词语英译与文化语境
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一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我“胖了”,说我“胖了”之 后即大骂其新党。 译文一: When we met, after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries. 译文二:After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met ,he observed that I looked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
布衣蔬食 a. Wear clothes of cotton and eat vegetables b. Wear coarse clothes and eat simple food
a.脍炙人口 a. Sliced and roast meat is pleasant to everyone‘s taste; b. poems and pieces of prose are so excellent as to please every reader. b.一饭千金 a. A meal in give, a thousand tales of gold in return: b. to cherish others’ kindness at heart and repay it
“啧啧”在英语中对等的象声词是tut,但此句中的“啧啧”不 能用tut来解释。在西方文化中,发出这种声音是所引起的联 想意义是“不赞成、不耐烦、轻视、不满”,与此句“表示 赞叹”的蕴涵意义截然相反。因此译者选择用clucks of admiration 来表示
Fra Baidu bibliotek
孔子谓:“季氏八佾舞于庭,是可忍也,孰不可忍 也。”(孔子《论语》)
具有中国文化特色的浓缩词语 三乱 传、帮、带 抓大放小
Indiscriminate fines, charges and assessments Pass on experience, give help and set an example in training new hands To invigorate large enterprises while releasing control over small ones
歇后语
保留形象直译 那个宝玉是个“丈八的灯台——照见人家,照不见自己”的,只知嫌 人家脏。 这是他的房子,由着你们糟蹋。曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十九回 As for Baoyu, he’s like a ten-foot lamp stand that sheds light on others but none on itself. He complains that other people are dirty, yet leaves you to turn his own rooms topsy-turvy. 保留形象节译 (张金龙)突然来找小小子。小小子知道黄鼠狼给鸡拜年——没安好 心眼;可又不能不接待他。(《新儿女英雄传》) Chin-lung called on him alone. Hsiao realized that it was a case of the weasel coming to pay his respects to the hen. He was very uneasy, but he had to entertain his unwanted visitor.
你要是做了陈世美,千人骂万人唾的。
译文:If you want to be Chen Shimei in the play, who abandoned his wife for another woman, the people will scorn you and spit in your face.(贾平凹《浮躁》)
舍弃形象意译 你别狗咬吕洞宾——不是好人心。我是好心好意劝你,倒粘到我身上了。 (周而复《上海的早晨》) Don’t snap and snarl at me when I’m trying to do my best for you. I give you my advice with the best will in the world and you turn round and lay the blame on me .
Lexical translation and cultural context
引言:
翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。 译者除了要对语言语境进行分析之外, 还必须密切留意非语言语境的因素。
定义:
非语言环境,即文化语境,指的是那些对语意有着制 约作用的、语言之外的因素,包括使用语言的具体情 景(话题、时间、地点、场合、对象)、话语使用者 的主观因素(心里、情感、性格、意图)以及宏观的 社会背景(时代、阶级、民族、政治、文化、经济) 等多种因素。它是一个民族在长期的社会历史发展中 所形成的文化传统和风俗习惯。“没有语境,词就没 有意义。”文化语境反映一门语言所特有的文化背景, 这种文化背景是语言意义的载体,同时又赋予这种语 言以意义。
“那么,过一会爸爸趴在床上当马,让你骑上玩打仗, 好 不 好?”……小光提出马上就骑,老纪说:“爸爸现在正做 饭,哪有功夫陪你玩?等吃完饭一定让你骑个够,撒谎是小 狗。”
译文:“Well then, what if serve as a horse on bed while you ride on me and play being a knight?”……When Xiao Guang demanded to ride the horse right then , Lao Ji replied, I'm now preparing dinner. I'll let you ride on me to your heart’s content after dinner. Is that okay? If I don’t keep my word, I'll be damned!” 把“玩打仗”译为“play being a knight”,没有拘泥于文字上的对 等,使译文形象生动;“撒谎是小狗”也没有照字面直译,译为 “if I don’t keep my word”,“狗”在此句中的蕴含意义在译入语文 化中空缺,因此译者将其意译为“I’ll be damned”。
在《文化语境与语言翻译》一书中,包惠南认为译文一未能体现原文中的文化内涵, 因为在中国传统文化中,“胖”代表有福气,而直白地告诉对方,他长胖了,在西 方文化中是不礼貌的。因此包惠南在修改的译文二中,使“胖”一词的指称意义和 蕴含意义得到了很好的体现,使西方读者既读懂了原意,又对中国文化多了一分认 识和了解。
老少边穷地区
Old revolutionary base areas, frontier areas, poverty-stricken areas and areas inhabited by national minorities
总结:
汉语与英语各属两个不同的语系,产生并使 用于完全不同的历史、文化及价值标准的土 壤上,其价值观、习俗、宗教信仰、传统、 文学等都存在很大差异、因此,在翻译时, 要慎重考虑到文化语境,既不能完全按译语 的思维及语言特征死译,又不能完全不考虑 源语言的文化语境而望文生义。
感叹词
一大半人的嘴部自觉地张开,不时还漏出“啧!啧!”的赞叹声。 (叶圣陶《倪焕之》)
译文:Many people’s mouths gaped open without their being aware of it, and all the while there were clucks of admiration from the crowd.
成语的翻译
成语典故基本上都是书面语言,有些是四字格式的,有些则不是,因此现在人们通 常使用意译,直译很容易使读者茫然。而且英汉两种语言的成语,很少具有对应性。 比如我们把kill two birds with one stone译为一箭双雕,严格的说是很勉强的,所以 后来多倾向为一石二鸟。像这样直译成语在某种意义上属于巧合,因此英译成语时, 我们很少选用有一定对应性的英语成语。
重要性:
语言是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。文化语境是指源 语和译入语所依附的文化、历史、社会背景。著名翻译理 论家尤金〃奈达曾说过:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟 悉的两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有 在其作用的文化背景中才有意义”。
在翻译中,能否准确地认知语言语境,取决于我们的 文化语境认知能力,取决于我们对不同文化知识和行 为习惯的认知、情感、行为等方面的适应性。
译文一:Master kung said of the head of the Chi family when he had eight teams of dancers performing in his courtyard. If this man can be endured, who cannot be endured. Arthur Waley
转换形象意译 姨奶奶犯不着来骂我,我又不是姨奶奶家买了。“梅香拜把子— —都是奴才”罢咧!这是何苦来呢!(《红楼梦》) You’ve no call to swear to me, madam. You didn’t buy me. We’re all birds of a feather—— all slaves here. Why go for me?
译文二:Master kung said of the head of the Chi family when he had eight teams of dancers performing in his courtyard. If this man can be tolerated, who cannot be tolerated. LDCE