemic demands. The owner and the construction supervision company, project contracting party to plan and implement projects in technical force, intelligent and personnel will under great pressure. But weak in the contractor with the corresponding strength. Elv total contract can achieve the whole project advantages. Technical project and implementation and planning, comprehensive and systematic has better.6.To coordinate and project progressProject management, communication and coordination is the most important link, the influence of project quality, schedule, cost control, the key factors. Elv contractor within the scope for elv systems management and coordination, and a unified and other related units responsible for export or departments of coordination, Weak contracting chamber is using the technology and management expertise, planning, project formulation can operate the project plan, effectively coordinate engineering technology and implement interface, control the overall project quality and efficiency.7.The overall planning for systemPlanning is the most important aspect of construction of system. Customer shall determine the total package timely weak, let them to participate in the system's overall planning for the integrity of the system, and advanced, economical practical, even all the final results of system is of great advantage. Elv systems of overall planning is weak contractor shall provide the service content.Project manager and project organizationBuilding intelligent systems should adopt the project team of personal responsibility for project manager, system of organization. Project manager directly to clients, the company (or shareholders, employees and social responsibility. Team, Enterprises should be given the power project manager, corresponding to the project project responsibilities and interests. The intelligent building project team members, including technical team construction, and security officer, such projects, financial personnel inspectors for personnel directly by project manager, and leadership.Project manager is the core of intelligent building project organization.A project manager should have the most basic three qualities: good, good communication technology, good character.The project is flexible and changeable. Construction projects in different areas and different by strata culture. The human element is the first project. Man is subjective and emotion. Different people in different values, communicating method, the method of thinking, and a variety of other differences, interpersonal communication in importance to show. Projectmanager should not only good management team, simultaneously must onstrate the team lead with other teams, and must therefore be combined with good communication methods are not the same. Communication is coordinated foundation, only good communication ability to reconcile. Through the communication to the customer requirement and potential demand, can make reasonable project plan can be found in the projects, the problems existing and potential problems, can increase the cohesion of the team and work efficiency, etc. Communication is the basis of what? Is the project manager of good technology and personality. Project manager is not required, but the technology expert knowledge requires "wide", namely comprehensive understanding of the industry, the relevant industry technical factors relevant knowledge, be familiar with the laws and regulations, etc. On the other hand, the project manager should also be able to skillfully use all kinds of social resources and technical resources for project service, mainly rely on his personality, rather than a single power.With the increasing of intelligent building project, intelligent building engineering has been standardized management of construction projects into range. Countries in intelligent building project management of the enterprise has a new standardization. Engaged in intelligent building project, the project manager has asked the professional qualification certificate.Intelligent project communicationCommunication is the process of project information collection, feedback and treatment process. Communication is the internal and external communication mode, can be written and verbal according to certain rules.Which contents do the construction intellectualization project's communication relations contain?1.The communication with customersCustomer is ultimately building products receiver and users. Customer's demand is the ultimate goal of the project. The final goal is the project manager of communication with customers. Project manager must fully understand and understanding the needs of customers, in a fair and reasonable project goals determine the premise, and must allow customers tounderstand their own project schedule, quality objectives and other measures to guarantee the customer care in content. Let customers feel you can be trusted to contractors.2.With the construction supervision company communicationConstruction supervision company as a customer representative responsible for project management, project investment control, process control, quality control, contract management and coordination work. Project manager, responsible for the same difference in supervision company's customer representative, and project manager is representative of contractors. Project manager and the supervision companies establish extensive communication helps control of the key elements of the program.municate with the architectural design of the unitArchitectural design as the whole unit of planning and design institution, in the customer's certain technical authority. But not all design institute has the ability of the intelligent system design, this is our country building design. Elv contractor with architectural design unit of further technical exchanges, can make the whole planning more perfect, more intelligent system. Elv intelligent system building, attachment after the plane with building structural design, hvac, water supply and drainage, power supply and other electrical and mechanical system design in the match. Weak buildings to modify the design requirement and the revision also weak itself must comply with the general requirements for architectural design, the design of the unit.4.With the construction of contracting units of communicationConstruction of overall contracting units of the aim of the project finished building the responsibility. As intelligent building project of construction projects, and its quality, partial project schedule, investment, safety requirements and civilization must conform to the requirements of the contractor, is an integral whole with engineering, management and coordination in project. With the construction of contracting units are good communication for the implementation of the project.municate with other construction unitsThere will be many interface in engineering, interface and conflict. Project manager must be able to resolve the various problems in engineering and construction of conflict, straighten out the interface and the interface. Work together with other construction unit is communication.6.Internal team communicationThe project team is a temporary organization, team cohesion is the key to success. Project manager, through the communication can understand team members working condition, the responsibility, the enthusiasm of various factors related to the project. Project manager of authority from the power of enterprises not only, more important, his personality. Project manager is the leadership, team members are members of the team.7. The communication with the supplierIntelligent systems usually adopts mature, the mainstream products and systems, the supplier's information technology of direct providers. The project manager and extensive exchanges, can achieve the goal of the project is the most important technology clues.Managers need to communicate, such as the link and many other related functional units and related to the project of the direct suppliers etc. Communication is the process of collecting the information. A project manager should collect enough information for project service. All of these information through screening for use in project, more effective project management, planning, organizing, coordinating and control work.GoalThe project is a special mission will be completed Co., LTD. It is in the certain time, meet a series of specific objectives of several relevant work. Namely, the project is a place, time and resources, and requirements (such as performance, quality, quantity, technical index, etc.) of the specific restrictions set of objectives. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively plan and project using the resources of achieving the goal.Intelligent building project has four stages: the concept stage, periodic development phase, the implementation stage and end phase.In the concept stage, the contractor shall be based on customer demand for project bidding, the program planning and to determine the project's objectives: during the development phase, the contractor shall be according to the project goals for the detailed design, and project implementation plan, The implementation stage of the project, contractor should be based on the implementation of the project planning control and adjustment, In the end, the contractor shall actively organize the project completion. Project manager in the process always bear leading role.The project manager in project management must be clear about the project goals。
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文献翻译原文：Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par 4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is the curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all of this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floorenvironment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most mportant of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The evelopment of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital ignal Processors.There are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in manyways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP‟s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance SP‟s that can erform broad ranges of processing tasks. Development kits an software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP‟s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag …n‟ drop” methodologies.DSP‟s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP‟s behave more like common general-purpose CPU‟s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP‟s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSP‟s: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA‟s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (DSP‟s) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The F/C240 is a number of the‟C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The C24xDSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purpose C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow‟s e mbedded control marketplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the …24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The 240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The 240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the 240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the 240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it‟s own compare register, supportthe generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.The feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct theerror. A system with one or more feedback pats like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It is As anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system of The basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.译文：控制系统基础数字控制机床常常重达上百吨，但却常常要求切削工具的定位精度达到0.002毫米。
智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Traffic Assignment Forecast Model Research in ITS IntroductionThe intelligent transportation system (ITS) develops rapidly along with the city sustainable development, the digital city construction and the development of transportation. One of the main functions of the ITS is to improve transportation environment and alleviate the transportation jam, the most effective method to gain the aim is to forecast the traffic volume of the local network and the important nodes exactly with GIS function of path analysis and correlation mathematic methods, and this will lead a better planning of the traffic network. Traffic assignment forecast is an important phase of traffic volume forecast. It will assign the forecasted traffic to every way in the traffic sector. If the traffic volume of certain road is too big, which would bring on traffic jam, planners must consider the adoption of new roads or improving existing roads to alleviate the traffic congestion situation. This study attempts to present an improved traffic assignment forecast model, MPCC, based on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of classic traffic assignment forecast models, and test the validity of the improved model in practice.1 Analysis of classic models1.1 Shortcut traffic assignmentShortcut traffic assignment is a static traffic assignment method. In this method, the traffic load impact in the vehicles’ travel is not considered, and the traffic impedance (travel time) is a constant. The traffic volume of every origination-destination couple will be assigned to the shortcut between the origination and destination, while the traffic volume of other roads in this sector is null. This assignment method has the advantage of simple calculation; however, uneven distribution of the traffic volume is its obvious shortcoming. Using this assignment method, the assignment traffic volume will be concentrated on the shortcut, which isobviously not realistic. However, shortcut traffic assignment is the basis of all theother traffic assignment methods.1.2 Multi-ways probability assignmentIn reality, travelers always want to choose the shortcut to the destination, whichis called the shortcut factor; however, as the complexity of the traffic network, thepath chosen may not necessarily be the shortcut, which is called the random factor.Although every traveler hopes to follow the shortcut, there are some whose choice isnot the shortcut in fact. The shorter the path is, the greater the probability of beingchosen is; the longer the path is, the smaller the probability of being chosen is.Therefore, the multi-ways probability assignment model is guided by the LOGIT model:∑---=n j ii i F F p 1)exp()exp(θθ (1)Where i p is the probability of the path section i; i F is the travel time of thepath section i; θ is the transport decision parameter, which is calculated by the followprinciple: firstly, calculate the i p with different θ (from 0 to 1), then find the θwhich makes i p the most proximate to the actual i p .The shortcut factor and the random factor is considered in multi-ways probabilityassignment, therefore, the assignment result is more reasonable, but the relationshipbetween traffic impedance and traffic load and road capacity is not considered in thismethod, which leads to the assignment result is imprecise in more crowded trafficnetwork. We attempt to improve the accuracy through integrating the several elements above in one model-MPCC.2 Multi-ways probability and capacity constraint model2.1 Rational path aggregateIn order to make the improved model more reasonable in the application, theconcept of rational path aggregate has been proposed. The rational path aggregate,which is the foundation of MPCC model, constrains the calculation scope. Rationalpath aggregate refers to the aggregate of paths between starts and ends of the trafficsector, defined by inner nodes ascertained by the following rules: the distancebetween the next inner node and the start can not be shorter than the distance betweenthe current one and the start; at the same time, the distance between the next innernode and the end can not be longer than the distance between the current one and theend. The multi-ways probability assignment model will be only used in the rationalpath aggregate to assign the forecast traffic volume, and this will greatly enhance theapplicability of this model.2.2 Model assumption1) Traffic impedance is not a constant. It is decided by the vehicle characteristicand the current traffic situation.2) The traffic impedance which travelers estimate is random and imprecise.3) Every traveler chooses the path from respective rational path aggregate.Based on the assumptions above, we can use the MPCC model to assign thetraffic volume in the sector of origination-destination couples.2.3 Calculation of path traffic impedanceActually, travelers have different understanding to path traffic impedance, butgenerally, the travel cost, which is mainly made up of forecast travel time, travellength and forecast travel outlay, is considered the traffic impedance. Eq. (2) displaysthis relationship. a a a a F L T C γβα++= (2)Where a C is the traffic impedance of the path section a; a T is the forecast traveltime of the path section a; a L is the travel length of the path section a; a F is theforecast travel outlay of the path section a; α, β, γ are the weight value of that threeelements which impact the traffic impedance. For a certain path section, there aredifferent α, β and γ value for different vehicles. We can get the weighted average of α,β and γ of each path section from the statistic percent of each type of vehicle in thepath section.2.4 Chosen probability in MPCCActually, travelers always want to follow the best path (broad sense shortcut), butbecause of the impact of random factor, travelers just can choose the path which is ofthe smallest traffic impedance they estimate by themselves. It is the key point ofMPCC. According to the random utility theory of economics, if traffic impedance is considered as the negativeutility, the chosen probability rs p of origination-destinationpoints couple (r, s) should follow LOGIT model:∑---=n j jrs rs bC bC p 1)exp()exp( (3) where rs p is the chosen probability of the pathsection (r, s);rs C is the traffic impedance of the path sect-ion (r, s); j C is the trafficimpedance of each path section in the forecast traffic sector; b reflects the travelers’cognition to the traffic impedance of paths in the traffic sector, which has reverseratio to its deviation. If b → ∞ , the deviation of understanding extent of trafficimpedance approaches to 0. In this case, all the travelers will follow the path whichis of the smallest traffic impedance, which equals to the assignment results withShortcut Traffic Assignment. Contrarily, if b → 0, travelers ’ understanding error approaches infinity. In this case, the paths travelers choose are scattered. There is anobjection that b is of dimension in Eq.(3). Because the deviation of b should beknown before, it is difficult to determine the value of b. Therefore, Eq.(3) is improvedas follows:∑---=n j OD j OD rsrs C bC C bC p 1)exp()exp(，∑-=n j j OD C n C 11（4） Where OD C is the average of the traffic impedance of all the as-signed paths; bwhich is of no dimension, just has relationship to the rational path aggregate, ratherthan the traffic impedance. According to actual observation, the range of b which is anexperience value is generally between 3.00 to 4.00. For the more crowded cityinternal roads, b is normally between 3.00 and 3.50.2.5 Flow of MPCCMPCC model combines the idea of multi-ways probability assignment anditerative capacity constraint traffic assignment.Firstly, we can get the geometric information of the road network and OD trafficvolume from related data. Then we determine the rational path aggregate with themethod which is explained in Section 2.1.Secondly, we can calculate the traffic impedance of each path section with Eq.(2),Fig.1 Flowchart of MPCC which is expatiated in Section 2.3.Thirdly, on the foundation of the traffic impedance of each path section, we cancalculate the respective forecast traffic volume of every path section with improvedLOGIT model (Eq.(4)) in Section 2.4, which is the key point of MPCC.Fourthly, through the calculation processabove, we can get the chosen probability andforecast traffic volume of each path section, but itis not the end. We must recalculate the trafficimpedance again in the new traffic volumesituation. As is shown in Fig.1, because of theconsideration of the relationship between trafficimpedance and traffic load, the traffic impedanceand forecast assignment traffic volume of everypath will be continually amended. Using therelationship model between average speed andtraffic volume, we can calculate the travel timeand the traffic impedance of certain path sect-ionunder different traffic volume situation. For theroads with different technical levels, therelationship models between average speeds totraffic volume are as follows: 1) Highway: 1082.049.179AN V = (5) 2) Level 1 Roads: 11433.084.155AN V = (6) 3) Level 2 Roads: 66.091.057.112AN V = (7) 4) Level 3 Roads: 3.132.01.99AN V = (8) 5) Level 4 Roads: 0988.05.70A N V =(9) Where V is the average speed of the path section; A N is the traffic volume of thepath section.At the end, we can repeat assigning traffic volume of path sections with themethod in previous step, which is the idea of iterative capacity constraint assignment,until the traffic volume of every path section is stable.译文智能交通交通量分配预测模型介绍随着城市的可持续化发展、数字化城市的建设以及交通运输业的发展，智能交通系统（ITS）的发展越来越快。
智能车控制系统设计 中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译专业班级：自动化07-5班学生姓名：黄子星指导老师：王素玲Intelligent vehicle information of the future2010 Beijing international auto show of the 11 th, low carbon environmental protection concept for a new energy vehicles become the market leaders, but actually saving energy technology, hybrid technology and electric technology just in the external energy restrictions, the restriction and policy environment under the restriction of a passive adjustment, electronic and the wide use of information technology is the next stage of the development of the car industry is the first productive force. When information technology to control the car, mature enough to HeShiSong throttle, which time point on the brakes, intelligent onboard computer secretly computed from start to the destination of the best route (not only consider of distance, even give attention to two or morethings road condition)...... The intelligent application will be between the a bit help we reduce oil consumption, energy saving resources and time cost.Smart cars is already not fresh concept, but Bill Gates once said "if the auto industry and the development of information technology, so we nearly as fast as early can leave the car on the moon" but reveals the bottleneck of intelligent vehicle development. Of course car manufacturers are also trying to information technology into intelligent vehicle, in the Beijing international auto show, saic group launched the independent brand "Internet car" roewe calls, the car is A 350 saic group aimed at the domestic market the most soar degrees of capacity fastest class A car segment market strategy models. Launch of the intelligent network traffic system InkaNet, relying on China unicom WCDMA 3 G network, to realize information retrieval, real-time traffic navigation, electricity zi lu books, stock exchange and communication of the Internetcommunity application, open Internet network information age domestic cars. After work, having through the car dashboard touch screen, inquires the and scheduled the restaurant, and the favorite car led to restaurants, is getting more clever cars are the owners of the drive to different experience.Not only is the combination of the Internet and cars, more intelligent technology should be applied to the car. The movie "2012", a vehicle with the Russian billionaire to shout out "Start" and answered, ford has will Start the sonic technology to China, Beijing auto show 2010 displayed on TouchTM MyFord car multi-media interactive system, including the sonic technology. In mandarin support Prior connect from a mobile phone to a camera on the dashboard port, when need to say the name of the contact cellphones, car will be called the contact, again through the car hands-free communication system, the whole process not pick up the phone, the future drivers will also can use a shorter voice commands to complete more control. Use the technology of the new ford sharp world will be at the end of 2010 to import entry into the Chinese market.In addition, the Beijing auto show byd 'S6' is equipped with the door without keys into the touch of the button, electronic security systems, voice navigation system, electronic tail hidden reversing camera etc high-grade intelligent system. General motors in the auto show on display at the V electric network of EN concept car, innovative blend of the electrification and car networking two major technology. Through the integration of the global positioning system, car navigation technology to car communication technology, wireless communication and remote sensing technology to realize the driving and automatic driving compatible.Dongfeng automobile company one of dongfeng foison ECS concept car, then increase the electronics, information and intelligent and configuration, provide intelligent E service, intelligent driving and riding experience andhigher safety. The car will be 3G technology platform for for owners to provide based on 3G network access service, can be in the car to surf the Internet and stock trading, etc.; The AO concept car application a key type operation system, intelligent vehicle information management systems, such as digital system.In fact, the auto show has grown used in Toyota and lexus G-close intelligence in technology is opened, vice 3G era information the vanguard. The car At present, the Japanese people close to G-the reliance of the already high, in addition to the Toyota, Mazda, great, mitsubishi and other brands of products have also using G-close in intelligent vice. A Japanese overseas, "said G-close as a mobile information carrier, can be realized my work life and all kinds of seamless connection between." G-has been introduced into China close Toyota, just press function keys, information center will tell owners want to know all the news information and all kinds of information, with application deeply, G-close would implant more domestic consumer required functions.Software as a motor system is the most important element has made rapid development, and will become the next stage of the competition advantage of key car. Analysis showed that, in a single engine control, software content doubled every year. So car makers and has the good structure and integrated software development tools of supplier chain will gain a competitive advantage. Can do the development of software can use less engineers and improve the function of new products to market, and keep the warranty costs low..A few days ago, neusoft group and international industrial group formally announced haman establish strategic partner relationship, and separately in China shenyang and Hamburg, Germany a joint technology development center, and common development of cars and consumer electronics and other areas of advanced technology. According to neusoft neusoft group chairman LiuJiRen said, "neusoft in the beginning ofestablishment of automobile electronic aspects in the business, and in a car navigation technology also has a very long time. And the professional accumulation such as BMW, Mercedes, high-grade car in the world of entertainment system is to provide a large share of haman the, the Beijing Olympic Games exhibition and the Shanghai world expo in many large sound technology are also from haman. In this don't need to do anything the era of cooperation to provide us, a show enterprise own core competitive power in the platform. Through this and haman cooperation, will help neusoft will business to global platform for the world first-class and go up, the car manufacturers to provide services."In this year's Beijing international auto show, SK telecom also starting to electric car design of the first mobile car computer system MIV. According to information, the past only route navigation, information and data communication position to wait a few service can be connected through the car with the network's traditional remote information service provided. And MIV will can provide mobile communications, platform and content of the full integration, so as to improve service to new heights. Meanwhile SK telecom has started to seek and global car manufacturers, hope that 2012 years ago in the new model, through the custom assembly MIV IT solutions and mobile connection ascension of the auto industry of productivity.At present, the information system of the car by two parts, part of it is the vehicle itself internal network system, which consists of the network computer control; Another part is external contact network system of vehicles, including GPS monitoring center, the Internet and regional network service provider, vehicle service center, unit or home computers, etc. Thus, also appears the new car market after service mode. Such as the car distance service launched soon to mobile communication and the Internet to rely on, after the car market resources integration, service covers automobile rescue, roadweather, satellite navigation, multimedia entertainment, the telephone, mobile TV, etc.Therefore, we have reason to believe that all of the ideas about the intelligent car wash gargle, "get up, bathroom mirror switch into screen reports real-time news; open the refrigerator, to want to make the breakfast, refrigerator screen would show milk or eggs and other food shortage, then according to the stock several key will realize to order, distribution company will be active to food to their homes; the most needed to dazzle cruel way let the stolen vehicle hindrance to the fingerprint of the car, sit on it, also need not bother to map or see presented ferreting road signs, just press the button, and then told several destination, the other by the onboard computer fix, the next step is the way and friends, never will worry about time lost or traffic signal......" Yes, this is the classic movies starring Schwarzenegger "the sixth day" reflects the "seamless" life scenes, is also the future life, the epitome of intelligent car at this time, the life level and the high-end technology have as a whole.智能汽车的信息化未来2010年第十一届北京国际车展上，低碳环保理念让新能源车成为市场翘楚，但其实节能技术、混合动力技术和电动技术只是在外部能源限制、环境制约和政策制约下的一种被动调整，电子和信息技术的广泛应用才是整个汽车产业下阶段发展的第一生产力。
PLC发展和未来中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译中英文对照外文翻译The development and future of PLCPart 1 PLC overviewProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called PLC programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporation. PLC and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the PLC has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the PLC is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change productionprocesses. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.Part 2 History of PLCProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are inpractice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.Part 3 Now of PLCFrom the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operation.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters for PLC , its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time totime whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 V AC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.Part 4 PLC design criteriaA systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in thetraditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance interms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.Part 5 AK 1703 ACPFollowing the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has highfunctionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions. Balanced functionality permits the flexible combination of automation, telecontrol and communication tasks. Complemented with the scalable performance and various redundancy configurations, an optimal adaptation to the respective requirements of the process is achieved.AK 1703 ACP is thus perfectly suitable for automation with integrated telecontrol technology as:• Telecontrol substation or central device• Automation unit with autonom ous functional groups• Data node, station control device, front-end or gateway• With local or remote peripherals• For rear panel installation or 19 inch assembly• Branch-neutral product, therefore versatile fields of application and high product stability• Versatile communication• Easy engineering• Plug & play for spare parts• Open system architecture• Scalable redundancy• The intelligent terminal - TM 1703The Base Unit AK 1703 ACP with Peripheral Elements has one basic system element CP-2010/CPC25 (Master control element) and CP-2012/PCCE25 (Processing and communication element) ,one bus line with max. 16 peripheral elements can be connected.CP-2010/CPC25 Features and FunctionsSystem Functions:• Central element,coordinating all system servicesCentral hub function for all connected basic system elements• Time managementCentral clock of the automation unitSetting and keeping the own clock`s time with a resolution of 10msSynchronization via serid communication via LAN or local• RedundancyV oting and change-over for redundant processing and communication elements of the own automation unitSupports voting and change-over by an external SCA-RS redundancy switchSupports applicational voting and change-over by an external system,e.g.a control system• SAT TOLLBOX|| connectionStoring firmware and parameters on a Flash CardCommunication:• Communication via installable protocol elements to any superior or subordinate automation unit• Automatic data flow routing• Priority based data transmission (priority control)• Own circular buffer and process image for each connected station(data keeping)• Redundant communication routesCommunication with redundant remote stations• Special application specific functions for dial-up trafficTest if stations are reachableProcess Peripherals:• T ransmission of spontaneous information objects from and to peripheral elements, via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral busFunctions for Automation:• Open-/closed-loop control function for the execution of freely definable user programs which are created with CAEX plus according to IEC 61131-3,ing function diagram technology512KB for user programApprox 50.000 variables and signals,2.000 of them retainedCycle of 10ms or a multiple thereofOnline testLoadable without service interruption• Redundant open-/closed-loop control functionsSynchronization via redundancy linkTransmission of periodic process information between the open-/closed-loop control function and the peripheral elements,via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus.PLC的发展和未来一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
单片机交通灯控制器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于单片机的十字路口交通灯控制器的设计由于我国经济的快速发展从而导致了汽车数量的猛增，大中型城市的城市交通，正面临着严峻的考验，从而导致交通问题日益严重，其主要表现如下：交通事故频发，对人类生命安全造成极大威胁；交通拥堵严重，导致出行时间增加，能源消耗加大；空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加深等。
日常的交通堵塞成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受的问题。
在这种背景下，结合我国城市道路交通的实际情况，开发出真正适合我们自身特点的智能信号灯控制系统已经成为当前的主要任务。
前言在实际应用上，根据对国内外实际交通信号控制应用的考察，平面独立交叉口信号控制基本采用定周期、多时段定周期、半感应、全感应等几种方式。
前两种控制方式完全是基于对平面交叉口既往交通流数据的统计调查，由于交通流存在的变化性和随机性，这两种方式都具有通行效率低、方案易老化的缺陷，而半感应式和全感应式这两种方式是在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器并根据其提供的信息来调整周期长和绿信比，它对车辆随机到达的适应性较大，可使车辆在停车线前尽可能少停车，达到交通流畅的效果。
在现代化的工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、流速和开关量都是常用的主要被控参数。
例如：在冶金工业、化工生产、电力工程、造纸行业、机械制造和食品加工等诸多领域中，人们都需要对交通进行有序的控制。
采用单片机来对交通进行控制，不仅具有控制方便、组态简单和灵活性大等优点，而且可以大幅度提高被控制量的技术指标，从而能够大大提高产品的质量和数量。
因此，单片机对交通灯的控制问题是一个工业生产中经常会遇到的问题。
在工业生产中，有很多行业有大量的交通灯设备，在现行系统中,大多数的交通控制信号都是用继电器来完成的,但继电器响应时间长,灵敏度低,长期使用之后,故障机会大大增加,而采用单片机控制,其精度远远大于继电器,响应时间短,软件可靠性高,不会因为工作时间缘故而降低其性能,相比而言,本方案具有很高的可行性。
PLC及变频器技术论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
PLC及变频器技术中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述PLC and inverter technology trends1. The development trend of the programmable controller“PLC is one kind specially for the digital operation operation electronic installation which applies under the industry environment designs. It uses may the coding memory, uses for in its internal memory operation and so on actuating logic operation, sequence operation, time, counting and arithmetic operation instructions, and can through digital or the simulation-like input and the output, controls each type the machinery or the production process. PLC and the related auxiliary equipment should according to form a whole easy with the industrial control system, easy to expand its function the principle to design.”In the 21st century, PLC will have a bigger development. Technologically speaking, computer technology's new achievement more will apply in the programmable controller's design and the manufacture, will have the operating speed to be quicker, the storage capacity to be bigger, an intelligent stronger variety to appear; Looked from the product scale that further develops to subminiature and the ultra-large direction; Looked from the product overcoatability that the product variety will be richer, the specification to be more complete, the perfect man-machine contact surface, the complete communication facility will adapt each industrial control situation demand well; Looked from the market that various countries will produce the multi-variety product the situation to break respectively along with the international competition aggravating, will present the minority several brand monopoly international market the aspect, will present the international general programming language; Looking from the network state of play, the programmable controller and other industrial control computer networkconstitution large-scale control system is the programmable controller technology development direction. Present computer collection and distribution control system DCS (Distributed Control System) had the massive programmable controller application. Is following computer network's development, the programmable controller takes the automation directed net and the international universal network important component, outside industry and industry numerous domain display more and more major function.2. Inverter technology development trendsInverter into the practical phase of more than 1 / 4 century during this period, the frequency converter technology as the basis of power electronics technology and microelectronics technology manager of a leap in the development, as the new power electronic devices and high-performance microprocessor The application of control technology and the development of increasingly high cost performance of the inverter, more and more small size, but manufacturers are still in constant frequency converter to achieve the further miniaturization and doing new efforts. From a technical point of view, with the frequency converter to further expand the market of the future, with the converter and inverter technology will be on the development of technologies in the following areas further development:(1) large capacity and small size;(2) high-performance and multi-function;(3) enhance the ease-of-use;(4) increase in life expectancy and reliability;(5) of pollution-free.Large capacity and small size of the power semiconductor devices will be with the development of continuous development. In recent years, driven by a voltage power semiconductor devices IGBT (Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor, isolation gate bipolar transistors) has developed very rapidly and quickly into the traditional use of BJT (bipolar power transistor) and power MOSFET (FET) The various fields. In addition, the IGBT switching device for the IPM (Intelligent Power Module, IPM) and Monolithic Power IC chip will power switching devices and driving circuit, such as the protection of integrated circuits in the same package, with high performance andreliability The merits, with their high current and high pressure of the development of small and medium-sized converter will certainly be more widely used.With micro-electronics technology and semiconductor technology development, for Inverter CPU and semiconductor devices and a variety of sensors of getting higher and higher. With the frequency converter technology and the development of the growing maturity of the exchange governor, modern control theory are constantly new applications. These have further improved the performance of inverter provided the conditions. In addition, with the frequency converter to further promote the use and support are also constantly made new demands, the frequency converter manufacturers to continuously improve the performance and frequency converter functions in Inverter new efforts to meet user And the need for the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position.With the frequency converter market continues to expand, how to further enhance the ease-of-use inverter, so that the technical staff and even ordinary non-technical staff can quickly master the use of frequency converter technology has become manufacturers must consider the issue. Because only easy-to-use products can continue to acquire new customers and further expand the market, so the future of the new converter will be more easy to operate.With the development of semiconductor technology and the development of power electronics technology, the frequency converter used in the various components of the life and reliability are constantly improving, they will make their own life and the frequency converter to further increase reliability.In recent years, people have attached great importance to environmental issues, and thus a "green products" name. Therefore, the inverter, must also consider its impact on the surrounding environment.Promote the use of the frequency converter in the early stages of the noise problem was once a big problem. With the low-noise converter IGBT the emergence of this issue has basically been resolved. However, with the noise problem to solve, people's looks and a converter to the surrounding environment and the impact of other continuously explore new solutions. For example, the use of a diode-voltage converter and PWMinverter circuit converter, the frequency converter itself the high harmonics will bring supply voltage and current distortion, and at the same power to affect the other equipment. However, through the use of the frequency converter Rectifier circuit PWM, we can basically solve the problem. Although because of price and control technology and other aspects of the reasons for the current PWM converter has not been promoting the inverter, but, with the frequency converter technology development and the people of the importance of environmental issues.PLC及变频器技术的发展趋势1．可编程控制器的发展趋势可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。
智能住宅安防报警和远程控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译基于单片机的智能住宅安防报警和远程控制系统摘要：为了对偷盗，抢劫和意外事故进行有效的监控和警告，统一使用单片机AT89C51的控制技术和红外探测技术，设计了一种无线防盗报警器，它包括硬件和软件两部分;硬件部分是由红外线感应器，发送和接收模块，单片机，声光报警等组成；软件部分是由主程序和音乐子程序组成。
采用C或汇编语言编写的源程序，在Keilc51平台上进行翻译和调试后，下载到单片机AT89C51芯片，并根据焊接在PCB板上的此单片机和其他主要设备设计一个电路。
对于电源，闭路循环控制开关，当有人入侵红外线发射区，产生声光报警，表示已经达到设计要求，这个项目展示了智能化住宅防盗报警，紧急报警，火灾报警器，有毒气体泄漏远程自动声音报警及远程控制系统，它是基于89C51单片机。
该系统可自动报警，自动致电警方热线电话号码。
它可用于语音报警，并显示发生报警的地址。
它可以设置和修改用户的密码。
它可以进行录制和语音提示。
它可用于电话远程控制电源。
该报警系统设计创新，具有多功能，成本低，可靠性高等诸多特点。
随着时代的不断进步，人们对自己的居住环境安全提出了更高的要求，不仅在生活，特别是在安全方面，一定要注意这些频繁发生的意外。
现在，许多区域已安装了智能报警系统，从而大大提高居住区的安全率，因为红外线是一种黑色的光，使用无线发射和接收，无需独立的布线，它具有很强的保密性和保密性，从而在安全，安保部分等安全领域的应用应该有很大的优势。
关键词：红外传感；发射；接收；单片机；警告一、简介随着计算机技术和控制技术及通信技术的发展，人民生活水平日益改善。
人民的生活条件已经发生了变化，例如产生了居住环境的安全和如何使他们生活得更加舒适等问题。
因此，智能化的住宅建筑的自动控制的出现顺应了时代的要求。
智能化小区必须有安全防范，防盗报警，火灾报警器，有毒气体泄漏自动报警和紧急呼叫等功能。
关键设备电源的远程控制是能够实现的。