student抽象与具体 英汉语言对比课件

• 4)医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心 • 5)缺乏数据会使准确的统计变得很困难。
• II Application of abstract words can avoid subjective mood.
1) Survival of the Fittest Those individuals of a species are preserved that are best adapted for their enviroments
和触觉
• 林语堂：ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
•
将英语的科学论文翻译为汉语是最难的，因
为充满抽象词语。将汉语的诗歌，优美的散文，
翻译成英语也是最难的，因为每个名词都是一个
意象。
• I 汉译英时可采用如下手段来表达英语的抽象意义。 • 1动词取代抽象名词 • 2用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。 • 3用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。 • 4用形象词语使抽象意义具体化(figuration)。
• 1)The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.
• 2)Was this the realization of an anticipated liability?
3)必须等到有了这批新设备，才能购买这批货
• 4) He discussed greatness and excellence
• 5) He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.
• 6) This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world.
expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the
mind of the writer from the realities of here and
now, from when and how and in what mood the
thing was done, and intensibly induce a habit of
2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
3) Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty
• III
Many abstract nouns which are derived
from adjectives and verbs can produce
Concrete Chinese
The concern with abstraction characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy has no counterpart in Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophers quite explicitly favored the most concrete sense impressions in understanding the world. In fact, the Chinese language itself is remarkably concrete.
• 3 用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。
英语抽象词的含义比较笼统、概括、虚泛， 在汉语里往往找不到对应的词来表达，这时常要 借助具体的词语来解释其抽象的词义。
As Peter Newmark pointed out : As a last resort, explanation is the
• 1) We have winked at these irregularities too long
• 2) He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.
• 3) What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties
miniaturization of complex structures.
•
Jesperson said "this is handy expressions
for complex thoughts".
• 最基本礼貌的缺乏会导致一个愤怒与混乱的社会。
• The fact that we lack manners which are standardized results in an often angry, chaotic society.
ization,imagination, association etc. rather than
reason, rationality, logic, concept, judgement,
inference, etc.
• 2.汉语是意象性语言，文字符号具有象形，会意 和形声的特点。
• 2.1汉字模拟自然现象和客观事物。 • 2.2成语、谚语、典故、歇后语有丰富的形象色彩。 • 2.3叠词生动逼真地表现听觉、视觉、嗅觉、味觉
• 1 动词取代抽象名词
•
英语大量的行为抽象名词(action-noun)表示
行为或动作意义，由这类名词构成的短语相当于
主谓结构或动宾结构。
•
汉语若用相应的名词表达，不自然，不通顺。
在英汉转换中，汉语可以充分利用其动词优势，
以动代静，以实代虚。
• 1) I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.
• 5) In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgment, and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable.
• 2 Preparation
介词本来就是虚词，在英语里十分活跃。介 词可构成各种各样的短语或成语，其意义有时虚 幻得难以捉摸。
• 1) 只要有什么恶作剧，总免不了有彼得在内。
• 2) 我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。
• 3) 要是你妈妈看到你的裤子撕破了，你准得吃 苦头。
• 4) 如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份。
•
• 1.汉语的哲学背景是儒、道、佛的悟性。悟性有 直觉性和形象性的特征，因而中国人自古以来就 擅长直觉思维和形象思维。采用意象-联想-类比 来替代概念-判断-推理的逻辑论证。
•
They put greater emphasis on sense,
feeling,impression,imaginery,figuration,metaphor
• Translate the following sentences:
• 1 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
• 2. 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证 明确实如此。
• 3只要有什么恶作剧，总免不了有彼得在内。
• 4我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。
• 5要是你妈妈看到你的裤子撕破了，你准得吃苦头。
• The lack of standadization of manners results in an often angry, chaotic society. (College English)
• Conclusion:
• Abstract style is used excessively in English. Some stylists recommend mixed diction
• 6如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份
• 7因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对乔 治怀恨在心。
•
Abstract English
• Main Characteristics:
• 1 Norminalization • 2 Preparation
• 1 Norminalization
• 1.1 prefix and suffix • 1.2 lexicalization
abstraction, generalization and vagueness.
•
这类名词含义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，
往往有一种“虚、泛、隐、暗、曲”的魅力，因
而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。
• 1). 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
• 2). 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证 明确实如此。
• 1）读写能力
• 2）把---从其所处的环境（语境）中分离出来
• 3）冒险把危急局势推到局限，玩弄边缘政策的手 法
• 4）不用脑子，愚笨，无知；不注意，粗心大意； 无需动脑筋
• 5）保护消费者利益运动；（主张以消费刺激经济 的）消费主义
• 6）新闻节目主持人的语言风格或用语
•
An excessive reliance on the noun at the
Part V Abstract vs. Concrete
• I English: Abstract • II Chinese: Concrete
• Abstract style is used widely in English, especially in
• Social Science Works • Official Articals • Newspaper Remarks • Leagal Style • Commercial Letters
• 2) He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.
• 3) High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug.
• 4) These problems defy easy classification.
• 2 Abatract mind is regarded as superior mind which is a mark of civilized man.
As O. Jesperson pointed out:
Civilization means among other things increase of abstrct terms and decrease of superfluous special words. The more advanced a language is, the more developed is its power of expressing abstract or general ideas.
• 2 用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。
• 范畴词(category words)用来表示行为、现象、属 性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段。
complexity corrosive eccentricity
relativity
display
jealousy
arrogance
lightheartedness
An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed, and his language accordingly grows sober, too sober perhaps, and even barren when the object is to express emotions.
• 5)因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对 乔治怀恨在心。
Why Abstract style is so popular in English?
• I Abstract Mind • 1 Logical and rational-----abstract
As O. Jesperson pointed out: