智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
建筑智能化系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑智能化系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Building intelligent systems of projectmanagementAbstract:project management level, will directly affect the quality of the project schedule, cost and safety, and other key elements. The author through many years of project management of electricity in this study, and talk about his experience and understanding.Keywords:Project Management, Plan, OrganizationThe project management science takes an emerging discipline to arouse the entire society's widespread interest, the academic circle also in the widespread absorption developed country and the local project management advanced experience, unifies our country's national condition, establishes and develops China's project management system gradually.The construction always takes the project management, the project management level quality immediate influence project progress, the project quality and the item cost system takes the building program a sub-item, project management successfully or not has the similarly vital significance.Each project management is common, but also has its inherent characteristics of intelligent building project that is not exceptional also. First, intelligent systems engineering with the requirements of the main schedule, Secondly, intelligent system construction, and attached to the other system architecture, need to cooperate with other correlation project, also need other projects with high demand, is the project, must extensive communication and coordination, Again, building intelligence system belong to product of high technology, comprehensive, systematic structure and function, the technology content involves complex areas including the calculation of machine learning and electronics, control theory, the theory of light, system integration of different disciplines, as with high-tech features and characteristics of complex goal. All this, of intelligent building project management should be management system, technology, plan, organize and implement and control, communication and coordination, acceptance and so on each link should be matched with characteristics, to ensure the ultimate goal of the project. Intelligent project management systemAlong with the development of architectural elv systems, system and improve the content is not simple elv subsystems, but a cumulative associated with integrated requirements, comprehensive intellectualized systems. Complex project requirements of project management USES a unifiedcoordination interface, responsibility of liability management system. Elv project total contract is currently popular and effective project management system.Elv total package management business as a special contractors should have the following basic qualifications:1.Intelligent building project has to undertake corresponding qualification certificate;2.With the corresponding building intelligent systems technology planning, design and implementation capacity;3.With the corresponding construction project management system, intelligent, experience and methods.What advantage does the weak electricity always wrap the management system says to the customer and the related building program management has?4.The responsibility is clearElv contractor's construction projects in the intelligent construction is responsible for everything. Customers and construction supervision company, construction project contracting party on the responsibility in project management, but simply to avoid many elv engineering contractor in engineering surface, reduce the responsibility for customers and construction supervision company for many engineering contractor's direct coordination.5.The technical management pressure reducesElv contractor has the ability of the intelligent system planning, design and implementation of the management. Intelligent system has high technical requirements and systemic demands. The owner and the construction supervision company, project contracting party to plan and implement projects in technical force, intelligent and personnel will under great pressure. But weak in the contractor with the corresponding strength. Elv total contract can achieve the whole project advantages. Technical project and implementation and planning, comprehensive and systematic has better.6.To coordinate and project progressProject management, communication and coordination is the most important link, the influence of project quality, schedule, cost control, the key factors. Elv contractor within the scope for elv systems management and coordination, and a unified and other related units responsible for export or departments of coordination, Weak contracting chamber is using the technology and management expertise, planning, project formulation can operate the project plan, effectively coordinate engineering technology and implement interface, control the overall project quality and efficiency.7.The overall planning for systemPlanning is the most important aspect of construction of system. Customer shall determine the total package timely weak, let them to participate in the system's overall planning for the integrity of the system, and advanced, economical practical, even all the final results of system is of great advantage. Elv systems of overall planning is weak contractor shall provide the service content.Project manager and project organizationBuilding intelligent systems should adopt the project team of personal responsibility for project manager, system of organization. Project manager directly to clients, the company (or shareholders, employees and social responsibility. Team, Enterprises should be given the power project manager, corresponding to the project project responsibilities and interests. The intelligent building project team members, including technical team construction, and security officer, such projects, financial personnel inspectors for personnel directly by project manager, and leadership.Project manager is the core of intelligent building project organization.A project manager should have the most basic three qualities: good, good communication technology, good character.The project is flexible and changeable. Construction projects in different areas and different by strata culture. The human element is the first project. Man is subjective and emotion. Different people in different values, communicating method, the method of thinking, and a variety of other differences, interpersonal communication in importance to show. Projectmanager should not only good management team, simultaneously must onstrate the team lead with other teams, and must therefore be combined with good communication methods are not the same. Communication is coordinated foundation, only good communication ability to reconcile. Through the communication to the customer requirement and potential demand, can make reasonable project plan can be found in the projects, the problems existing and potential problems, can increase the cohesion of the team and work efficiency, etc. Communication is the basis of what? Is the project manager of good technology and personality. Project manager is not required, but the technology expert knowledge requires "wide", namely comprehensive understanding of the industry, the relevant industry technical factors relevant knowledge, be familiar with the laws and regulations, etc. On the other hand, the project manager should also be able to skillfully use all kinds of social resources and technical resources for project service, mainly rely on his personality, rather than a single power.With the increasing of intelligent building project, intelligent building engineering has been standardized management of construction projects into range. Countries in intelligent building project management of the enterprise has a new standardization. Engaged in intelligent building project, the project manager has asked the professional qualification certificate.Intelligent project communicationCommunication is the process of project information collection, feedback and treatment process. Communication is the internal and external communication mode, can be written and verbal according to certain rules.Which contents do the construction intellectualization project's communication relations contain?1.The communication with customersCustomer is ultimately building products receiver and users. Customer's demand is the ultimate goal of the project. The final goal is the project manager of communication with customers. Project manager must fully understand and understanding the needs of customers, in a fair and reasonable project goals determine the premise, and must allow customers tounderstand their own project schedule, quality objectives and other measures to guarantee the customer care in content. Let customers feel you can be trusted to contractors.2.With the construction supervision company communicationConstruction supervision company as a customer representative responsible for project management, project investment control, process control, quality control, contract management and coordination work. Project manager, responsible for the same difference in supervision company's customer representative, and project manager is representative of contractors. Project manager and the supervision companies establish extensive communication helps control of the key elements of the program.municate with the architectural design of the unitArchitectural design as the whole unit of planning and design institution, in the customer's certain technical authority. But not all design institute has the ability of the intelligent system design, this is our country building design. Elv contractor with architectural design unit of further technical exchanges, can make the whole planning more perfect, more intelligent system. Elv intelligent system building, attachment after the plane with building structural design, hvac, water supply and drainage, power supply and other electrical and mechanical system design in the match. Weak buildings to modify the design requirement and the revision also weak itself must comply with the general requirements for architectural design, the design of the unit.4.With the construction of contracting units of communicationConstruction of overall contracting units of the aim of the project finished building the responsibility. As intelligent building project of construction projects, and its quality, partial project schedule, investment, safety requirements and civilization must conform to the requirements of the contractor, is an integral whole with engineering, management and coordination in project. With the construction of contracting units are good communication for the implementation of the project.municate with other construction unitsThere will be many interface in engineering, interface and conflict. Project manager must be able to resolve the various problems in engineering and construction of conflict, straighten out the interface and the interface. Work together with other construction unit is communication.6.Internal team communicationThe project team is a temporary organization, team cohesion is the key to success. Project manager, through the communication can understand team members working condition, the responsibility, the enthusiasm of various factors related to the project. Project manager of authority from the power of enterprises not only, more important, his personality. Project manager is the leadership, team members are members of the team.7. The communication with the supplierIntelligent systems usually adopts mature, the mainstream products and systems, the supplier's information technology of direct providers. The project manager and extensive exchanges, can achieve the goal of the project is the most important technology clues.Managers need to communicate, such as the link and many other related functional units and related to the project of the direct suppliers etc. Communication is the process of collecting the information. A project manager should collect enough information for project service. All of these information through screening for use in project, more effective project management, planning, organizing, coordinating and control work.GoalThe project is a special mission will be completed Co., LTD. It is in the certain time, meet a series of specific objectives of several relevant work. Namely, the project is a place, time and resources, and requirements (such as performance, quality, quantity, technical index, etc.) of the specific restrictions set of objectives. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively plan and project using the resources of achieving the goal.Intelligent building project has four stages: the concept stage, periodic development phase, the implementation stage and end phase.In the concept stage, the contractor shall be based on customer demand for project bidding, the program planning and to determine the project's objectives: during the development phase, the contractor shall be according to the project goals for the detailed design, and project implementation plan, The implementation stage of the project, contractor should be based on the implementation of the project planning control and adjustment, In the end, the contractor shall actively organize the project completion. Project manager in the process always bear leading role.The project manager in project management must be clear about the project goals。
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文献翻译原文：Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par 4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is the curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all of this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floorenvironment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most mportant of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The evelopment of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital ignal Processors.There are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in manyways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP‟s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance SP‟s that can erform broad ranges of processing tasks. Development kits an software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP‟s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag …n‟ drop” methodologies.DSP‟s more or less fall into two categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP‟s behave more like common general-purpose CPU‟s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP‟s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSP‟s: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA‟s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (DSP‟s) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The F/C240 is a number of the‟C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniques such as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The C24xDSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purpose C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow‟s e mbedded control marketplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the …24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The 240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The 240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the 240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climate control---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the 240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it‟s own compare register, supportthe generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.The feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct theerror. A system with one or more feedback pats like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It is As anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system of The basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.译文：控制系统基础数字控制机床常常重达上百吨，但却常常要求切削工具的定位精度达到0.002毫米。
智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Traffic Assignment Forecast Model Research in ITS IntroductionThe intelligent transportation system (ITS) develops rapidly along with the city sustainable development, the digital city construction and the development of transportation. One of the main functions of the ITS is to improve transportation environment and alleviate the transportation jam, the most effective method to gain the aim is to forecast the traffic volume of the local network and the important nodes exactly with GIS function of path analysis and correlation mathematic methods, and this will lead a better planning of the traffic network. Traffic assignment forecast is an important phase of traffic volume forecast. It will assign the forecasted traffic to every way in the traffic sector. If the traffic volume of certain road is too big, which would bring on traffic jam, planners must consider the adoption of new roads or improving existing roads to alleviate the traffic congestion situation. This study attempts to present an improved traffic assignment forecast model, MPCC, based on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of classic traffic assignment forecast models, and test the validity of the improved model in practice.1 Analysis of classic models1.1 Shortcut traffic assignmentShortcut traffic assignment is a static traffic assignment method. In this method, the traffic load impact in the vehicles’ travel is not considered, and the traffic impedance (travel time) is a constant. The traffic volume of every origination-destination couple will be assigned to the shortcut between the origination and destination, while the traffic volume of other roads in this sector is null. This assignment method has the advantage of simple calculation; however, uneven distribution of the traffic volume is its obvious shortcoming. Using this assignment method, the assignment traffic volume will be concentrated on the shortcut, which isobviously not realistic. However, shortcut traffic assignment is the basis of all theother traffic assignment methods.1.2 Multi-ways probability assignmentIn reality, travelers always want to choose the shortcut to the destination, whichis called the shortcut factor; however, as the complexity of the traffic network, thepath chosen may not necessarily be the shortcut, which is called the random factor.Although every traveler hopes to follow the shortcut, there are some whose choice isnot the shortcut in fact. The shorter the path is, the greater the probability of beingchosen is; the longer the path is, the smaller the probability of being chosen is.Therefore, the multi-ways probability assignment model is guided by the LOGIT model:∑---=n j ii i F F p 1)exp()exp(θθ (1)Where i p is the probability of the path section i; i F is the travel time of thepath section i; θ is the transport decision parameter, which is calculated by the followprinciple: firstly, calculate the i p with different θ (from 0 to 1), then find the θwhich makes i p the most proximate to the actual i p .The shortcut factor and the random factor is considered in multi-ways probabilityassignment, therefore, the assignment result is more reasonable, but the relationshipbetween traffic impedance and traffic load and road capacity is not considered in thismethod, which leads to the assignment result is imprecise in more crowded trafficnetwork. We attempt to improve the accuracy through integrating the several elements above in one model-MPCC.2 Multi-ways probability and capacity constraint model2.1 Rational path aggregateIn order to make the improved model more reasonable in the application, theconcept of rational path aggregate has been proposed. The rational path aggregate,which is the foundation of MPCC model, constrains the calculation scope. Rationalpath aggregate refers to the aggregate of paths between starts and ends of the trafficsector, defined by inner nodes ascertained by the following rules: the distancebetween the next inner node and the start can not be shorter than the distance betweenthe current one and the start; at the same time, the distance between the next innernode and the end can not be longer than the distance between the current one and theend. The multi-ways probability assignment model will be only used in the rationalpath aggregate to assign the forecast traffic volume, and this will greatly enhance theapplicability of this model.2.2 Model assumption1) Traffic impedance is not a constant. It is decided by the vehicle characteristicand the current traffic situation.2) The traffic impedance which travelers estimate is random and imprecise.3) Every traveler chooses the path from respective rational path aggregate.Based on the assumptions above, we can use the MPCC model to assign thetraffic volume in the sector of origination-destination couples.2.3 Calculation of path traffic impedanceActually, travelers have different understanding to path traffic impedance, butgenerally, the travel cost, which is mainly made up of forecast travel time, travellength and forecast travel outlay, is considered the traffic impedance. Eq. (2) displaysthis relationship. a a a a F L T C γβα++= (2)Where a C is the traffic impedance of the path section a; a T is the forecast traveltime of the path section a; a L is the travel length of the path section a; a F is theforecast travel outlay of the path section a; α, β, γ are the weight value of that threeelements which impact the traffic impedance. For a certain path section, there aredifferent α, β and γ value for different vehicles. We can get the weighted average of α,β and γ of each path section from the statistic percent of each type of vehicle in thepath section.2.4 Chosen probability in MPCCActually, travelers always want to follow the best path (broad sense shortcut), butbecause of the impact of random factor, travelers just can choose the path which is ofthe smallest traffic impedance they estimate by themselves. It is the key point ofMPCC. According to the random utility theory of economics, if traffic impedance is considered as the negativeutility, the chosen probability rs p of origination-destinationpoints couple (r, s) should follow LOGIT model:∑---=n j jrs rs bC bC p 1)exp()exp( (3) where rs p is the chosen probability of the pathsection (r, s);rs C is the traffic impedance of the path sect-ion (r, s); j C is the trafficimpedance of each path section in the forecast traffic sector; b reflects the travelers’cognition to the traffic impedance of paths in the traffic sector, which has reverseratio to its deviation. If b → ∞ , the deviation of understanding extent of trafficimpedance approaches to 0. In this case, all the travelers will follow the path whichis of the smallest traffic impedance, which equals to the assignment results withShortcut Traffic Assignment. Contrarily, if b → 0, travelers ’ understanding error approaches infinity. In this case, the paths travelers choose are scattered. There is anobjection that b is of dimension in Eq.(3). Because the deviation of b should beknown before, it is difficult to determine the value of b. Therefore, Eq.(3) is improvedas follows:∑---=n j OD j OD rsrs C bC C bC p 1)exp()exp(，∑-=n j j OD C n C 11（4） Where OD C is the average of the traffic impedance of all the as-signed paths; bwhich is of no dimension, just has relationship to the rational path aggregate, ratherthan the traffic impedance. According to actual observation, the range of b which is anexperience value is generally between 3.00 to 4.00. For the more crowded cityinternal roads, b is normally between 3.00 and 3.50.2.5 Flow of MPCCMPCC model combines the idea of multi-ways probability assignment anditerative capacity constraint traffic assignment.Firstly, we can get the geometric information of the road network and OD trafficvolume from related data. Then we determine the rational path aggregate with themethod which is explained in Section 2.1.Secondly, we can calculate the traffic impedance of each path section with Eq.(2),Fig.1 Flowchart of MPCC which is expatiated in Section 2.3.Thirdly, on the foundation of the traffic impedance of each path section, we cancalculate the respective forecast traffic volume of every path section with improvedLOGIT model (Eq.(4)) in Section 2.4, which is the key point of MPCC.Fourthly, through the calculation processabove, we can get the chosen probability andforecast traffic volume of each path section, but itis not the end. We must recalculate the trafficimpedance again in the new traffic volumesituation. As is shown in Fig.1, because of theconsideration of the relationship between trafficimpedance and traffic load, the traffic impedanceand forecast assignment traffic volume of everypath will be continually amended. Using therelationship model between average speed andtraffic volume, we can calculate the travel timeand the traffic impedance of certain path sect-ionunder different traffic volume situation. For theroads with different technical levels, therelationship models between average speeds totraffic volume are as follows: 1) Highway: 1082.049.179AN V = (5) 2) Level 1 Roads: 11433.084.155AN V = (6) 3) Level 2 Roads: 66.091.057.112AN V = (7) 4) Level 3 Roads: 3.132.01.99AN V = (8) 5) Level 4 Roads: 0988.05.70A N V =(9) Where V is the average speed of the path section; A N is the traffic volume of thepath section.At the end, we can repeat assigning traffic volume of path sections with themethod in previous step, which is the idea of iterative capacity constraint assignment,until the traffic volume of every path section is stable.译文智能交通交通量分配预测模型介绍随着城市的可持续化发展、数字化城市的建设以及交通运输业的发展，智能交通系统（ITS）的发展越来越快。
智能车控制系统设计 中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译专业班级：自动化07-5班学生姓名：黄子星指导老师：王素玲Intelligent vehicle information of the future2010 Beijing international auto show of the 11 th, low carbon environmental protection concept for a new energy vehicles become the market leaders, but actually saving energy technology, hybrid technology and electric technology just in the external energy restrictions, the restriction and policy environment under the restriction of a passive adjustment, electronic and the wide use of information technology is the next stage of the development of the car industry is the first productive force. When information technology to control the car, mature enough to HeShiSong throttle, which time point on the brakes, intelligent onboard computer secretly computed from start to the destination of the best route (not only consider of distance, even give attention to two or morethings road condition)...... The intelligent application will be between the a bit help we reduce oil consumption, energy saving resources and time cost.Smart cars is already not fresh concept, but Bill Gates once said "if the auto industry and the development of information technology, so we nearly as fast as early can leave the car on the moon" but reveals the bottleneck of intelligent vehicle development. Of course car manufacturers are also trying to information technology into intelligent vehicle, in the Beijing international auto show, saic group launched the independent brand "Internet car" roewe calls, the car is A 350 saic group aimed at the domestic market the most soar degrees of capacity fastest class A car segment market strategy models. Launch of the intelligent network traffic system InkaNet, relying on China unicom WCDMA 3 G network, to realize information retrieval, real-time traffic navigation, electricity zi lu books, stock exchange and communication of the Internetcommunity application, open Internet network information age domestic cars. After work, having through the car dashboard touch screen, inquires the and scheduled the restaurant, and the favorite car led to restaurants, is getting more clever cars are the owners of the drive to different experience.Not only is the combination of the Internet and cars, more intelligent technology should be applied to the car. The movie "2012", a vehicle with the Russian billionaire to shout out "Start" and answered, ford has will Start the sonic technology to China, Beijing auto show 2010 displayed on TouchTM MyFord car multi-media interactive system, including the sonic technology. In mandarin support Prior connect from a mobile phone to a camera on the dashboard port, when need to say the name of the contact cellphones, car will be called the contact, again through the car hands-free communication system, the whole process not pick up the phone, the future drivers will also can use a shorter voice commands to complete more control. Use the technology of the new ford sharp world will be at the end of 2010 to import entry into the Chinese market.In addition, the Beijing auto show byd 'S6' is equipped with the door without keys into the touch of the button, electronic security systems, voice navigation system, electronic tail hidden reversing camera etc high-grade intelligent system. General motors in the auto show on display at the V electric network of EN concept car, innovative blend of the electrification and car networking two major technology. Through the integration of the global positioning system, car navigation technology to car communication technology, wireless communication and remote sensing technology to realize the driving and automatic driving compatible.Dongfeng automobile company one of dongfeng foison ECS concept car, then increase the electronics, information and intelligent and configuration, provide intelligent E service, intelligent driving and riding experience andhigher safety. The car will be 3G technology platform for for owners to provide based on 3G network access service, can be in the car to surf the Internet and stock trading, etc.; The AO concept car application a key type operation system, intelligent vehicle information management systems, such as digital system.In fact, the auto show has grown used in Toyota and lexus G-close intelligence in technology is opened, vice 3G era information the vanguard. The car At present, the Japanese people close to G-the reliance of the already high, in addition to the Toyota, Mazda, great, mitsubishi and other brands of products have also using G-close in intelligent vice. A Japanese overseas, "said G-close as a mobile information carrier, can be realized my work life and all kinds of seamless connection between." G-has been introduced into China close Toyota, just press function keys, information center will tell owners want to know all the news information and all kinds of information, with application deeply, G-close would implant more domestic consumer required functions.Software as a motor system is the most important element has made rapid development, and will become the next stage of the competition advantage of key car. Analysis showed that, in a single engine control, software content doubled every year. So car makers and has the good structure and integrated software development tools of supplier chain will gain a competitive advantage. Can do the development of software can use less engineers and improve the function of new products to market, and keep the warranty costs low..A few days ago, neusoft group and international industrial group formally announced haman establish strategic partner relationship, and separately in China shenyang and Hamburg, Germany a joint technology development center, and common development of cars and consumer electronics and other areas of advanced technology. According to neusoft neusoft group chairman LiuJiRen said, "neusoft in the beginning ofestablishment of automobile electronic aspects in the business, and in a car navigation technology also has a very long time. And the professional accumulation such as BMW, Mercedes, high-grade car in the world of entertainment system is to provide a large share of haman the, the Beijing Olympic Games exhibition and the Shanghai world expo in many large sound technology are also from haman. In this don't need to do anything the era of cooperation to provide us, a show enterprise own core competitive power in the platform. Through this and haman cooperation, will help neusoft will business to global platform for the world first-class and go up, the car manufacturers to provide services."In this year's Beijing international auto show, SK telecom also starting to electric car design of the first mobile car computer system MIV. According to information, the past only route navigation, information and data communication position to wait a few service can be connected through the car with the network's traditional remote information service provided. And MIV will can provide mobile communications, platform and content of the full integration, so as to improve service to new heights. Meanwhile SK telecom has started to seek and global car manufacturers, hope that 2012 years ago in the new model, through the custom assembly MIV IT solutions and mobile connection ascension of the auto industry of productivity.At present, the information system of the car by two parts, part of it is the vehicle itself internal network system, which consists of the network computer control; Another part is external contact network system of vehicles, including GPS monitoring center, the Internet and regional network service provider, vehicle service center, unit or home computers, etc. Thus, also appears the new car market after service mode. Such as the car distance service launched soon to mobile communication and the Internet to rely on, after the car market resources integration, service covers automobile rescue, roadweather, satellite navigation, multimedia entertainment, the telephone, mobile TV, etc.Therefore, we have reason to believe that all of the ideas about the intelligent car wash gargle, "get up, bathroom mirror switch into screen reports real-time news; open the refrigerator, to want to make the breakfast, refrigerator screen would show milk or eggs and other food shortage, then according to the stock several key will realize to order, distribution company will be active to food to their homes; the most needed to dazzle cruel way let the stolen vehicle hindrance to the fingerprint of the car, sit on it, also need not bother to map or see presented ferreting road signs, just press the button, and then told several destination, the other by the onboard computer fix, the next step is the way and friends, never will worry about time lost or traffic signal......" Yes, this is the classic movies starring Schwarzenegger "the sixth day" reflects the "seamless" life scenes, is also the future life, the epitome of intelligent car at this time, the life level and the high-end technology have as a whole.智能汽车的信息化未来2010年第十一届北京国际车展上，低碳环保理念让新能源车成为市场翘楚，但其实节能技术、混合动力技术和电动技术只是在外部能源限制、环境制约和政策制约下的一种被动调整，电子和信息技术的广泛应用才是整个汽车产业下阶段发展的第一生产力。
PLC发展和未来中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译中英文对照外文翻译The development and future of PLCPart 1 PLC overviewProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called PLC programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporation. PLC and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the PLC has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the PLC is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change productionprocesses. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.Part 2 History of PLCProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are inpractice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.Part 3 Now of PLCFrom the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operation.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters for PLC , its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time totime whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 V AC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.Part 4 PLC design criteriaA systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in thetraditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance interms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.Part 5 AK 1703 ACPFollowing the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has highfunctionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions. Balanced functionality permits the flexible combination of automation, telecontrol and communication tasks. Complemented with the scalable performance and various redundancy configurations, an optimal adaptation to the respective requirements of the process is achieved.AK 1703 ACP is thus perfectly suitable for automation with integrated telecontrol technology as:• Telecontrol substation or central device• Automation unit with autonom ous functional groups• Data node, station control device, front-end or gateway• With local or remote peripherals• For rear panel installation or 19 inch assembly• Branch-neutral product, therefore versatile fields of application and high product stability• Versatile communication• Easy engineering• Plug & play for spare parts• Open system architecture• Scalable redundancy• The intelligent terminal - TM 1703The Base Unit AK 1703 ACP with Peripheral Elements has one basic system element CP-2010/CPC25 (Master control element) and CP-2012/PCCE25 (Processing and communication element) ,one bus line with max. 16 peripheral elements can be connected.CP-2010/CPC25 Features and FunctionsSystem Functions:• Central element,coordinating all system servicesCentral hub function for all connected basic system elements• Time managementCentral clock of the automation unitSetting and keeping the own clock`s time with a resolution of 10msSynchronization via serid communication via LAN or local• RedundancyV oting and change-over for redundant processing and communication elements of the own automation unitSupports voting and change-over by an external SCA-RS redundancy switchSupports applicational voting and change-over by an external system,e.g.a control system• SAT TOLLBOX|| connectionStoring firmware and parameters on a Flash CardCommunication:• Communication via installable protocol elements to any superior or subordinate automation unit• Automatic data flow routing• Priority based data transmission (priority control)• Own circular buffer and process image for each connected station(data keeping)• Redundant communication routesCommunication with redundant remote stations• Special application specific functions for dial-up trafficTest if stations are reachableProcess Peripherals:• T ransmission of spontaneous information objects from and to peripheral elements, via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral busFunctions for Automation:• Open-/closed-loop control function for the execution of freely definable user programs which are created with CAEX plus according to IEC 61131-3,ing function diagram technology512KB for user programApprox 50.000 variables and signals,2.000 of them retainedCycle of 10ms or a multiple thereofOnline testLoadable without service interruption• Redundant open-/closed-loop control functionsSynchronization via redundancy linkTransmission of periodic process information between the open-/closed-loop control function and the peripheral elements,via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus.PLC的发展和未来一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
单片机交通灯控制器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于单片机的十字路口交通灯控制器的设计由于我国经济的快速发展从而导致了汽车数量的猛增，大中型城市的城市交通，正面临着严峻的考验，从而导致交通问题日益严重，其主要表现如下：交通事故频发，对人类生命安全造成极大威胁；交通拥堵严重，导致出行时间增加，能源消耗加大；空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加深等。
日常的交通堵塞成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受的问题。
在这种背景下，结合我国城市道路交通的实际情况，开发出真正适合我们自身特点的智能信号灯控制系统已经成为当前的主要任务。
前言在实际应用上，根据对国内外实际交通信号控制应用的考察，平面独立交叉口信号控制基本采用定周期、多时段定周期、半感应、全感应等几种方式。
前两种控制方式完全是基于对平面交叉口既往交通流数据的统计调查，由于交通流存在的变化性和随机性，这两种方式都具有通行效率低、方案易老化的缺陷，而半感应式和全感应式这两种方式是在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器并根据其提供的信息来调整周期长和绿信比，它对车辆随机到达的适应性较大，可使车辆在停车线前尽可能少停车，达到交通流畅的效果。
在现代化的工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、流速和开关量都是常用的主要被控参数。
例如：在冶金工业、化工生产、电力工程、造纸行业、机械制造和食品加工等诸多领域中，人们都需要对交通进行有序的控制。
采用单片机来对交通进行控制，不仅具有控制方便、组态简单和灵活性大等优点，而且可以大幅度提高被控制量的技术指标，从而能够大大提高产品的质量和数量。
因此，单片机对交通灯的控制问题是一个工业生产中经常会遇到的问题。
在工业生产中，有很多行业有大量的交通灯设备，在现行系统中,大多数的交通控制信号都是用继电器来完成的,但继电器响应时间长,灵敏度低,长期使用之后,故障机会大大增加,而采用单片机控制,其精度远远大于继电器,响应时间短,软件可靠性高,不会因为工作时间缘故而降低其性能,相比而言,本方案具有很高的可行性。
PLC及变频器技术论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
PLC及变频器技术中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述PLC and inverter technology trends1. The development trend of the programmable controller“PLC is one kind specially for the digital operation operation electronic installation which applies under the industry environment designs. It uses may the coding memory, uses for in its internal memory operation and so on actuating logic operation, sequence operation, time, counting and arithmetic operation instructions, and can through digital or the simulation-like input and the output, controls each type the machinery or the production process. PLC and the related auxiliary equipment should according to form a whole easy with the industrial control system, easy to expand its function the principle to design.”In the 21st century, PLC will have a bigger development. Technologically speaking, computer technology's new achievement more will apply in the programmable controller's design and the manufacture, will have the operating speed to be quicker, the storage capacity to be bigger, an intelligent stronger variety to appear; Looked from the product scale that further develops to subminiature and the ultra-large direction; Looked from the product overcoatability that the product variety will be richer, the specification to be more complete, the perfect man-machine contact surface, the complete communication facility will adapt each industrial control situation demand well; Looked from the market that various countries will produce the multi-variety product the situation to break respectively along with the international competition aggravating, will present the minority several brand monopoly international market the aspect, will present the international general programming language; Looking from the network state of play, the programmable controller and other industrial control computer networkconstitution large-scale control system is the programmable controller technology development direction. Present computer collection and distribution control system DCS (Distributed Control System) had the massive programmable controller application. Is following computer network's development, the programmable controller takes the automation directed net and the international universal network important component, outside industry and industry numerous domain display more and more major function.2. Inverter technology development trendsInverter into the practical phase of more than 1 / 4 century during this period, the frequency converter technology as the basis of power electronics technology and microelectronics technology manager of a leap in the development, as the new power electronic devices and high-performance microprocessor The application of control technology and the development of increasingly high cost performance of the inverter, more and more small size, but manufacturers are still in constant frequency converter to achieve the further miniaturization and doing new efforts. From a technical point of view, with the frequency converter to further expand the market of the future, with the converter and inverter technology will be on the development of technologies in the following areas further development:(1) large capacity and small size;(2) high-performance and multi-function;(3) enhance the ease-of-use;(4) increase in life expectancy and reliability;(5) of pollution-free.Large capacity and small size of the power semiconductor devices will be with the development of continuous development. In recent years, driven by a voltage power semiconductor devices IGBT (Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor, isolation gate bipolar transistors) has developed very rapidly and quickly into the traditional use of BJT (bipolar power transistor) and power MOSFET (FET) The various fields. In addition, the IGBT switching device for the IPM (Intelligent Power Module, IPM) and Monolithic Power IC chip will power switching devices and driving circuit, such as the protection of integrated circuits in the same package, with high performance andreliability The merits, with their high current and high pressure of the development of small and medium-sized converter will certainly be more widely used.With micro-electronics technology and semiconductor technology development, for Inverter CPU and semiconductor devices and a variety of sensors of getting higher and higher. With the frequency converter technology and the development of the growing maturity of the exchange governor, modern control theory are constantly new applications. These have further improved the performance of inverter provided the conditions. In addition, with the frequency converter to further promote the use and support are also constantly made new demands, the frequency converter manufacturers to continuously improve the performance and frequency converter functions in Inverter new efforts to meet user And the need for the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position.With the frequency converter market continues to expand, how to further enhance the ease-of-use inverter, so that the technical staff and even ordinary non-technical staff can quickly master the use of frequency converter technology has become manufacturers must consider the issue. Because only easy-to-use products can continue to acquire new customers and further expand the market, so the future of the new converter will be more easy to operate.With the development of semiconductor technology and the development of power electronics technology, the frequency converter used in the various components of the life and reliability are constantly improving, they will make their own life and the frequency converter to further increase reliability.In recent years, people have attached great importance to environmental issues, and thus a "green products" name. Therefore, the inverter, must also consider its impact on the surrounding environment.Promote the use of the frequency converter in the early stages of the noise problem was once a big problem. With the low-noise converter IGBT the emergence of this issue has basically been resolved. However, with the noise problem to solve, people's looks and a converter to the surrounding environment and the impact of other continuously explore new solutions. For example, the use of a diode-voltage converter and PWMinverter circuit converter, the frequency converter itself the high harmonics will bring supply voltage and current distortion, and at the same power to affect the other equipment. However, through the use of the frequency converter Rectifier circuit PWM, we can basically solve the problem. Although because of price and control technology and other aspects of the reasons for the current PWM converter has not been promoting the inverter, but, with the frequency converter technology development and the people of the importance of environmental issues.PLC及变频器技术的发展趋势1．可编程控制器的发展趋势可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。
智能住宅安防报警和远程控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译基于单片机的智能住宅安防报警和远程控制系统摘要：为了对偷盗，抢劫和意外事故进行有效的监控和警告，统一使用单片机AT89C51的控制技术和红外探测技术，设计了一种无线防盗报警器，它包括硬件和软件两部分;硬件部分是由红外线感应器，发送和接收模块，单片机，声光报警等组成；软件部分是由主程序和音乐子程序组成。
采用C或汇编语言编写的源程序，在Keilc51平台上进行翻译和调试后，下载到单片机AT89C51芯片，并根据焊接在PCB板上的此单片机和其他主要设备设计一个电路。
对于电源，闭路循环控制开关，当有人入侵红外线发射区，产生声光报警，表示已经达到设计要求，这个项目展示了智能化住宅防盗报警，紧急报警，火灾报警器，有毒气体泄漏远程自动声音报警及远程控制系统，它是基于89C51单片机。
该系统可自动报警，自动致电警方热线电话号码。
它可用于语音报警，并显示发生报警的地址。
它可以设置和修改用户的密码。
它可以进行录制和语音提示。
它可用于电话远程控制电源。
该报警系统设计创新，具有多功能，成本低，可靠性高等诸多特点。
随着时代的不断进步，人们对自己的居住环境安全提出了更高的要求，不仅在生活，特别是在安全方面，一定要注意这些频繁发生的意外。
现在，许多区域已安装了智能报警系统，从而大大提高居住区的安全率，因为红外线是一种黑色的光，使用无线发射和接收，无需独立的布线，它具有很强的保密性和保密性，从而在安全，安保部分等安全领域的应用应该有很大的优势。
关键词：红外传感；发射；接收；单片机；警告一、简介随着计算机技术和控制技术及通信技术的发展，人民生活水平日益改善。
人民的生活条件已经发生了变化，例如产生了居住环境的安全和如何使他们生活得更加舒适等问题。
因此，智能化的住宅建筑的自动控制的出现顺应了时代的要求。
智能化小区必须有安全防范，防盗报警，火灾报警器，有毒气体泄漏自动报警和紧急呼叫等功能。
关键设备电源的远程控制是能够实现的。
智能电饭煲控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译外文资料译文智能电饭煲执行使用spmc65p2404a摘要:：份文件的目的是介绍如何使用spmc65p2404a单片机作为主控制器，合模糊控制实施智能电饭煲控制器。
关键字：机,模/数转换,温度控制, 继电器1引言大部分电饭锅,就今天的市场热起来,在选择机械方式或额定功率模式中,低能源利用率和单一的功能不能满足人民群众日益增长的生活需求。
在这种情况下,就显得极为必要建立一种智能型电饭煲多功能,安全性及可靠性。
它经历了许多阶段,机械电饭锅发展成为智能化的。
三大类型,其中包括微机, 电脑和机器有十种模式便应运而生由于突出高科技手段应用于电气炊具; 此外,他们转而将更加多样化和时尚的基础上漂亮好菜。
除了价格低廉,机械电饭锅勉强满足人们的需求,为现代高品质的生活, 而聪明的是由微机控制或电脑成功,有以下几个特点：为本的界面设计,让用户能看到运行状态easefully ；烹调过程是自动由计算机控制；外太空的"黑水晶" ,是采取内锅的超硬度,优异耐磨耐用性和永恒的血染。
所有特征匹配的现代概念,节省时间,节省劳力和耐久性。
智能电饭锅具有以下功能：,快速升温,少量做饭, 45分钟稀饭,稀饭2h时, 汤料的1H和2H汤；他们个性化的操作界面很容易让使用者控制烹饪。
用得多能力,同时沸腾水稻只智能电饭锅起到不可或缺的作用,在我们的日常生活中。
它的发明非常的智能控制,使今日的生活更加简单和方便。
2使用步骤电气烹调过程的控制水分的吸收量,供热时间,温度控制的过程,维持沸腾时间, 保温过程中,炖过程是精彩的烹饪。
烹饪过程,就是一个把β淀粉多吸收和消化α淀粉。
大量的实践已经证明,一个完善的烹煮过程可以细分为以下几个步骤：水吸收,使水稻吸收更多的水尽可能在适当的温度,使米饭将螺好完美的品味好多了。
赖斯将吸收更多的水,随着温度升高而降低。
然而,当温度高于60℃,βstarch将改建为αstarch转为糊。
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中文：DCSDCS是分布式控制系统的英文缩写（Distributed Control System），在国内自控行业又称之为集散控制系统。
即所谓的分布式控制系统，或在有些资料中称之为集散系统，是相对于集中式控制系统而言的一种新型计算机控制系统，它是在集中式控制系统的基础上发展、演变而来的。
它是一个由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的以通信网络为纽带的多级计算机系统，综合了计算机，通信、显示和控制等4C技术，其基本思想是分散控制、集中操作、分级管理、配置灵活以及组态方便。
在系统功能方面，DCS和集中式控制系统的区别不大，但在系统功能的实现方法上却完全不同。
首先，DCS的骨架—系统网络，它是DCS的基础和核心。
由于网络对于DCS 整个系统的实时性、可靠性和扩充性，起着决定性的作用，因此各厂家都在这方面进行了精心的设计。
对于DCS的系统网络来说，它必须满足实时性的要求，即在确定的时间限度内完成信息的传送。
这里所说的“确定”的时间限度，是指在无论何种情况下，信息传送都能在这个时间限度内完成，而这个时间限度则是根据被控制过程的实时性要求确定的。
因此，衡量系统网络性能的指标并不是网络的速率，即通常所说的每秒比特数（bps），而是系统网络的实时性，即能在多长的时间内确保所需信息的传输完成。
系统网络还必须非常可靠，无论在任何情况下，网络通信都不能中断，因此多数厂家的DCS均采用双总线、环形或双重星形的网络拓扑结构。
为了满足系统扩充性的要求，系统网络上可接入的最大节点数量应比实际使用的节点数量大若干倍。
这样，一方面可以随时增加新的节点，另一方面也可以使系统网络运行于较轻的通信负荷状态，以确保系统的实时性和可靠性。
在系统实际运行过程中，各个节点的上网和下网是随时可能发生的，特别是操作员站，这样，网络重构会经常进行，而这种操作绝对不能影响系统的正常运行，因此，系统网络应该具有很强在线网络重构功能。
DCS分布式控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中文：DCSDCS是分布式控制系统的英文缩写（Distributed Control System），在国内自控行业又称之为集散控制系统。
即所谓的分布式控制系统，或在有些资料中称之为集散系统，是相对于集中式控制系统而言的一种新型计算机控制系统，它是在集中式控制系统的基础上发展、演变而来的。
它是一个由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的以通信网络为纽带的多级计算机系统，综合了计算机，通信、显示和控制等4C技术，其基本思想是分散控制、集中操作、分级管理、配置灵活以及组态方便。
在系统功能方面，DCS和集中式控制系统的区别不大，但在系统功能的实现方法上却完全不同。
首先，DCS的骨架—系统网络，它是DCS的基础和核心。
由于网络对于DCS 整个系统的实时性、可靠性和扩充性，起着决定性的作用，因此各厂家都在这方面进行了精心的设计。
对于DCS的系统网络来说，它必须满足实时性的要求，即在确定的时间限度内完成信息的传送。
这里所说的“确定”的时间限度，是指在无论何种情况下，信息传送都能在这个时间限度内完成，而这个时间限度则是根据被控制过程的实时性要求确定的。
因此，衡量系统网络性能的指标并不是网络的速率，即通常所说的每秒比特数（bps），而是系统网络的实时性，即能在多长的时间内确保所需信息的传输完成。
系统网络还必须非常可靠，无论在任何情况下，网络通信都不能中断，因此多数厂家的DCS均采用双总线、环形或双重星形的网络拓扑结构。
为了满足系统扩充性的要求，系统网络上可接入的最大节点数量应比实际使用的节点数量大若干倍。
这样，一方面可以随时增加新的节点，另一方面也可以使系统网络运行于较轻的通信负荷状态，以确保系统的实时性和可靠性。
在系统实际运行过程中，各个节点的上网和下网是随时可能发生的，特别是操作员站，这样，网络重构会经常进行，而这种操作绝对不能影响系统的正常运行，因此，系统网络应该具有很强在线网络重构功能。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译智能交通信号灯控制中英文对照
英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Controlby Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from drivers going too fast.The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, people's traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road can't solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For example，according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly.There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower andlook out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city.When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes.In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone else’s.The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening.Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean thattraffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.We have implemented the 'Green Light District', a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting timeswith at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译：智能交通信号灯控制马克·威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。
智能医院控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能医院控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:2.4GHz T-bus EIB smart hospital control system Modernized hospital construction function is complicated, medical equipment is precise, the environment request standard is high, using 2.4GHz T-bus intelligence control system can connect to the hospital construction environment. Through the establishment of digitization energy conservation medical service environment, may enhance the hospital management level, enhances medical personnel's working efficiency, save the hospital operation costs. T-bus intelligence environment control system realize the optimizing control to the light environment, the visor environment,the temperature environment and the medical equipment movement and maintenance of many hospital departments such as outpatient clinic, the in-patient department and so on through controlling to each kind of terminal electrical equipment (for example light, electrical window curtain, air conditioners, medical equipment and so on).Purposes:1. Uniformly Manages, controls and protects the hospital illumination, air conditioners and the medical equipment2. Enhances the hospital service scale, provides the comfortable environment to the medical person and the patients.3. Save the energy, saves the hospital operation costs4. uses the safe voltage the weak electricity board to substitute the strong electricity board, enhanced the security; Through the electric current and the leakage electric current examination to the important medical equipment, promptly reported in the breakdown situation, strengthened the medical equipment reliability and security. Functions:1. Light control of ward and outpatient service building2. Electrical window curtain and visor volume curtain control of ward and outpatient service building3. Air conditioner, heats up and the air blower plate tube control of ward and outpatient service building4. Illumination and the light adjusting of the operating room and the treatment room5. Hospital ward ringing system6. AV device control of academic exchange center and conference room7. Illumination electrical power distribution system and fire linkage8. Linkage hospital automation office system, to realize to have no paper work9. All T-bus system intelligent controllers circuit breaker of Outpatient service andin-patient department and important medical equipment circuit breaker condition surveillance10. Centralism monitor and control of the outpatient service and the hospital ward to achieve the non- board control in the public regionControlled area and control content:1. hospital wardControl of light, electric curtain, fan coil unit, ringing system, the socket of microwave oven and so on , ultraviolet ray sterilization lamp2. Outpatient service hallControl of light, visor volume curtain, fan coil unit3. The departments of the treatment, the inspection, the surgery, the diagnosis, rescue and so on.Control of light, electric curtain, fan coil unit4. Common aisle, elevator hallControl of light, underground lamp control5. Academic exchange center, report hallControl of light, AV equipment, window electric curtain, theater curtain;6. Extensive lighting, botanical garden illuminationControl of light7. Center control computerSolutions:1. Hospital ward* Installs 8 path 2.4GHz T-bus system intelligent controllers beside the bed, controls the light switch and adjusts the light in the guest room, controls the opening and closing of the electric curtain, may carry on the master switch control to the hospital ward light, may control the bathroom light, and may set the doctors clinic scene, the rest scene, the television watching scene.* The angle of the hospital ward electrically operated bed can be adjusted through the T-bus system intelligent controllers and the remote control, facilitates the doctors clinic and the patient dines, reads;* Guardianship ringing system. When the patient needs the guardianship the patient’s feeling is not good, may press the call button or the remote control nearby the bed, the on-duty nurse may rush to the hospital ward to carry on processing immediately;* The center control computer in Each floor nurse stand can implement the common control to various illumination, the curtain and the air-conditioner system at hospital wards in corresponding floor, and the computer of each nurse stand can demonstrate the indoor temperature in each hospital ward, simultaneously may establish the maximum and minimum temperature, provides the human nature service;* The hospital ward corridor illumination may automatically open by coordinating with the light sensor and the timers, when the degree of illumination request is very low at the deeper night, shuts down partial illuminations light, the foot light automatically opens.* The nurse station may realize centralism monitoring to the sockets of various medical equipments such as breath machine and so on in the ward.* Installs a intelligent switch with a temperature control board at the entrance, carries on the automatic constant temperature control to the fan coil unit of the hospital ward, may demonstrate the indoor temperature, simultaneously may carry on the control to the light and the curtain.* Installs intelligence switch at the bathroom entrance, may carry on the control to the bathroom light and the ventilating fan* If with intelligent door lock system linkage, may realize the different opening gate pattern between the doctor and the service person, named the clinic pattern and the sweeps clear pattern.* After the patient Check-in, automatically adjusts the light and the electric curtain at the corresponding ward to in-patient pattern, adjusts the air conditioner temperature to comfortable temperature. Enables the patient to have the home feeling and enhancesthe hospital service scale.* After the patient left, automatically adjusts the light and the electric curtain at the corresponding ward to closure pattern, may automatically restore the ward hypothesis temperature to the condition which tacitly approves.* After the patient goes to sleep at night, T-bus temperature controls board automatically changes to energy conservation pattern. According to the statistics, the hypothesis temperature elevates 1 (when refrigeration) or reduces 1 (when heats up) every time, may conserve energy 6%* The center control room may demonstrate the actual temperature and the hypothesis temperature of each hospital ward. Also may set the maximum and minimum temperature. Simultaneously the hospital ward temperature control also may connect with the window linkage, after the window is turned on, automatically closes the air conditioner to realize energy conservation fully.* T-bus temperature controls board can automatically control Fan coil unit. When the indoor temperature approaches the hypothesis temperature, automatically adjusts wind speed from high to low, makes the indoor temperature to maintain around the hypothesis temperature, to save energy and it is very comfortable.* When summer sunlight is intense, automatically shut-off ward curtain, prevented the ward temperature to be excessively high, achieves the energy conservation purpose.2. Outpatient service hall* Automatically control degree of illumination of the outpatient hall through lit sensor at day time. When the natural light is intense, closes partial lights, otherwise, then opens the certain light, makes the outpatient hall to maintain the constant degree of illumination. Simultaneously may conserve energy.* At night may act different degree of illumination according to the patient current capacity.* Controls the visor volume curtain of the hall through the light sensor. When the summer light is intense, automatically lays down the visor volume curtain, in order to conserves energy.* May control the light, the visor volume curtain of the out patient hall through the center control room computer.3. The treatment of the inspection, the surgery, the diagnosis, the rescue and so on* The operating room, the requirement of general degree of illumination is not lower than 1000Lux. The shadowless lamp took as the local lighting, should achieve above 20000Lux in the surgery table 30cm scope. May adjust the light to the auxiliary light source through the T-bus system intelligent controllers board or the remote control, may adjusts the light scope from 0% to 100%.According to different operating room illumination degree, specially the local lighting degree of illumination is different, May adjust the light source degree of illumination to carry on the pre- establishment.Through illumination degree sensor established in the operating room, carry on the precise adjustment of illumination degree to some work surface.* Regards the functional checking room (mainly refer to ophthalmology department), its requirement of illumination degree reaches as high as7500Lux. Through the T-bus system intelligent controller board and the remote control, may adjust the light scope according to the hospital illumination standard request to the 50Lux scope;In regards the mirror inspection room, X perspective room, the ophthalmology department darkroom and so on the degree of illumination is in the 50-100Lux scope, may adjust the light to 0Lux.through the T-bus system intelligent controller board and the remote control.* stalls the electric current and the leakage electric current examination module regarding the below important advanced equipment, like spiral CT, colored Doppler B ultra machine, the entire automatic blood congeals analyzer, the entire automatic chemistry lighting immunity analyzer, 24 hours dynamic electroencephalogram meter, straight vertical D5-3 machine, the central guardianship system and the breath machine and so on.Through the electric current and the leakage electric current examination to the equipment , early discovered equipment hidden danger, reported to the relative maintenance department before the equipment failure at an earlier time, reduced the life and property lose caused by the equipment failure, reduced the maintenance work load, strengthened the medical equipment security and reliability.* the surveillance of the medical equipment power supply and circuit breaker condition, any artificial or the breakdown trips will promptly feed back the system and recognize it, noticed to the service man.After the reserve power source starts, the system should provide the urgent light control function, only provides the power source to the urgent light return route in and prohibits normal light return route control.In the outpatient service consulting room, the treatment room, the rescue room, the small operating room, the gynecology and obstetrics department, infect ward, the tumor ward, the burn ward, the newborn room, the cardiovascular room and so on are equipped with the stationary installment ultraviolet ray sterilization lamp, may suppose the independent controlling switch, and uses the timer to carry on the timed control.4. common aisle, elevator hall* Select sensor and time setting coordinates to control the light, opens completely or the majority of lights when daytime person current capacity great , after the midnight closes the majority of lights, simultaneously starts the human body sensor, when some people appear, opens the corresponding region light, conserves energy in maximum way.* When nature sunshine is good, does not turn on the light to save the energy; When cloudy day or darkness, turn on the light according to the personnel needs;* May connect with the fire linkage, when the fire appearing, may realize the lamp luminous intensity to cut or the strong point function, start emergency lighting control.5. Academic exchange center, report hall, multi-purpose hall* Installs 2.4GHz T-bus system intelligent controller in the conference room, T-bus system intelligent controller has the light scene control function, temperature control and remote control functions;* Installs the human body sensor in the conference room, may achieve somebody to turn on and turn off the light the air conditioner, nobody to turn on and turn off the light the air conditioner, in order to avoid waste if forgetting to close;* Installs the touch screen computer in the report panel, through the graphical interface of the touch screen to carry on each kind of light scene and the AV scene control: Conference scene, lecture scene, rest scene, showing scene and so on; Showing scene description: Presses “one key scene " of the remote control”, the light adjusts in the room, the projection theater curtain lays down, the curtain lays down, the projecting apparatus opens, the merit puts /DVD opens, all in instantaneous completes.* Installs the T-bus intelligence switch, this board has the light scene control function, simultaneously has locking (to guard against wrong operation) function.6. Extensive lighting, botanical garden illumination* The hotel extensive lighting and the botanical garden illumination may select the method which the lit sensor and time setting coordinates to carry on the automatic control.* When the natural lit changes dark, the light sensor automatically opens the majority of extensive lighting and the garden illumination, when at night for example 12o'clock PM, sets time and the partial extensive lighting and the botanical garden illumination closes, leaves few base lightings only, the light sensor can turn off the left lights when the day is coming. The whole process is automatic and energy conservation.7.Center control computer*Through the computer graph surface may carry on the centralism monitoring and control to the each equipment such as various region light, air conditioners, electric curtain, HVAC, AV and so on.* May carry on the event record, in order to processes;* when any chapter of light appears the breakdown, may inform the administrator immediately.* Through the computer carry on the accumulation of the using times of exude light, common aisle, elevator hall, great hall and so on , in order to promptly services the replacement;* May demonstrate each region temperature, may simultaneously set the maximum and minimum temperature of various region, avoids energy wasting.翻译:2.4GHz T-bus EIB智能化医院控制系统现代化医院的建筑功能复杂，医疗设备精密，对环境标准要求高，用2.4GHz T-bus 智能控制系统能够与医院的建筑环境相结合。
智能门禁系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent Entrance Guard SystemIntelligent entrance guard and safety management system is a new type of modern safety management system, which combines the microcomputer automatic identification technology with the modern safety management practices into an organic whole. It contains lots of new technologies such as the electronic, mechanical, optical, computer technology, communication technology, biotechnology, and so on. It is an effective measures to achieve the goal of implementing safety management at the inward and outward of important departments. It can be applied to all kinds of confidential departments, such as banks, hotels, generatorrooms,the armory, confidential rooms, offices, intelligent communities, factories etc. With the rapid development of digital technology and network technology today, access control technology finally gets the good chance to develop rapidly. Entrance guard system has far transcends the pure doorway and key management.It has gradually developed into a set of complete access management system.1The Development of Entrance Guard SystemInward and outward entrance guard system just as its name implies is a control system of managing the inward and outward channels, which is developed on the basis of the traditional door lock. The traditional mechanical lock is just a simple mechanical device, so no matter how reasonable the structural is designed, how strong the material is made, people can always open it through various means. Key management is very troublesome in places like offices and hotel rooms where so many people entering and leaving the passageway. Whenever the keys are lost or employees are replaced, locks and keys must be renewed. In order to solve these problems, electronic card lock and electronic trick lock are invented. These two kinds locks’ appearance raised the management level of inward and outward channels from a certain extent and has impelled the channel management to enter the electronics era. But with the continuous application of these two kinds of electronic locks, the defects of themselves are gradually exposed. The problem of magnetic card lock is the easy replication of the information, a greater degree of wear between card and card reader, high failure rate and low safety factor. The problem of combination lock is that the password is easy to leak and we do not have even any small clue to investigate with, so the safety coefficient is very low. At the same time, it is easy to be unlocked by people outdoor because most of the reading card (password) and the control part is installed together outside the door at this period. Entrance guard system in this period have remained in its early immature stage, so the entrance guard system is usuallyreferred to as electronic locks, which has not been widely applied. With the development of inductive card technology and the biological recognition technology in recent years, the entrance guard system has got a leap-style development and has entered into the mature period. they have their special strong points in various aspects like safety, convenience, manageability, etc. The application fields of entrance guard system is becoming more and more abroad.2 Function of Entrance Guard SystemBasic functions realized by mature entrance guard system:2.1 The management of the channel access permissions.·Access permissions are set to formulate who can pass in and out each channel and who can't.·The way to pass in and out the channel means to scope out the authorization of the way to pass in and out to people who can pass in and out the channel. The ways to pass in and out includes entering password, reading the card(biometric), reading the card(biometric) plus entering password.· Access time means to set the range of time during which people who have the permission can pass in and out.2.2 The function of real-time monitoringSystem administrators can keep a watchful eye on the situation of people passing in and out of each gate region(there are photos as well at the same time) and the situation of each gate region(including the door switch, warning in various kinds of abnormal conditions) through the microcomputer in real-time; they can also open and close all the door area in emergency conditions.2.3 Function of querying records of in and out:System can store all the in and out records, status. You can query the records and status according to different querying conditions. It is equippedwith corresponding attendance software so as to realize the purpose of checking-in and guarding with one piece of card.2.5 Function of abnormal alarming:It can realize microcomputer alarm or alarm with siren in exceptional cases, such as: illegal intrusion, not closing the door overtime, etc.It can also implement the following special features according to different entrance guard system:Fire alarm monitoring linkage function: The entrance guard system can automatically open all the locks to let the people inside to escape at any time in the event of a fire alarm.Automatic monitoring linkage commonly refers to the monitoring system which will record the situation at that time and the warning condition when someone charges (valid/invalid).Settings, managing and monitoring functions of the network : most of the entrance guard system can only use a microcomputer management, but advanced technology of the system can set, monitor, query and manage the whole system at any location which has been authorized in the network. It also can set, manage, query and monitor in a different place through the INTERNET.Function of open the door logically: Simply put is that several people have to swipe the cards through the same door at the same time(or in other way) so that the electronic door lock will open.3 Applications of Intelligent Entrance Guard System3.1 Application of Entrance Guard in The Work of The Companies inside The Intelligent Office Buildings:Doors installed with entrance guard on the door in the companies can effectively prevent the foreign salesman to disturb the order of office, and also can prevent foreign sundry to enter the company effectively , and then ens ure the safety of the company property and their employees. You can display and improve the company's management level and improve the corporate image. Itcan also track whether the employees leave the company without appropriate reasons. You can check on work attendance by using the attendance management software without buying time recorder. The results are more objective and fair and faster with higher accuracy rate. It can reduce the power and amount of work of personnel department. It can effectively solve the problem that the employees have to change the keys of the front gates due to fear. You can arrange the limites of authorities and door-open time flexibly. Workers just need to take one piece of card without adorning a large number of heavy keys and it is safer than keys.You can avoid the materials and documents in the leaders’ office been leaked by others and give the leaders a more secure and private environment by install entrance guard system on the door of the leaders’ office. you can guarantee the core technology and data not been stolen easily by outsiders and prevent the employees of other departments from entering this department to disturb the developing work by installing entrance guard system in the development of technical department. You can guarantee the security of the property and the safety of the company's financial information by installing entrance guard system in financial department. You can prevent the other person from entering into the production workshop effectively and avoid causing safety problems by installing entrance guard system in the production workshop gate.3.2 Applications of in and out Management Control in The Intelligent CommunityGenerally installed entrance guard system in the cell gates, electric gates, unit of steel fire doors, security doors can effectively stop other workers from entering into the community and conduct the closed-end management in the community effectively. It can also change the old inaccurate and less rigorous management style of community securities who distinguish whether he or she is an outsider just rely on their memory. If the new security guards stop the new residential, it will annoying them. Ifoutsiders wear very well, the security guards will consider them the residential and let them in without any question, which will bring potential safety hazard.The entrance guard system of safety science and technology can improve the level of property and it is better for developers to promote property. Owners will also benefit from the scientific and effective access of management. Networking entrance guard is advantageous to the security of monitoring all the situation of in and out of the door at any time. If there are accidents or cases, it can provide evidence when the police later query the records.You can combine it with intercom system with visual intercom system.You can combine it with internal consumption IC card and parking management implementation into one card.3.3 Applications of Entrance Guard in The Government Offices:It can effectively standardize the order of office and prevent illegal personnel shocks to government offices, protecting personal safety of leaders.3.4 The Application of Entrance Guard in Telecom Base Station and Substation Power Supply Bureau:Typical base station and substation power supply bureau has such characteristics: many base stations, big system capacity requirements, large distribution range or even hundreds of square kilometers. It has its own network connected to the Internet. In some places it is even unattended, which needs the central dispatching room scheduling staff flexibly at any time. Implementation scheme is to use the network entrance guard controller, to realize remote management through the LAN or the Internet.3.5 Application of Entrance Guard in intelligent elevator control:It is also known as access control elevator, elevator card, IC card elevator, which only authorized users can have the right to recall the elevator and choose hall according to the floor. More and more intelligent communities have been using relate equipments. The intelligent control system of science and technology of Shenzhen has developed specially elevator control entranceguard control system form designing a proprietary elevator entrance guard control system.中文译文：智能门禁系统智能门禁安全管理系统是新型现代化安全管理系统，它集微机自动识别技术和现代安全管理措施为一体，它涉及电子，机械，光学，计算机技术，通讯技术，生物技术等诸多新技术。
pid控制外文加中文文献(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
PID controllerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a generic .control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems.A PID controller attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint by calculating and then outputting a corrective action that can adjust the process accordingly.The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three separate parameters; the Proportional, the Integral and Derivative values. The Proportional value determines the reaction to the current error, the Integral determines the reaction based on the sum of recent errors and the Derivative determines the reaction to the rate at which the error has been changing. The weightedsum of these three actions is used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve or the power supply of a heating element.By "tuning" the three constants in the PID controller algorithm the PID can provide control action designed for specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be described in terms of the responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to which the controller overshoots the setpoint and the degree of system oscillation. Note that the use of the PID algorithm for control does not guarantee optimal control of the system or system stability.Some applications may require using only one or two modes to provide the appropriate system control. This is achieved by setting the gain of undesired control outputs to zero. A PID controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are particularly common, since derivative action is very sensitive to measurement noise, and the absence of an integral value may prevent the system from reaching its target value due to the control action.A block diagram of a PID controllerNote: Due to the diversity of the field of control theory and application, many naming conventions for the relevant variables are in common use.1.Control loop basicsA familiar example of a control loop is the action taken to keep one's shower water at the ideal temperature, which typically involves the mixing of two process streams, cold and hot water. The person feels the water to estimate its temperature. Based on this measurement they perform a control action: use the cold water tap to adjust the process. The person would repeat this input-output control loop, adjusting the hot water flow until the process temperature stabilized at the desired value.Feeling the water temperature is taking a measurement of the process value or process variable (PV). The desired temperature is called the setpoint (SP). The output from the controller and input to the process (the tap position) is called the manipulated variable (MV). The difference between the measurement and the setpoint is the error (e), too hot or too cold and by how much.As a controller, one decides roughly how much to change the tap position (MV) after one determines the temperature (PV), and therefore the error. This first estimate is the equivalent of the proportional action of a PID controller. The integral action of a PID controller can be thought of as gradually adjusting the temperature when it is almost right. Derivative action can be thought of as noticing the water temperature is getting hotter or colder, and how fast, and taking that into account when deciding how to adjust the tap.Making a change that is too large when the error is small is equivalent to a high gain controller and will lead toovershoot. If the controller were to repeatedly make changes that were too large and repeatedly overshoot the target, this control loop would be termed unstable and the output would oscillate around the setpoint in either a constant, growing, or decaying sinusoid. A human would not do this because we are adaptive controllers, learning from the process history, but PID controllers do not have the ability to learn and must be set up correctly. Selecting the correct gains for effective control is known as tuning the controller.If a controller starts from a stable state at zero error (PV = SP), then further changes by the controller will be in response to changes in other measured or unmeasured inputs to the process that impact on the process, and hence on the PV. Variables that impact on the process other than the MV are known as disturbances and generally controllers are used to reject disturbances and/or implement setpoint changes. Changes in feed water temperature constitute a disturbance to the shower process.In theory, a controller can be used to control any process which has a measurable output (PV), a known ideal value for that output (SP) and an input to the process (MV) that will affect the relevant PV. Controllers are used in industry to regulate temperature, pressure, flow rate, chemical composition, speed and practically every other variable for which a measurement exists. Automobile cruise control is an example of a process which utilizes automated control.Due to their long history, simplicity, well grounded theory and simple setup and maintenance requirements, PID controllers are the controllers of choice for many of these applications.2.PID controller theoryNote: This section describes the ideal parallel or non-interacting form of the PID controller. For other forms please see the Section "Alternative notation and PID forms".The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose sum constitutes the manipulated variable (MV). Hence:where Pout, Iout, and Dout are the contributions to the output from the PID controller from each of the three terms, as defined below.2.1. Proportional termThe proportional term makes a change to the output that is proportional to the current error value. The proportional response can be adjusted by multiplying the error by a constant Kp, called the proportional gain.The proportional term is given by:WherePout: Proportional outputKp: Proportional Gain, a tuning parametere: Error = SP − PVt: Time or instantaneous time (the present)Change of response for varying KpA high proportional gain results in a large change in the output for a given change in the error. If the proportional gain is too high, the system can become unstable (See the section on Loop Tuning). In contrast, a small gain results in a small output response to a large input error, and a less responsive (or sensitive) controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the control action may be too small when responding to system disturbances.In the absence of disturbances, pure proportional control will not settle at its target value, but will retain a steady state error that is a function of the proportional gain and the process gain. Despite the steady-state offset, both tuning theory and industrial practice indicate that it is the proportional term that should contribute the bulk of the output change.2.2.Integral termThe contribution from the integral term is proportional to both the magnitude of the error and the duration of the error. Summing the instantaneous error over time (integrating the error) gives the accumulated offset that should have been corrected previously. The accumulated error is then multiplied by the integral gain and added to the controller output. The magnitude of the contribution of the integral term to the overall control action is determined by the integral gain, Ki.The integral term is given by:Change of response for varying KiWhereIout: Integral outputKi: Integral Gain, a tuning parametere: Error = SP − PVτ: Time in the past contributing to the integral responseThe integral term (when added to the proportional term) accelerates themovement of the process towards setpoint and eliminates the residual steady-state error that occurs with a proportional only controller. However, since the integral term is responding to accumulated errors from the past, it can cause the present value to overshoot the setpoint value (cross over the setpoint and then create a deviation in the other direction). For further notes regarding integral gain tuning and controller stability, see the section on loop tuning.2.3 Derivative termThe rate of change of the process error is calculated by determining the slope of the error over time (i.e. its first derivative with respect to time) and multiplying this rate of change by the derivative gain Kd. The magnitude of the contribution of the derivative term to the overall control action is termed the derivative gain, Kd.The derivative term is given by:Change of response for varying KdWhereDout: Derivative outputKd: Derivative Gain, a tuning parametere: Error = SP − PVt: Time or instantaneous time (the present)The derivative term slows the rate of change of the controller output and this effect is most noticeable close to the controller setpoint. Hence, derivative control isused to reduce the magnitude of the overshoot produced by the integral component and improve the combined controller-process stability. However, differentiation of a signal amplifies noise and thus this term in the controller is highly sensitive to noise in the error term, and can cause a process to become unstable if the noise and the derivative gain are sufficiently large.2.4 SummaryThe output from the three terms, the proportional, the integral and the derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller. Defining u(t) as the controller output, the final form of the PID algorithm is:and the tuning parameters areKp: Proportional Gain - Larger Kp typically means faster response since thelarger the error, the larger the Proportional term compensation. An excessively large proportional gain will lead to process instability and oscillation.Ki: Integral Gain - Larger Ki implies steady state errors are eliminated quicker. The trade-off is larger overshoot: any negative error integrated during transient response must be integrated away by positive error before we reach steady state.Kd: Derivative Gain - Larger Kd decreases overshoot, but slows down transient response and may lead to instability due to signal noise amplification in the differentiation of the error.3. Loop tuningIf the PID controller parameters (the gains of the proportional, integral and derivative terms) are chosen incorrectly, the controlled process input can be unstable, i.e. its output diverges, with or without oscillation, and is limited only by saturation or mechanical breakage. Tuning a control loop is the adjustment of its control parameters (gain/proportional band, integral gain/reset, derivative gain/rate) to the optimum values for the desired control response.The optimum behavior on a process change or setpoint change varies depending on the application. Some processes must not allow an overshoot of the processvariable beyond the setpoint if, for example, this would be unsafe. Other processes must minimize the energy expended in reaching a new setpoint. Generally, stability of response (the reverse of instability) is required and the process must not oscillate for any combination of process conditions and setpoints. Some processes have a degree of non-linearity and so parameters that work well at full-load conditions don't work when the process is starting up from no-load. This section describes some traditional manual methods for loop tuning.There are several methods for tuning a PID loop. The most effective methods generally involve the development of some form of process model, then choosing P, I, and D based on the dynamic model parameters. Manual tuning methods can be relatively inefficient.The choice of method will depend largely on whether or not the loop can be taken "offline" for tuning, and the response time of the system. If the system can be taken offline, the best tuning method often involves subjecting the system to a step change in input, measuring the output as a function of time, and using this response to determine the control parameters.Choosing a Tuning MethodMethodAdvantagesDisadvantagesManual TuningNo math required. Online method.Requires experiencedpersonnel.Ziegler–NicholsProven Method. Online method.Process upset, sometrial-and-error, very aggressive tuning.Software ToolsConsistent tuning. Online or offline method. May includevalve and sensor analysis. Allow simulation before downloading.Some costand training involved.Cohen-CoonGood process models.Some math. Offline method. Only good for first-order processes.3.1 Manual tuningIf the system must remain online, one tuning method is to first set the I and D values to zero. Increase the P until the output of the loop oscillates, then the P shouldbe left set to be approximately half of that value for a "quarter amplitude decay" type response. Then increase D until any offset is correct in sufficient time for the process. However, too much D will cause instability. Finally, increase I, if required, until the loop is acceptably quick to reach its reference after a load disturbance. However, too much I will cause excessive response and overshoot. A fast PID loop tuning usually overshoots slightly to reach the setpoint more quickly; however, some systems cannot accept overshoot, in which case an "over-damped" closed-loop system is required, which will require a P setting significantly less than half that of the P setting causing oscillation.3.2Ziegler –Nichols methodAnother tuning method is formally known as the Ziegler –Nichols method, introduced by John G . Ziegler and Nathaniel B. Nichols. As in the method above, the I and D gains are first set to zero. The "P" gain is increased until it reaches the "critical gain" Kc at which the output of theloop starts to oscillate. Kc and the oscillation period Pc are used to set the gains as shown:3.3 PID tuning softwareMost modern industrial facilities no longer tune loops using the manualcalculation methods shown above. Instead, PID tuning and loop optimization software are used to ensure consistent results. These software packages will gather the data, develop process models, and suggest optimal tuning. Some software packages can even develop tuning by gathering data from reference changes.Mathematical PID loop tuning induces an impulse in the system, and then uses the controlled system's frequency response to design the PID loop values. In loops with response times of several minutes, mathematical loop tuning is recommended, because trial and error can literally take days just to find a stable set of loop values. Optimal values are harder to find. Some digital loop controllers offer a self-tuning feature in which very small setpoint changes are sent to the process, allowing the controller itself to calculate optimal tuning values.Other formulas are available to tune the loop according to different performance criteria.4 Modifications to the PID algorithmThe basic PID algorithm presents some challenges in control applications that have been addressed by minor modifications to the PID form.One common problem resulting from the ideal PID implementations is integralwindup. This can be addressed by:Initializing the controller integral to a desired valueDisabling the integral function until the PV has entered the controllable region Limiting the time period over which the integral error is calculatedPreventing the integral term from accumulating above or below pre-determined boundsMany PID loops control a mechanical device (for example, a valve). Mechanical maintenance can be a major cost and wear leads to control degradation in the form of either stiction or a deadband in the mechanical response to an input signal. The rate of mechanical wear is mainly a function of how often a device is activated to make a change. Where wear is a significant concern, the PID loop may have an output deadband to reduce the frequency of activation of the output (valve). This is accomplished by modifying the controller to hold its output steady if the changewould be small (within the defined deadband range). The calculated output must leave the deadband before the actual output will change.The proportional and derivative terms can produce excessive movement in the output when a system is subjected to an instantaneous "step" increase in the error, such as a large setpoint change. In the case of the derivative term, this is due to taking the derivative of the error, which is very large in the case of an instantaneous step change.5. Limitations of PID controlWhile PID controllers are applicable to many control problems, they can perform poorly in some applications.PID controllers, when used alone, can give poor performance when the PID loop gains must be reduced so that the control system does not overshoot, oscillate or "hunt" about the control setpoint value. The control system performance can be improved by combining the feedback (or closed-loop) control of a PID controller with feed-forward (or open-loop) control. Knowledge about the system (such as the desired acceleration and inertia) can be "fed forward" and combined with the PID output to improve the overall system performance. The feed-forward value alone can often provide the major portion of the controller output. The PID controller can then be used primarily to respond to whatever difference or "error" remains between the setpoint (SP) and the actual value of the process variable (PV). Since the feed-forward output is not affected by the process feedback, it can never cause the control system to oscillate, thus improving the system response and stability.For example, in most motion control systems, in order to accelerate a mechanical load under control, more force or torque is required from the prime mover, motor, or actuator. If a velocity loop PID controller is being used to control the speed of the load and command the force or torque being applied by the prime mover, then it is beneficial to take the instantaneous acceleration desired for the load, scale that value appropriately and add it to the output of the PID velocity loop controller. This means that whenever the load is being accelerated or decelerated, a proportional amount of force is commanded from the prime mover regardless of the feedback value. The PID loop in this situation uses the feedback information to effect any increase or decrease of the combined output in order to reduce the remaining difference between theprocess setpoint and thefeedback value. Working together, the combined open-loop feed-forward controller and closed-loop PID controller can provide a more responsive, stable and reliable control system.Another problem faced with PID controllers is that they are linear. Thus, performance of PID controllers in non-linear systems (such as HV AC systems) is variable. Often PID controllers are enhanced through methods such as PID gain scheduling or fuzzy logic. Further practical application issues can arise from instrumentation connected to the controller. A high enough sampling rate, measurement precision, and measurement accuracy are required to achieve adequate control performance.A problem with the Derivative term is that small amounts of measurement or process noise can cause large amounts of change in the output. It is often helpful to filter the measurements with a low-pass filter in order to remove higher-frequency noise components. However, low-pass filtering and derivative control can cancel each other out, so reducing noise by instrumentation means is a much better choice. Alternatively, the differential band can be turned off in many systems with little loss of control. This is equivalent to using the PID controller as a PI controller.6. Cascade controlOne distinctive advantage of PID controllers is that two PID controllers can be used together to yield better dynamic performance. This is called cascaded PID control. In cascade control there are two PIDs arranged with one PID controlling the set point of another. A PID controller acts as outer loop controller, which controls the primary physical parameter, such as fluid level or velocity. The other controller acts as inner loop controller, which reads the output of outer loop controller as set point, usually controlling a more rapid changing parameter, flowrate or accelleration. It can be mathematically proved that the working frequency of the controller is increased and the time constant of the object is reduced by using cascaded PID controller.[vague]7. Physical implementation of PID controlIn the early history of automatic process control the PID controller was implemented as a mechanical device. These mechanical controllers used a lever, spring and a mass and were often energized by compressed air. These pneumatic controllers were once the industry standard.Electronic analog controllers can be made from a solid-state or tube amplifier, a capacitor and a resistance. Electronic analog PID control loops were often found within more complex electronic systems, for example, the head positioning of a disk drive, the power conditioning of a power supply, or even the movement-detection circuit of a modern seismometer. Nowadays, electronic controllers have largely been replaced by digital controllers implemented with microcontrollers or FPGAs.Most modern PID controllers in industry are implemented in software in programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or as a panel-mounted digital controller. Software implementations have the advantages that they are relatively cheap and are flexible with respect to the implementation of the PID algorithm.8.Alternative nomenclature and PID forms8.1 PseudocodeHere is a simple software loop that implements the PID algorithm:8.2 Ideal versus standard PID formThe form of the PID controller most often encountered in industry, and the one most relevant to tuning algorithms is the "standard form". In this form the Kp gain is applied to the Iout, and Dout terms, yielding:WhereTi is the Integral TimeTd is the Derivative TimeIn the ideal parallel form, shown in the Controller Theory sectionthe gain parameters are related to the parameters of the standard formthroughand Kd = KpTd. This parallel form, where the parameters are treated as simple gains, is the most general and flexible form. However, it is also the form where the parameters have the least physical interpretation and is generally reserved for theoretical treatment of the PID controller. The "standard" form, despite being slightly more complex mathematically, is more common in industry.8.3Laplace form of the PID controllerSometimes it is useful to write the PID regulator in Laplace transform form:Having the PID controller written in Laplace form and having the transfer function of the controlled system, makes it easy to determine the closed-loop transfer function of the system.8.4Series / interacting formAnother representation of the PID controller is the series, or "interacting" form. This form essentially consists of a PD and PI controller in series, and it made early (analog) controllers easier to build. When the controllers later became digital, many kept using the interacting form.[edit] ReferencesLiptak, Bela (1995). Instrument Engineers' Handbook: Process Control. Radnor, Pennsylvania: Chilton Book Company, 20-29. ISBN 0-8019-8242-1.Van, Doren, Vance J. (July 1, 2003). "Loop Tuning Fundamentals". Control Engineering. Red Business Information.Sellers, David. An Overview of Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative Control and Suggestions for Its Successful Application and Implementation (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.Articles, Whitepapers, and tutorials on PID controlGraham, Ron (10/03/2005). FAQ on PID controller tuning. Retrieved on2007-05-05.PID控制器比例积分微分控制器（PID调节器）是一个控制环，广泛地应用于工业控制系统里的反馈机制。
PID控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Memory-Based On-Line Tuning of PID Controllers for Nonlinear Systems Abstract—Since most processes have nonlinearities, controller design schemes to deal with such systems are required.On the other hand, PID controllers have been widely used for process systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new design scheme of PID controllers based on a memory-based(MB) modeling is proposed for nonlinear systems. According to the MB modeling method, some local models are automatically generated based on input/output data pairs of the controlled object stored in the data-base. The proposed scheme generates PID parameters using stored input/output data in the data-base. This scheme can adjust the PID parameters in an on-line manner even if the system has nonlinear properties. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is numerically evaluated on a simulation example.I. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, many complicated control algorithms such as adaptive control theory or robust control theory have been proposed and implemented. However, in industrial processes, PID controllers[1], [2], [3] have been widely employed for about 80% or more of control loops. The reasons are summarized as follows. (1) the control structure is quitsimple; (2) the physical meaning of control parameters is clear; and (3) the operators’ know-how can be easily utilized in designing controllers. Therefore, itis still attractive todesign PID controllers. However, since most process systems have nonlinearities, it is difficult to obtain good control performances for such systems simply using the fixed PIDparameters. Therefore, PID parameters tuning methods using neural networks(NN)[4] and genetic algorithms(GA)[5] have been proposed until now. According to these methods, the learning cost is considerably large, and these PID parameters cannot be adequately adjusted due to the nonlinear properties. Therefore, it is quite difficult to obtain good control performances using these conventional schemes.By the way, development of computers enables us to memorize, fast retrieve and read out a large number of data. By these advantages, the following method has been proposed: Whenever new data is obtained, the data is stored.Next, similar neighbors to the informat ion requests, called’queries’, are selected from the stored data. Furthermore,the local model is constructed using these neighbors. Thismemory-based(MB) modeling method, is called Just-In-Time(JIT) method[6], [7] , Lazy Learning method[8] or Model-on-Demand(MoD)[9], and these scheme have lots of attention in last decade.In this paper, a design scheme of PID controllers based onthe MB modeling method is discussed. A few PID controllers have been already proposed based on the JIT method[10] and the MoD method[11] which belong to the MB modeling methods. According to the former method, the JIT method is used as the purpose of supplementing the feedback controller with a PID structure. However, the tracking property is not guaranteed enough due to the nonlinearities in the case where reference signals are changed, because the controller does not includes any integral action in the whole control system. On the other hand, the latter method has a PID control structure.PID parameters are tuned by operators’ skills, and they are stored in the data-base in advance. And also, a suitable set of PID parameters is generated using the stored data. However,the good control performance cannot be necessarily obtained in the case where nonlinearities are included in the controlled object and/or system parameters are changed, because PID parameters are not tuned in an on-line manner corresponding to characteristics of the controlled object. Therefore, in this paper, a design scheme of PID controllers based on the MB modeling method is newly proposed.According to the proposed method, PID parameterswhich are obtained using the MB modeling method areadequately tuned in proportion to control errors, and modifiedPID parameters are stored in the data-base. Therefore, moresuitable PID parameters corresponding to characteristics ofthe controlled object are newly stored. Moreover, an algorithmto avoid the excessive increase of the stored data,is further discussed. This algorithm yields the reduction of memories and computational costs. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is examined on asimulation example.II. PID CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON MEMORY-BASED MODELING METHODA. MB modeling methodFirst, the following discrete-time nonlinear system is considered:, （1）where y(t) denotes the system output and f(·) denotes the nonlinear function. Moreover, _(t−1) is called ’information vector’, which is defied by the following equation:)](),1(),(,),1([:)(u y n t u t u n t y t y t ----= φ, （2） where u(t) denotes the system input. Also, ny and nure spectively denote the orders of the system output and the system input, respectively. According to the MB modeling method, the data is stored in the form of the information vector _ expressed in Eq.(2). Moreover, _(t) is required in calculating the estimate of the output y(t+1) called ’query’.That is, after some similar neighbors to the query are selected from the data-base, the predictive value of the system can beobtained using these neighbors.B. Controller design based on MB modeling methodIn this paper, the following control law with a PID structure is considered: )()()()(2t y T T k t e T T k t u SD c I s c ∆+∆-=∆ （3）)()()(2t y K t y K t e K D P I ∆-∆-= （4）where e(t) denotes the control error signal defined bye(t) := r(t) − y(t). （5） r(t) denotes the reference signal. Also, kc, TI and TD respectively denote the proportional gain, the reset time and the derivative time, and Ts denotes the sampling interval. Here, KP , KI and KD included in Eq.(4) are derived by therelations P K =c k ，I K =c k s T /I T 和D K =c k D T /s T 。
智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )
information, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.
智能医疗系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
智能医疗系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献AbstractThe field of healthcare has greatly benefited from the advances in technology, particularly with the development of intelligent healthcare systems. These systems utilize artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare services. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of intelligent healthcare systems and their applications in the medical field.IntroductionKey Features of Intelligent Healthcare Systems1. Real-Time Monitoring: Intelligent healthcare systems facilitate real-time monitoring of patients' vital signs, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities and intervene in a timely manner.Real-Time Monitoring: Intelligent healthcare systems facilitatereal-time monitoring of patients' vital signs, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities and intervene in a timely manner.2. Predictive Analytics: By analyzing vast amounts of patient data, these systems can identify patterns and trends to predict potential health risks or deteriorations, enabling proactive interventions.Predictive Analytics: By analyzing vast amounts of patient data, these systems can identify patterns and trends to predict potential health risks or deteriorations, enabling proactive interventions.3. Personalized Medicine: Intelligent healthcare systems can utilize patient-specific data to provide personalized treatment plans, taking into account individual characteristics and medical history.Personalized Medicine: Intelligent healthcare systems can utilize patient-specific data to provide personalized treatment plans, taking into account individual characteristics and medical history.4. Remote Patient Management: Through the use of telemedicine technologies, intelligent healthcare systems enable remote patientmonitoring and virtual consultations, enhancing access to healthcare services and reducing the need for in-person visits.Remote Patient Management: Through the use of telemedicine technologies, intelligent healthcare systems enable remote patient monitoring and virtual consultations, enhancing access to healthcare services and reducing the need for in-person visits.Applications of Intelligent Healthcare Systems1. Chronic Disease Management: Intelligent healthcare systems can aid in the management of chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders. They provide patients with tools for self-management and assist healthcare professionals in monitoring the disease progression.Chronic Disease Management: Intelligent healthcare systems can aid in the management of chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders. They provide patients with tools for self-management and assist healthcare professionals in monitoring the disease progression.2. Hospital Workflow Optimization: These systems can optimize hospital workflows by automating administrative tasks, streamlining patient admission and discharge processes, and improving resource allocation.Hospital Workflow Optimization: These systems can optimize hospital workflows by automating administrative tasks, streamlining patient admission and discharge processes, and improving resource allocation.3. Drug Safety and Adherence: Intelligent healthcare systems can help prevent medication errors and improve patient adherence to prescribed treatments through reminders, alerts, and medication tracking.Drug Safety and Adherence: Intelligent healthcare systems can help prevent medication errors and improve patient adherence to prescribed treatments through reminders, alerts, and medication tracking.4. Healthcare Data Analysis: By collecting and analyzing large volumes of healthcare data, these systems can provide valuable insights for medical research, disease surveillance, and public health planning.Healthcare Data Analysis: By collecting and analyzing largevolumes of healthcare data, these systems can provide valuable insights for medical research, disease surveillance, and public health planning.ConclusionReferences[1] Smith, J. (2019). The role of intelligent healthcare systems in transforming healthcare delivery. Journal of Healthcare Technology,8(2), 45-56.[2] Johnson, A., et al. (2018). Applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare: Current trends and future prospects. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 115, 1-7.[3] Rodrigues, J., et al. (2020). Intelligent healthcare systems: State-of-the-art and future challenges. Journal of Medical Systems, 44(3), 1-15.。