科技英语翻译教程
section2--1-4科技英语阅读与翻译教程文件
s e c t i o n2--1-4科技英语阅读与翻译1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedings Conference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s su ccessThe number of editions is an indication of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journals Subsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access.33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sections Summary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for the followingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first read The Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
科技英语的翻译技巧
摘要：本文主要阐述了科技英语的翻译技巧以及应遵循的准则关键词：科技英语；被动语态；名词化结构我们科技工作者在工作中经常需要了解国际国内交通发展的状况，借鉴国内外先进的科学技术或进行学术交流，这样不可避免地要翻阅大量的外文书刊和杂志。
虽然我们在学习普通英语的基础上掌握了几千个单词的词汇量，但对科技英文书刊的查阅仍有较大的困难。
科技英语（English for science and Technology，通常略为EST ），它之所以能同普通英语分道扬镳，形成一门独立的学科，很重要的原因在于它有不同于普通英语的特点，笔者根据自己多年的翻译经验，认为我们要掌握其中的几种技巧。
一、首先要拥有一本好的科技词典学习普通英语几年以后，你大约掌握几千个单词的词汇量，这时你就会发现英语拥有极其丰富多彩的词汇，但在科技文章中，又会对大量的专业词汇和术语而头疼。
有些词晦涩难懂，大而长，看起来吓人，如posttention（后张拉力），prefabricate（预制），意义比较简单，只要查一下词典就行。
有些词在文章中起着举足轻重的作用。
光凭上下文含义猜测其中的含义是行不通的。
另外有许多词比如negotiate这比较常见的是“谈判”的意思，但是当它出现在“negotiate a bad turn”这个词组中，译成“谈判”就不合适，查查词典就知道是“顺利通过”的意思，所以翻译时选择在具体语言环境中最恰当。
一本好的科技词典可以成为你的良师益友，为此笔者推荐《英汉道路词典》《汉英科技大词典》两本较好的词典。
二、科技英语中大量使用被动语态被动语态在普通英语中是最基本的语法，简单易学。
科技英语中大量使用被动语态，不是为了追求文章语言的艺术美，而是为了讲求叙述文章的客观，语言简洁，结构严谨，和普通英语文章有着显著不同，加深读者对所叙述事物的深刻印象，摒弃不必要的东西。
例如：1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments. 大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。
科技英语阅读教程翻译 陈勇
Unit1 text A福岛的燕子我们对低剂量辐射对生物体和生态系统的影响知之甚少。
福岛核灾难四年后，科学家们开始得到一些答案。
By Steven Featherstone 直到1986年4月26日切洛贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，在整个北半球扩散了相当于400枚广岛核弹的辐射尘，对于辐射对植被和野生动物的影响科学家几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，特别是在爆炸地点周围1100平方英里的地方，被称为禁区。
1994年，德克萨斯理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切斯尔（Ronald Chesser）和罗伯特·贝克（Robert Baker）都是首批获准进入该区域的美国科学家。
我们抓到了一群田鼠，它们看起来像杂草一样健康。
贝克回忆说：“我们开始对它着迷。
当贝克和切斯对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常突变率。
他们还注意到，狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在该区域游荡，仿佛它是一个原子野生动物保护区。
切洛贝利论坛由联合国一些机构于2003年成立，发表了一份关于切洛贝利利灾难20周年的报告，证实了这一观点，声称“环境改变对该地区的生物群产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
在Baker和Chesser对该地区进行田鼠研究的五年后，Timothy A.Mousseau 前往切洛贝利对鸟类进行了计数，发现了相互矛盾的证据。
南卡罗来纳大学生物学教授穆索和他的合作者现任巴黎南部大学生态，系统学与进化实验室的研究主任-- Anders Pape Moller，特别的研究了常见的乡村谷仓燕（Hirundo Rustica）。
他们发现该地区的燕子少得多，幸存下来的燕子寿命较短，生育力降低（男性），大脑较小，肿瘤，部分白化病（一种基因突变）和白内障发生率较高。
Mousseau 和Moller在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中表明，暴露于低水平辐射对该区域的整个生物圈（从微生物到哺乳动物，从虫子到鸟类）都有负面影响。
科技英语课文翻译
科技英语课文翻译课文翻译英语Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式（如：应。
一种类比是救护车的汽笛声会改变音高――当它朝你行驶，然后通过你身边接着朝另一个方向去了的时候――他的声波首先是压缩的，接着伸长这些测量给了天文学家一个关于宇宙在不同历史点的膨胀速度的图景。
研究人员还发现宇宙如今正在以前所未有的速度在膨胀。
“一开始我们不情愿相信我们的结果，”加州大学伯克利分校的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的天体物理学家Saul Perlmutter说，他领导的一个竞争性的小组发现了和Schmidt以及Riess 相同的结果。
x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
就现在而言，这种类们可以用x代表整数，通过n来表示并且n大于3例如，小于我7，来表示x={n4，5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是：我们也可让：n是整数，y={x：3n7}x是美国的一个男性居民。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
}。
求的空间。
但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x={a：xa它本不再身是在x有致命的打击。
尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题当罗素发现了悖论，的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
科技英语教程原文翻译王腊宝
科技英语教程原文翻译王腊宝
出版教材：
主编出版《东吴外语论丛》（辑刊）、《外教社新世纪中职英语》
（1-4册）、外教社《新目标大学英语系列教材·阅读教程4》、《新目
标大学英语系列教材·科技英语阅读》等。
任职荣誉：
曾任苏州大学外国语学院院长（2007-2017）、全英文国际学术期刊Language and Semiotic Studies(《语言与符号学研究》)主编（2015-16）、西悉尼大学澳中艺术与文化研究院教授/院长。
曾获评“苏州大学
教学名师”及“我最喜爱的老师”（2016）等。
现任澳大利亚西悉尼大学
澳中艺术与文化研究院Adjunct Professor。
历任教育部外语专业指导
委员会英语分委员会委员、全国英文文学会英语研究分会副会长、全国澳
大利亚研究会副会长及全国语言与符号学研究会副会长、江苏省外国文学
学会、江苏省高校外语教学研究会和江苏省翻译协会副会长、苏州市十二、十三、十四届政协委员。
科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译科技英语（English for Science and Technology，简称EST）是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体（科技文体）。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，科技实用手段（包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性，也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯，形成了自身的一些特点，使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上：（一）词汇层面（1）专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇，其词义常不为专业外读者所明白，如cryogenics （低温学）、norepinephrine （新肾上腺素）等。
这些专业术语的特点是：a. 词形较长，大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄，意义较为明确固定，符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如：nucleonics （核子学），semisomnus （半昏迷），autoradiography （自动射线照相术），excoriation （表皮脱落）等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物，如radiophotography （无线电传真），anti-armored fighting vehicle missile（反装甲车导弹）等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间，科技英语同经贸英语一样，也有许多缩略词，如cpd （compound化合物），FM （frequency modulation 调频），telesat（telecommunications satellite通讯卫星）等。
（2）准专业术语和词汇多。
实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第五章 科技文本的翻译
Recent developments in the utilization of salinity power by reverse electrodialysis and other methods are discussed.
译文: 本文讨论采用逆电渗法和别的方法来利用盐动力的最新进展。 分析： 此句中，名词化结构the utilization of salinity power by reverse electrodialysis and other methods已从具体的行 为过程中抽象出来，形成一个复杂的整体概念，与介词in构 成短语，来修饰developments。如果把它还原为句子的形 式，即“Salinity power is utilized by reverse electrodialysis and other methods.”那么专用科技文体中 的整体概念和抽象性就不复存在了。
因而每个气缸都用一个水套围着，水套形成循环回路的一部 分，由水泵驱使水在回路中不停地流动，并用由外部鼓进的 空气来使水冷却。鼓风用的大型旋转凤扇是由主曲轴带动的， 而在大型电传动内燃机车上，则由辅助电机带动。
4. 大量采用省略结构 对科技英语来说，明确和简练是最基本的要求，为
此就要尽最大可能把句子压缩得短一些，尽量杜绝不必 要的重复，在不影响准确、清晰地表达技术内容的前提 下，能省略的词语尽量省去。因此，大量采用省略句结 构就成为科技英语的另一个突出特点。常见的省略结构 有如下几种：
译文： 经常出现的一种错误是：放置待加工工件时，没有将它与加 工所用的夹具的壁面或侧面之间留出足够的间隙。 分析： 此例中多处使用了后置定语，如过去分词短语quite frequently made、used for it;不定式短语to be machined 以及介词短语between the piece…and walls or sides of the jig…等。
科技英语阅读与翻译
翻译的定义
The employees complained that the supervisor always took notice of the least mistakes they made, and 词语和结构 对等词语和结构： 寻找对等词语和结构：简单语句的译文虽 然生硬， 然生硬，但基本可读
1. 她来得正是时候。 2. 她的丈夫去世至今不过半年。 3. 我认为那篇讲话口气强硬，大可不必。 4. 马其顿之争同希腊也有关系。 5. 英国人同其他民族一样，也有丰富的感情。 6. 从物理学的观点来看，不同的波长有多少种， 颜色就有多少种。
运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种 语言所表达的内容
古代翻译定义
译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ----唐朝（618-907）贾公彦《义疏》
夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。 音虽似别，义则大同。 ---宋代（960-1279）法云（10881158）在其所编《翻译名义集》
源出语（the source language） 目的语（the target language）或接受语（the receptor language） 意义保持或大抵保持不变 to translate is “ to change into another language, retaining the sense” ---Dr. 1709---Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784
信
忠实首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原 作的内容完整而准确的表达出来，不得有任何 篡改、歪曲、遗漏、任意增删的现象。 忠实还指保持原作风格，即原作的民族风格、 时代风格、语体风格、作者个人风格等。
Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money. 误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力。 推荐：简并不是因为想赚钱才下力干的。
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译
核电与核辐射1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker和Chesser对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau和Moller指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
(完整版)《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译
核电与核辐射1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker和Chesser对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau和Moller指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
高等学校英语拓展系列教程-科技英语阅读课文翻译
Text AUnit2 The Future of Alternative Energy替代能源的前景Residential energy use in the United States will increase 25 percent by the year 2025, according to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) forecasts. A small but increasing share of that extra power will trickle in from renewable sources like wind, sunlight, water and heat in the ground.美国能源部(DOE)预测，美国居民所使用的能源将在2025 年前增加25%。
增加的电能中将有一小部分来源于再生能源(如风、阳光、水、地热)，而且这部分还会不断增大。
Last year alternative e nergy sources provided 6 percent of the nation’s energy supply, according to the DOE.美国能源部称，去年全国能源供应总量中有6%来自于替代能源。
“The future belongs to renewable energy,” said Brad Collins, the executive director of the American Solar Energy Society, a Boulder, Colorado-based nonprofit organization. “Scientist and industry experts may disagree over how long the world’s supply of oil and natural gas will last, but it will end,” Collin said.“未来属于再生能源，”美国太阳能协会执行主席布拉德·柯林斯说。
张敏版 科技英语阅读教程 英译汉 中文翻译
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochsof steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished. Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporousby-products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones.（1）生命在这个星球上已经发展了近四十亿年。
研究生英语翻译01
C. analyzing the logical relationship between sentences and paragraphs.
• Eg. A look back into recent economic history shows that the boom was always contradictory, putting the bigger dreams of most Americans on a collision course with the reality of the American economy.
D. get the illocutionary meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and even passages. • Eg. Click. Another disk in the drive and more clicks.
(2) Expression
compoundwordsandabbreviatedwords?cctv?chinacentraltelevision?closedcircuittelevision?中国建设银行?cbc??中国银行bankofchina?bc??国家开发银行?cdb?存点吧?中国农业银行?abc?啊不存?中国工商银行bankofchina?icbc?爱存不存constructionbankofchina存不存不存
擁擠
在你脚底
4. What are the criteria in the translation of English of Science and technology? • faithfulness and expressiveness
5. Some factors influencing translation:
科技英语翻译教程
CHAPTER THREE1. The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain.[E.44]2. material balance is based on the law of conservation of matter.[E.45]A3. Coating thickness ranges from 0. 1 mm to 2 mm.[E.46]4. The new medicine will expire in 2 years.[E.47]5. Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than thelatter.[E.48]6. The molecules continue to stay close together, but do not continue to retain a regularfixed arrangement.[E.49]7. These products tend to react with soap and detergents and produce soapscum.[E.50]8. With this software so available there seems little need for analysts to develop theirown programs.[E.51]9. To design is to formulate a plan for the satisfaction of a human need.[E.52]10. China's successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussionthroughout the world.[E.53]11. The construction of a scientific theory may be compared to the preparation of aweather map at a central meteorological station.[E.54]12. In a similar way, in the theory of light, we use terms like "waves" and "particles"for the description and discussion of the results of experiments.[E.55]13. One of our ways for getting heat is by burning fuels.[E.56]14. An understanding of the laws of friction is important in the designing of modernmachines.[E.57]15. Heating water does not change its chemical composition.[E.58]16. This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processingroute.[E.60]17. I am a stranger to the operation of electronic computer.[E.61]18. His experiment was a success.[E.62]19. I found a lot of difficulties to continue the experiment.[E.63]20. Whenever one body touches another, heat always passes by conduction from thewarmer to the colder.[E.68]21. This workpiece is not more elastic than that one.[E.69]22. In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.[E.70]23. Glass is much more soluble than quartz.[E.71]24. This metal is less hard than that one.[E.72]25. The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the developmentof science and technology.[E.81]26. Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.[E.82]27. The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quickcomputation.[E.83]28. Gasoline is appreciably volatile.[E.84]29. It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.[E.85]30. The power plant supplies the inhabitants sixty li about with electricity.[E.86]31. The buildings around are mostly of modem construction.[E.87]32. The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.[E.88]33. All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range.[E.89]34. These parts must be proportionally correct.[E.90]35. Chlorine is very active chemically.[E.91]36. Open the valve to let air in.[E.92]37. Their experiment has been over.[E.93]38. In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.[E.94]39. The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related.[E.106]40. The advantages of the recently developed composite materials are energy saving,performance efficient, corrosion resistant, long service time, and without environmental pollution.[E.107]41. Radiant, electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.[E.108]42. The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt themetal.[E.109]43. Oxidation will make metals rusty.[E.110]44. In rapid oxidation a flame is produced.[E. 111]45. These principles will be illustrated by the following transition.[E.112]46. The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest.[E.113]47. Forces can be classified as internal and external.[E.114]48. Economic globalization has widened the gap between the North and the South andbetween the rich and the poor.[E.115]49. Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.[E.116]50. The generation plant, transmission lines, and primary substations are shown abovethe dashed line;the load and distribution below the line.[E.117]51. Science demands men of great effort and complete devotion.[E.118]52. The new products will soon be put into use.[E.119]53. There are three larger injection machines in the workshop.[E. 120]54. Note that the words“ velocity" and "speed" require explanatio n.[E.121]55. data processor can issue address and function codes.[E.122]A56. Air is a mixture of gases.[E. 123]57. For reasons the alternating current is more widely used than the direct current.[E.124]58. These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.[E.130 ]59. Science and technology are developing rapidly.[E.131]60. new kind of computer----small, cheap, fine---- is attracting increasingattention.[E.132]A61. Inflation has now reached a serious level.[E.133]62. It must have been surprising to see a little girl working at a high table, surroundedby maps and ala kinds of instruments.[E.134]63. Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds.[E.135]64. In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper thesecond.[E.136]65. In addition to the speed of erection, these types usually have otheradvantages.[E.137]66. The level of a liquid rises as its temperature is increased and falls with a decrease intemperature.[E.198]67. The properties of alloys are much better than those of pure metals.[E.199]68. We must check the conclusion in practice, and should not blindly rely on such as wasreached merely by calculations.[E.200]69. Natural water is that which contains impurities.[E.201]70. Other substances, apart from organic ones, burn in air or oxygen.[E.202]71. An electric light bulb is a vacuum, and so is a radio tube.[E.203]72. transversely stressed fillet weld can sustain higher loads than one stressedlongitudinally.[E.204]A73. It takes more power to do a job in two minutes than it does to do the same job in twohours.[E.205]74. We tried in vain to measure the voltage.[E.224]75. Hardened steel is too hard and too brittle for many tools.[E.225]76. Ideal machines which would have an efficiency of 100% should be free offriction.[E.226]77. The need for more potassium compounds than could be obtained from plants ledmen to search for other source of these important compounds.[E.227]78. In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest or continue to move withconstant speed in a straight line.[E.228]79. The structure will prove weak in service.[E.229]80. The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.[E.230]81. The Theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is above manypeople's comprehension.[E.231]82. Better to do well than to say well.[E.233]83. The common gem materials tend to be less ductile and weaker.[E.234]84. As rubber electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.[E.235]85. There are .many other energy sources in store.[E.236]86. In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.[E.237]87. It was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced withoutdelay.[E.238]88. Sodium is never found uncombined in nature.[E.239]89. In this case we cannot but determine K first.[E.240]90. It's not eas to talk about Dolly in a world that doesn't share a uniform set of ethicalValues.[E.241]91. Such flight couldn't long escape notice.[E.242]92. Crystals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.[E.243]93. Laser is the most powerful drilling machine, because there is nothing on earthwhich cannot be drilled by it.[E.244]94. Both of the instruments are not precision ones.[E.270]95. Both of the substances are not made up of carbons.[E.271]96. We are not familiar with both of the instruments.[E.272]97. Positive ions are not all alike and may differ in charge or weight.[E.273]98. An engine may not all ways do work at its rated horse-power.[E.274]99. Not everyone can be a mathematician, but in order to understand our modern world,it is necessary to know something about mathematics.[E.275]100.Digital oscilloscopes can not be often used in our experiments.[E.276]101.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.[E.277]102.All these various losses, great as they are, do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy.[E.278]103.All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.[E.279 ]104.All isotopes cannot be manufactured in this way.[E.280]105.Mercury, so small and close to the sun that its gases were quickly lost to space, is nearly airless.[E.282]106.The speed of the man-made satellite hardly changes at all.[E.283]107.Rarely do metals occur in nature in a pure form by themselves.[E.284]108.The US has well-developed and successful offensive command and control warfare(C2W ), electronic warfare(EW), and other information(1W ) capacities, but these can hardly be characterized as "strategic".[E.285]109.Barely any of our present batteries would be satisfactory enough to drive the electric train fast and at a reasonable cost.[E.286]110. Scarcely ever does the common oyster contain a valuable pearl.[E.287]111 Workers can violate the safety rules on no conditions.[E.316].112. We shall consent to the designing plan under no circumstances.[E.317]113. He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.[E.318]114. The engine did not stop because the fuel was finished.[E.319]115. This electric motor does not work properly.[E.320]116. If iron is kept in air-free distilled water, its rusting is not so fast.[E.321]CHAPTER FIVE117. Being no cause to change the motion, a body can move uniformly and in a straight line.[E.10]118. Using a transformer, power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage.[E.11]119. Solving (8) , we have the following equation.[E.12]120.When iodine crystals are heated to 114 °C, they melt, forming liquid iodine.[E.16]121.The propeller of an airplane forces air backward, developing thrust.[E.17]122.The base and acid neutralize each other, forming a new substance.[E. 18]123.Electronic computer having many advantages cannot carry out creative work and replace man.[E.19]124.Not having been discovered, many laws of nature actually exist in nature.[E.20] 125.The typical problem of circuit and network theory is to determine the currents caused by the application of a given voltage to given circuit or network.[E.33]126.The principle and method taken in the experiment give us good message enlightenment.[E.34]127.The major advantages of the transistor as used in electronic circuits are light weight small space, low power consumption.[E.35]128.Radio continues to find wider application in science.[E. 65]129.An electric current begins to flow through a coil, which is connected across a charged condenser.[E.66]130.A machine is just a mechanical device which makes it possible to do work more conveniently by changing the applied force in directions or in magnitude or both.[E.67]131.The basic action of an SCR is to switch power on very rapidly.[E.68]132.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.[E.69]133.Arc welding is to make metals together by means of an electric current.[E.70]134.The two contacts at the base of the lamp are to cant' current from the lamp holder.[E.71]135.Loss of control is most likely to occur on inductive loads.[E.86]136.These are liable to occur through hammering or working the metal, or through rapid cooling.[E.87]137.Up to now, copper alloys, according to CDA , have been more expensive to pressure die cast than aluminum and zinc, and a 25 % reduction in the cost of pressure die casting of copper alloys is expected with the new technique.[E.88]138.Circuit breakers are necessary to deenergize equipment either for normal operation or on the occurrence of short circuits.[E.89]139.We consider heat to be a form of energy.[E.90]140.Conductors allow electricity to pass through more or less freely.[E.91]141.It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.[E.92]142.Electricity makes a motor run.[E.93]143.Let F represent force.[E.94]144.Heat is considered to be a form of energy.[E.95]145.The thermal decomposition of ammonium carbamate can be made to occur by the following methods.[E.96]146. Insulators are used to confine a current to the desired path.[E.97]147.The fact that some bodies float on water and other liquids shows also that there exists a force acting against the lower surfaces sufficient to counteract their weight.[E.113]148.Some of the of the charge produces the sound and light which enable us to hear and see the spark.[E.116]149.The purpose is to transmit only a chrominance signal for color and a luminance signal that contains the monochrome information.[E.117]150.The physical dimension of the antenna determines the amount of inductance and capacity existing in the circuit and consequently the resonant frequency of the antenna system.[E.118]151.However, both the theory and the generation of FM are a good deal more complex to think about and visualize than those of AM.[E.119]152.The development greatly extends the range of applications and the reliability of the jet-type filter while retaining its other advantages.[E.120]CHAPTER SIX研电111153.Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas.[E. 129]154.The concept of energy leads to the principle of the conservation of energy, which unifies a wide range of phenomena in the physical science.[E. 130]155.Another kind of rectifier consists of a large pear-shaped glass bulb from which all the air has been removed.[E. 131]156.If you deal with the younger age group, then you will see a lot of the acute infections such as herpes and trench mouth,which is due to bacteria and causes open sores between the teeth.[E. 132]157.These waves, which are commonly called radio waves, travel with the velocity of Light.[E. 133]158.ISDN is the name given to a network that is able to transmit and switch a wide variety of telecommunication services.[E. 134]159.Sulfur melts at a temperature of 112. 8 °C, where it changes to yellow liquid.[E. 135]160.The last big Alaskan earthquake created a tsunami, which could be felt 1, 500 miles away.[E.136]161.The electricity is changed into the radio-frequency power which is then sent out in form of radio waves.[E. 137]162.There are some materials which possess the power to conduct heat.[E. 138]163.I n a conductor there are a large number of electrons than move freely from atom to atom.[E. 139]164.OSHA has qualified the noise level in industry which has become a major concern for many digital controls manufacturers.[E. 140]165.The factory produced machine tools to which precision instruments were attached.[E. 141]166.Good clocks have pendulums, which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.[E. 142]研电111167.Gases, the molecules of which are widely separated from one another, have great compressibility than liquids.[E. 143]168.An improved design of such a large tower must be achieved which results in more uniformed temperature distribution in it.[E. 155]169.A body that contains only atoms with the same general properties is called an element.[E. 156]170.Such liquid fuel rockets as are now being used for space research have to carry their own supply of oxygen.[E. 157]171.Such propellers as we have recently designed for small ships are actually modeled on fish tails.[E. 158]172.Many inventors followed the same principles as that French inventor had used in his Invention.[E. 159]173.A color transmission contains the same information as a black and white transmission.[E. 160]174.Were there no transformers to adjust the voltage, long-distance transmission of electricity would be impossible.[E. 184]175.Should there be urgent situations, press this red button to switch off the electricity.[E.185]176.The temperature at the sun's center is as high as 10, 000, 000 0C.[E. 186]177.The outer portion of the wheel may travel as fast as 600 miles per hour.[E. 187]178.The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times heavier than the hydrogen atom.[E. 188]179.Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times.[E. 189]180.Solar cells are as different from so called solar heating panels as solid state physics is from plumbing.[E. 190]181.I n such occasions we would rather increase the friction of the surface than decease it.[E. 191]182.The loads which a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, whichinclude the weights of 研电 111parts of the structure,and live loads. Which are due to theweights of people, movable equipment, etc.[E.245]183.The resistance of any length of a conducting wire is easily measured by finding thepotential difference in volts between its ends when a known current is following.[E.246]184.Fuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-richcompounds and oxygen is supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy.[E.247]185.With the same number of protons, all nuclei of a given element may have differentnumbers of neutrons.[E.248]186.The unit of electrical energy is called the joule, which is equivalent to 10exp(7)ergs.[E.249]187.The discovery that electrical currents can be produced by magnetism is extremelyimportant in the field of electricity.[E.250]188.Grounding every circuit, however, makes the system susceptible to excessivecurrents should a short circuit develop between a live conductor and ground.[E.251]189.It is very interesting to note the differently chosen operating mechanism by thedifferent manufacturers, in spite of fact that the operating mechanism has a major influence on the reliability of the circuit-breakers.[E.252]190.The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable, itsrealization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science, which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed, but new technological processes as well.[E.253]191.Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as new oneswhen they are treated by ultrasonic waves no matter how dirty and irregularly研电111shaped they may be.[E.254]CHAPTER SEVEN192.The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field.[E.4]193.If the work piece is gabbed directly, it warps due to the body temperature.[E.5]194.If a body is acted on by a number of forces and still remains stationary, the body is said to be in equilibrium.[E.6]195.An oxidation number may be assigned to each atom in a substance by the application of simple rules.[E.7]196.The second group is composed of compounds derived from or related to benzene C6H6.[E.8]197.The crops were washed away by the flood.[E.9]198.The airplane is supported by the wings; it is propelled by the power plant; it is guided by its control surfaces.[E. 10]199.This extraction rate was confirmed in batch tank tests.[E.11]200.Other advantages of our invention will be discussed in the following.[E. 12]201.These problems must be solved before the test starts.[E. 13]202.North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain, which caused severe flooding.[E. 14]203.The hypothesis was not accepted by most chemists until the 1970s.[E. 15]204.The first car driven by one of these engines was seen on the roads in 1894.[E. 16]。
科技翻译教程
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
1.3 普通科技文体 1.3.1 普通科技文体用词平易 1.3.1.3 多用代词
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
1.3 普通科技文体 1.3.2 普通科技文体句法简单 1.3.2.1 使用短句
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
taxi 在航空中指飞 机在水（地） 面滑行
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
1.2.2 专用科技文体用词正式
brain
encephalon
.2.2 专用科技文体用词正式
(石油)钻头 bit
（机械加工）军刀，切削刀 （数学）二进制数
试样可夹在具有同样硬度的工件之间，可镀层。
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
1.2.1 专用科技文体语义特征 1.2.1.2 非人称化 1) 少用代词，偶见人称代词we
2) 多用被动（近二三十年多用主动）
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
1.2.1 专用科技文体语义特征 1.2.1.3 名词化（Nominalization）
seismic regions
earthquake belts
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1 科技英语文体的特征、功能和语境
1.3 普通科技文体 1.3.1 普通科技文体用词平易
1.3.1.2 用动词代替抽象名词 We ask for the cooperation of all employee.
We ask that all employees cooperate.
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第一章概论1．科技英语翻译的概念翻译包括口译和笔译。
在笔译中，又可分为科技翻译、文学翻译、政论文翻译和应用文翻译等等。
翻译就是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。
因而，翻译本身并不是一门独立的创造性科学，它既带有创造性，又带有科学性，它是用语言表达的一门艺术，是科学性的再创作。
随着国际学术交流的日益广泛，科技英语已经受到普遍的重视，掌握一些科技英语的翻译技巧是非常必要的。
科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)。
作为一种重要的英语文体，与非科技英语文体相比，具有词义多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点，这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的。
因此，科技英语的翻译也有别于其他英语文体的翻译。
2. 科技英语翻译的标准及要求科技英语的语域特征有别于其它语篇体裁.充分认识和把握好科技英语的语体特征,对于研究科技翻译的标准,从而真正实现翻译中的语际意义转换,达到功能对等具有重要意义.综合以上分析,科技英语翻译的标准及要求可定位于以下几方面.(一)准确性科技英语由于语场,语旨而决定其翻译也有别于其它翻译形式.对于一般翻译,译文必须忠实于原文内容.科技英语翻译除要忠实反映原文内容外,还要确保其信息传递的准确性.科技译文一般不用或很少用"可能","大概"等模棱两可的修饰语言.因此,准确性是科技英语翻译最重要的标准.失去了"准确性",科技翻译就失去了灵魂(许树椿:4MNE).要保证科技译文的准确性,译者必须精心研究原文,充分理解原文,然后用准确流畅的译入语表达.(二)通顺完整性通顺既包括译文的表达,也包括译文的完整.表达是译者在理解原文的基础上,把所理解的东西用另一种语言阐述的过程.这一过程必须在确切理解原文的前提下进行,并且在尽量保持原文表达形式的同时,必须保证译文合乎译入语的规范,行文尽量通顺流畅,简单明了,让读者一看就懂.此外,在表达过程中,还有一个完整的原则,即译者有责任保证科技信息的完整传达,不得擅自歪曲,篡改,删节或遗漏原文的信息,力求原文和译文保持"事实信息的完整";"语法范畴的完整";"词义内涵的完整和语句整体的统一".(三)科学性原则科技文体作为对科学事实及理论的客观描述和阐释,在选词造句上应有其科学性体现.这主要表现在专业术语的翻译上.由于专业术语是科技理论的语言基础,是各学科领域或专业特色的代表,译者在翻译时应潜心研究,广泛查询资料,力求用最准确专业的术语表达.其次在造句上,还应注意使译文逻辑条理清楚明晰,符合技术规范和行业习惯.(四)简明性由上述对科技语篇的语域分析得知,科技语篇行文严谨规范,文章结构紧凑,重客观事实而反对主观感情色彩的渲染,文风简明平实.因此,翻译时译者应遵循科技语篇的这一文体特点,尽量使用语简洁明快.(五)及时性作为科学技术的组成部分,科技翻译随着科学技术的发展而发展.当今世界科学技术发展迅猛,各国科学技术交流日益增强,科技翻译的需求量也随之增加.为了及时反映和了解国外科学技术的发展情况,以及对外推广本国的科学技术,科技翻译工作者应尽快完成科技翻译任务,及时疏通交流渠道,促进中外科技交流.第二章科技英语的特点及文体风格1. 科技英语的语言特点概述任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。
试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。
"It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job.""A wonderful job.""Are you going to take it ?""I don't think so.""Why not?'"I don't want to."“听说有个很好的工作要你去干。
”“挺好的工作。
”“打算干吗？”“不。
”“为什么不干？”“不想干。
”这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。
其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。
在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子I don't think so。
干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简洁有力。
She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poorknow anything about.那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。
一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。
上面五十一个词的片断，就运用了十个形容词，占五分之一。
and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。
Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。
上半场领先四分，首开记录。
克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。
这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。
上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。
The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。
科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。
2. 科技英语的语言特点具体表现：一、大量使用名词化结构《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。
因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。
而非某一行为。
Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。
这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。
第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。
因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。
而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。
此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。
这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。
试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。