词汇学笔记文档3

2.S u f f i x a t i o n

S u f f i x a t i o n i s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y a d d i n g s u f f i x e s t o b a s e s.I t s p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n i s t o c h a n g e t h e g r a m m a t i c a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e b a s e,i.e.t h e

c h a n g e o f t h e w o r

d c l a s s w i t h a s l i g h t m o d i f i c a t i o n o f m

e a n i n g.

1). Noun suffixes

•Denominal nouns

Concrete: -eer meaning ‘skilled in, engaged in’. E.g. profiteer(投机商),engineer,mountaineer

er- meaning ‘having as dominate characteristics,’ teenager, glover, Londoner, etc

-ess meaning ‘female’ priestess, hostess

-ette meaning ‘compact(紧凑,)’ as in kitchenette, cigarette; also meaning ‘imitation’ and ‘female’ e.g. leatherette(人造革),

suffragette(20世纪初为妇女争取选举权的女性)

•-let meaning ‘small, unimportant’ as in droplet, booklet,

starlet(配角女演员)

•-ster meaning ‘involved in’ as in trickster(骗子), gangster, songster.

Abstract: -age meaning ‘ measure of, process or state’ e.g. mileage(里程),storage, wasteage. Etc.

-dom meaning ‘ state, condition’ e.g. dukedom(公爵爵位)，officialdom

-ery, ry meaning ‘condition or behaviour associated with’ as in slavery, savagery; also meaning ‘place’ e.g. bakery, winery

•-ful meaning ‘ amount contained in’, productive as in armful, houseful , mouthful, pocketful.

•-hood meaning ‘state, condition’, e.g. adulthood, brotherhood.

•-ing meaning ‘the material of’ as in tubing, carpeting; also meaning ‘activity connected with’ e.g. farming, golfing, etc. •-ship meaning ‘occupation, position’, e.g. governorship, authorship; also meaning ‘skill and ability’ as in craftsmanship, sportsmanship; also meaning ‘relation’ in partnership, friendship.

(2) deverbal nouns

•-ant meaning ‘occupations and participation’, e.g. assistant, contestant(竞争者); also referring to ‘an object or substance’, e.g. coolant(冷却剂), pollutant(污染物)

•-ee meaning ‘receiver of the action’, as in addressee

•-ent meaning ‘a person or thing’, e.g. respondent, descendent, etc.

•al- meaning ‘the process or state of ’ as in dismal, portrayal, survival.

•-ance meaning ‘action, process, state’, e.g. performance, insurance, attendance.

•-ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion meaning ‘process or state of’ or ‘product of, institution produced by’, e.g. imagination, addition, protection, decision, etc.

•-ence meaning ‘action, process, state’, e.g. adherence, persistence, dependence.

•-ing meaning ‘action of ’as in wedding; also produce concrete nouns, e.g. building, opening, saving.

•-ment meaning ‘result of’ as in puzzlement, resentment, assessment.

(3)de-adjective nouns

-ity meaning ‘state or condition’ with adjectives of neo-classical or French origin. e.g. productivity. Intensity, superiority. Productive with adjectives ending in –able, -al, -ar . e.g. respectability, morality.