欧洲文化入门第一章

Euripides (484-406B.C.) (484Plays: Andromache安德洛 Andromache安德洛 玛刻(赫克托耳的忠实妻子) 玛刻(赫克托耳的忠实妻子), Medea美狄亚and Medea美狄亚and Trojan Women特洛伊女人 Women特洛伊女人 He was more a realist than Aeschylus and Sophocles, aoncerned with conflics. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” plays”
History
Question: How should history be written? Which history book do you like best? Why? Herodotus (484-430B.C.) (484He is often called “Father of History”, wrote about History” the wars between Greeks and Persians. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable.
Lyric Poetry Sappho (about 612-580 B.C.), women 612poets of Lesbos, is noted for her love poems of passionate intensity. She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Plato called her the tenth Muse. Pindar (about 518-438B.C.) is best 518known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes.
Sophocles(496Sophocles(496-406B.C.) 索福 克勒斯 Plays: Oedipus the King（俄狄 浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉）, 伊莱克特拉）, and Antigone（安提戈涅）. 安提戈涅）. He contributed greatly to tragic art. He added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. Sophocles has had a strong impact on European literature. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Freud’ Oedipus complex” was also complex” derived from Sophocles' play.
5th century B.C.: the successful repulse of the Persian invasion, the establishment of democracy and the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. The second half of the 4th century B.C.: all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon. 146 B.C. The Romans conquered Greece.
Homer He lived around 700 B.C. Epics: the Iliad（伊利亚特 另译 伊利昂记）and 伊利昂记）and the Odyssey（奥
德赛）
The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of troy. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan War to his home island of Ithaca.
Thucydides (about 460460404 B.C.) He is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events and their causes and brought out their effects.
Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) 埃 (525斯库罗斯 Plays: Prometheus Bound （被缚的普罗米修斯）, 被缚的普罗米修斯）, Persians（波斯人）, and 波斯人）, Agamemnon（阿伽门农） The plays are written in verse. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portray and majestic poetry.
Philosophy and Science
Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯 Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯 (about 580-500B.C.) was 580a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was the founder of scientific mathematics.数字论 mathematics.数字论
Heracleitue赫拉克利特 Heracleitue赫拉克利特 (about 540540-480B.C.) believed fire to be the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.火 arisen.火 元素论 He held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony.和谐论 harmony.和谐论
Comedy Comedy flourished in the 5th century B.C. Aristophanes (about 450450-380 B.C.) Plays: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, and Birds. The striking feature of Aristophanes: coarse language.
Plato Plato (about 428-348B.C.) was 428the student of Socrates. His Dialogues（对话集） are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. His philosophy is called Idealism. Many of Plato’s ideas were later Plato’ absorbed into Christian thought.
European Culture An Introduction
Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture
Greek Culture and Roman Culture
Greek culture Roman Culture
Greek culture
The Historical Context 1194B.C.1194B.C.-1184BC.:TrojanWar
Drama A powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C. Performances were given in openopenair theaters and the actors wore masks. Compare: ①.Chines dramatic face ②.China’s masks ③. Sichuan .China’ Opera’ Opera’s changing faces
Democritus (about 460460370) speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists. 物质的原子结构论
Socrates（密切关注中国先秦时期的 Socrates（密切关注中国先秦时期的 思想， 中国历史上有没有此类人物？ 在什么地方相似或不同/ 在什么地方相似或不同/） Socrates (about470-399B.C.) (about470liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets, asking and answering questions. This method of argument, by questions and answers, has come to be known as the dialectical method. In 399B.C. ,at the age of seventy Socrates was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by city” not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young.
Social and Pa democracy Democracy: exercise of power by the whole people, but by “the whole people” the Greeks people” meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. Slave System Sports: once every four years, the Greeks had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. Thus began the Olympic Games. It was revived in 1896.