词汇学知识要点：次要构词法
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1. Abbreviation/ Shortening（缩略法）is a process of word formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.
1) Clipping (截短法)
Clipped words are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. Apocope/ Back clipping （截除词尾）
Aphaeresis/ Front clipping （截除词首）
Front and back clipping（截除首尾）
Syncope/Middle clipping（截除词腰）
2) Initialism（首字母缩略法）
Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters.
3) Acronym（首字母拼音法）is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms. Acronyms are pronounced as words.
4) Blending（拼缀法）is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus
a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends (拼缀词)，or telescope words(混成词)/ portmanteau words (行囊词). A large majority of blends are nouns.
Head + head:
Head + tail:
Head + word:
Word + head:
Word + tail:
2. Back Formation (逆生法) is a process of word formation by removing the supposed suffixes.
It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.
1) By Removing Noun Suffixes
By removing the assumed quasi-derivational suffixes of singular nouns: -or, -er, -ar, -tion, -sion, -ance, -ence, etc.
By removing the assumed quasi-derivational suffixes of compound nouns: -er, -tion, -sion, -ship, -ist, etc.
2) By Removing Adjective Suffixes
By removing the assumed quasi-derivational suffixes of adjectives: -ous, -ish, -some, -y.
By removing the assumed quasi-past participle suffixes of adjectives: -ed, -en, etc.
By removing the assumed quasi-past present suffixes of nouns, compound nouns, adjectives and adverbs: -ing.
Words back formed from proper names (name of people, places and brands).
3. Onomatopoeia ( 拟声法) is the process of word-formation by imitating or suggesting the source of
the sound that it describes. Words formed in this way are called onomatopoeic words/ imitative words/ echo words.
Primary Onomatopoeia (基本拟声词): the likeness between sound and meaning
Words imitating sounds made by people:
Words imitating sounds made by animals:
Words imitate sounds in nature or in technology:
Words imitating sounds made by other objects:
Secondary Onomatopoeia (次要拟声词): the association between sound and certain symbolic meaning: Phonaesthemes (联觉音组) by J.R. Firth (弗斯)
sk-, sl-, bl-, fl-, sn-, qu-, -ump, -ash, -ush…
Sound Reduplication (语音重叠法): the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change.Words made in this way are known as
reduplicatives. e.g.: tick-tick, hubble-bubble, dingdong…