英语常用逻辑词

英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇

1. 并列关系

and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2. 转折关系

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite

3. 顺序关系

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next

4. 因果关系

as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

几个用得比较多的句子:

As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its , the disadvantages of … is undeniable.

To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Obviously, in every aspect, …

This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…

As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive. 英文作文中常用套句

下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),

要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头:

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点:

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点:

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...

Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式:

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子:

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用:

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

(先说故事主体),this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因:

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比:

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下:

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步:

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾:

>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言,可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中,

常见的使用形式如下:

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境

by Robert Collier

In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功

by Ann Landers

Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.

坚持

by Ralph Waldo Emerson

Confucius 孔子

Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

but in rising every time we fall.

坚持

Mother Teresa

To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Henry Ford

Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

Winston Churchill

Never, never, never, never give up.

Albert Einstein

In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功

by Crassus

Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

Thomas Edison

There is no substitute for hard work.

Leo Tolstoi

The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

Thomas Jefferson

I'm a great believer in luck,

and I find the harder I work...

the more I have of it.

Robert Collier

Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Ray A. Croc

Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验

You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...

than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果

Vince Lombardi

Winning isn't everything...

but wanting to win is.

John F. Kennedy

We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

Thucydides

The strong do what they will.

The weak do what they must.

为人态度:

John Wooden

Talent is God given--Be Humble.

Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

行动:

Theodore Roosevelt

Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

Publilius Syrus Maxim

No one knows what he can do till he tries.

Terence

There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly. Thomas Fuller

A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

William Hazlitt

Prosperity is a great teacher;

adversity is a greater.

William Penn

No pains, no palm;

no thorns, no throne;

no gall , no glory;

no cross, no crown.

Will Rogers

Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there. Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败

Vince Lombardi

It's not whether you get knocked down.

...It's whether you get up again.

Winston Churchill

An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情(年轻/年老)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心

James Allen

The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Samuel Johnson

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Aughey

Lost time is never found again.

Voltaire

No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Napoleon

Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心

Euipides

Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作

Norman Vincent Peale

Plan your work for today and every day;

then work your plan.

Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again. Thomas Edison

I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实

What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋

Benjamin Franklin

Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标

Henry David Thoreau

In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运

Emily Dickinson

Luck is not chance...

It's toil...

Fortune's expensive smile is earned.

勤奋

Thomas Edison

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Useful Quotations

想象力

Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战:

Walter Begehot

The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备

Abraham Lincoln

I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实

Henry Ford

Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.

English Proverb

Where there's a will there's a way.

There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

能为四六级写作加分的精彩好句

一、用于驳性和比较性论文

1. In general, I don’t agree with

2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water.

3. The chief reason why… is that…

is no true that…

5. It is not true that…

6. It can be easily denied than…

7. We have no reason to believe tha t…

8. What is more serious is that…

9. But it is pity that…

11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…

12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…

13. Perhaps I was question why…

14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…

15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but

16. What seems to be the trouble is^

17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…

18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…

19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…

20. What these people fail to consider is that…

21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …

22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too.

23. The advantages of B are much greater than A.

24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.

二、用于描写图表和数据

1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.

2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.

3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.

4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.

5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.

6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.

7. The total number was lowered by 10%.

8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.

9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.

10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.

11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…

三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文

knows that…

can be easily proved that…

3. It is true that…

4. No one can deny that

5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…

6. The chief reason is that…

7. We must recognize that…

8. There is on doubt that…

9. I am of the opinion that…

10. This can be expressed as follows;

11. To take …for an example…

12. We have reason to believe that

13. Now that we know that…

14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…

15. The change in …largely results from the fact that

16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…

17. A number of factors could accoun t for the development in…

18. Perhaps the primary reason is…

19. It is chiefly responsible of…

20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…

21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…

23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…

24. Different people observes it in different ways.

四、用于文章的开头

1. As the proverb says…

2. It goes without saying tan…

3. Generally speak ing…

4. It is quite clear than because…

5. It is often said that …

6. Many people often ask such question:“…?”

7. More and more people have come to realize…

8. There is no doubt that…

9. Some people believe that…

10. These days we are often old that, but is this really the case?

11. One great man said that…

12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention.

13. In the past several years there has been…

14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…

15. Currentl y there is a widespread concern that…

16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…

17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …

18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.

五、用于文章的结尾

1. from this point of view…

2. in a word…

3. in conclusion…

4. on account of this we can find that…

5. the result is dependent on…

6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:

7. thus, this is the reason why we mus t…

8. to sum up …

9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that…

10. It is obvious that…

11. There is little doubt that…

12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful

13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.

14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…

15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…

六、用于论证和说明

1. As it is described that…

2. It has been illu strated that…

3. It provides a good example of…

4. We may cite another instance of…

5. History man provides us with the examples of…

6. A number of further facts may be added…

7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard.

8. A recent investigation indicate that…

9. According to the statistics provided …

10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted…

11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that…

13. Examples given leads me to conclude that…

14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that…

15. The idea may be proved by facts…

16. All the facts suggest that…

17. No one can deny the fact that…

18. We may face the undeniable fact that…

●表示比较和对照关系的句型:

1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D).

2) Just as..., so...

3) A and B have sth in common.

4) A is similar to B.

5) The same is true of,The same can be said of(……也是如此).

6) The advantages of A are much greater than B.

7) compared with B, A has many advantages.

8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).

9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.

10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...

11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...

12) What people fail to consider is that...

13) It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite another to show that...

14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)

15) …has drawbacks as well as merits.

16) A is superior(inferior) to B.

17) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)

18) A is just the opposite (to B)

19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)

20) …is not the same (as)

●过渡性句型:

1) this is true that...

2) This is true, no doubt, but...

3) ...also...

4) It is one thing to...; it is another to...

●描写图表和数据的句型

1) .. . rank first (both) in...

2) .. .in proportion to...

3) A is by far the largest...

4) As many as....

5) The number is ...times as much as that of ...

6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last year.

7) It accounts for 35% of...

8) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...

9) ...rise rapidly(slowly)

10) ...remain level...

11) ...reach ...

12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand./income./population./prices./production./decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in

13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)

●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型:

1) As can be indicated in the table, ...

3) As is revealed in the table,...

4) As the survey results show,...

5) This table provides several important points of comparison

between,...

6) The two graphs depict the same thing in ...

7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:

8) According to the figures given in the table, ...

9) This chart shows that ...

10) As is shown by the graph, ...

11) It can be seen from the statistics that ...

12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ...

●说明原因的句型:

1) There are some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...

2) We have two good reasons for...

3) The reason for ... is that + 从句

4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for..., one should be mentioned...

5) One may think of the trend as a result of...

6) The change in... largely results from the fact that...

7) There are several causes for this significant growth in... irst...

8) A number of factors could account for the ....

9) It is no simple task to give the reason for ...

10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.

11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.

13) The demand has increased.

14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.

15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up. /boost./are higher.

16) Different people look at...in different ways...

●表示不同看法的句型:

1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/matter. Some believe that ...; Others argue that... :Still others maintain that

2) They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to ....

4) They think quite differently on this question.

5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.

●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:

1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.

2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)

英语写作20字诀

Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致,关系代词与先行词的一致。

Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。

Brief: 文章"简为贵",要抓住要点,简明扼要。

Coherence: 文理通顺,前后连贯。

Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。

Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当,划分要清楚,避免使用重复字句和种子片段。

Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。

Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。

Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题,每段都应有主题句。

Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。

Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。

Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。

Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。

Relevant: 文章一定要要题。

Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。

Strait: 开门见山,直来直去。

Style: 文体恰切,适合内容要求。

Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。

Theme: 选题得当,主题突出。

1.开门见山,揭示主题

文章一开头,,就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是:

I Spent my last vacation happily.

下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头:

Honesty is one of the best honest man is always trusted and the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar",and is looked upon by honest people.

2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头

在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头:

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

3. 回忆性的开头

用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是:

I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.

4.概括性的开头

即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头: People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

5.介绍环境式的开头

即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:

It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.

6.交待写作目的的开头。

在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头:

In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

英语作文的文章的正文

文章的正文是由若干段落组成的,段落通常由几个或者更多的句子组成,有时候一个句子也能成段。

文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索,具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主题。文章不论长短,每个段落都必须为主题服务。像说明文和议论文这一类的文章,一个主题还常分成几个小主题,每个小主题要用一个段落处理,另起一段时,应是一层新的意思。每一段的开头,要放一个表示段落小主题的主题句,这样可使文章条理化,易于阅读,便于读者抓住主题。段内的所有句子应围绕主题句的意义加以阐述或论证,为中心思想服务。句子之间应衔结自然,有条不紊,而且还要合乎逻辑,段落中不能出现任何与主题无关的句子;英语写作比较重视主题句的作用,缺少它段落意义就会含糊不清。主题句也可放在段落的中间和末尾等部位,但对初学者来说,以放在段首为好。见下列这篇题为"How to Be a Good Student" (怎样做个好学生)的文章:

We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.

his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.

To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student. Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence

of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.

这篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主题,第二、第三和第四段则是文章的正文,每—段的第一句即是段落的主题句,它们既支持了文章中心的观点和思想,同时又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中,其余的句子都围绕主题句所表示的中心展开,同时句子间的衔结也很自然;各层的意思都很连贯。

分段是文章组织上重要的一步,但如果写的题目范围很小,那就无须再将题目分成小的主题,并分入各个段落去阐述了。像一篇简短的评论;某一事情的简短记载,某一个想法的说明,对一个人物或一件事情的简要叙述或说明等,就可以只用一个段落来表现主题。

在记叙文中,段的结构有时可以很简单,不需要有主题句,叙事一气呵成,中途没有停顿。段与段之所以分开,只是为了起修辞作用,以便把某一细节置于显著的地位。

某些测试用的表达题,在题目中就已经说明只需要根据。所给的提示写一个段落,而不是一篇文章。对于这一类的写作试题,就可以予以简洁的处理,并不是非要扩充成一篇有头有尾的完整文章。

下面这篇题为“Weekend Homework”(谈周末作业)的短文,就是用一个段落来论述问题和表达观点的。

Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, don't you agree?

英语作文的文章的结尾

文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。

文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种:

1.首尾呼应,画龙点睛

在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的结尾:

After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

2.重复主题句

结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾:

I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

3. 自然结尾

随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾:

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

4.含蓄性的结尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾:Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.

5.用反问结尾

虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?"

Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?

6.指明方向,激励读者

结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:

As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.

怎样写好英语句子

下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。

1) Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.(96年1月,2分)

2) One man's life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. (95年1月,5分)

3) As is know, that there are much fake commodities in today's society.(97年12月,6分)

这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的,其中5、6分的例句具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出,中等水平的考生,事实上也包括中上等水平的考生,在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。

表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语,即中式英语,比如: "man can live happiness", "Man is iron, and food is steel.", "Women are half side sky."。此外,语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人,比如,主谓不一致,名词单复数不分,动词时态语态滥用,常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明,多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法,而是最基本的单句写作能力。

文章无论长短,都是由句子组成的,句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此,句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚,将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明,考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。

为改变这种状况,我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手,对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析,来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。

否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词,be和have后面加not之外,还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们,文章会显得生动活泼,增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看:

1. 含有否定意义的词汇和短语

以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义,因此无需用否定词。

介词against, beyond, but, except, without,...

形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,...

短语keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,...

我们看以下例句:

1) Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.

在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。

2) This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.

这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。

3) We should protect trees from being destroyed.

我们应保护树木,不让它们受破坏。

4) In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.

在旧中国,我们连一个钉子都造不了,更不用说制造机器了。

2. 含有半否定意义的词语

barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具有半否定的意义。例句:

1) We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.

几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。

2) These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.

这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。

3. 不含否定意义的否定结构

no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句:

1) We can't but face the reality.

我们只有面对现实。

2) These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.

这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。

4. 否定结构的倒装语序

我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首,这时句子结构应倒装。例如:

1) On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。

2) No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our

country.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。

五、含有it的结构

考生病句:

1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the

development of society.

2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.

正确表达:

1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the

development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...)

2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...)

评议与分析:

例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子,例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然,两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语,后面的主语从句必须由that引起;如果用as,则后面不能用that,因为as是关系代词,代表practice makes perfect。

It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词,在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握,并能灵活运用。

1.作形式主语

It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether

we could purify the air or not.

2.作形式宾语

We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it

possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.

3.引导强调句

It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize

the importance of controlling population.

、 "There be"结构

考生病句:

1. There are many people like to go to the movies.

2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.

正确表达:

1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.

2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.

这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性,因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中,there是引导词,没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语,有时态和数的变化。

例如:

1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...)

注意:在否定句中,否定词用no,也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词,not a 后接复数名词,no后面的名词单复数都可以。

2. There is not a moment to be lost.

3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.

4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.

从以上例句还可看出,句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语,如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力,使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时,考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语,使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况,对此我们在写作中要格外注意。

二、比较结构

考生病句:

1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.

2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.

正确表达:

1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.

2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.

评议与分析:许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较,但相当多的表达有误。

在例1中,对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的过去分词,不能用现在分词,因为B是分词的逻辑主语,只能被比较。在例2中,考生误将"天气"与"城市"进行比较,而二者没有可比性,只有将后者改为"其他城市的天气"才符合逻辑,很显然,考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。

比较结构是常用结构,正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化,有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来,考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构,其写作成绩应在5分以上。

下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。

1. 同级比较

1) In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.

2) We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years

in the past.

2. 比较级

1) Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.

2) We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.

3. 最高级

1) This is the most interesting book I've ever read.

2) Of all his novels I like this one best.

4. the more…the more…结构

1) The harder you w**r progress you will make.

2) The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.

5. 选择比较

1) I prefer staying at home to going out.

2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.

3) He prefers to work alone.

注意:这里的1)句用的是Prefer A to B结构,to为介词,后接名词或动名词;2)句是以不定式作prefer的宾语;3)句用法同2),只是不把rather than部分表达出来。

6. 对比

1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.

2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.

注意:while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句,相当于汉语的"而"字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式,尤其在图表作文中。

三、表达原因的结构

考生病句:

1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.

2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without

working hard.

1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.

2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working

hard.

评议与分析:

以上两个病句分别引自92年1月和97年12月四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看,这两位考生具有一定的写作能力,not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是,第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for,第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误,就是用because引起表语从句,because这个词不能引起表语从句,在本句中只能改用that才正确。

掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的,几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中,写作的文体基本上是议论文,而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理,讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。

英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如:

1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more

proud than ever of our country.

2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.

3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.

4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that

some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.

我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如:

1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.

2. Diligence is the key factor of success.

3. Idleness is the root of all evils.

4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the

mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)

除了上述的例句外,英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候,不能满足于一知半解,要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如,because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词,语气最强,表示直接的原因,若because置于句首,后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱,所说明的原因是附带的,而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。

四、否定结构

考生病句

1. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.

2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.

正确表达:

1. Some people think we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.

2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.

评议与分析:

例句1选自96年1月四级考生作文,例句2选自92年1月六级考生作文。例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了need 作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时,主要用于否定句,后面的动词不带to, needn't worry,作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句,don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't need 的宾语。例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了too和either的区别,这两个词都表示"也"的意思,但是在英语中too, also 只能用于肯定句,而either只能用于否定句。

怎样写好英语段落

段落( paragraph )是由表达单一中心思想(controlling idea or central idea )的一组句子(包括主题句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence)构成,是文章结构的基本独立单位。本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。

主题句与推展句

主题句(topic sentence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例:

My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.

主题句中提出的 "certain rules" 指的是什么?展开句中通过四个 "Don't argue --" 逐一加以交代。从结构来看,这是一个比较典型的段落,它包括了主题句,推展句和结论句(即本段中的末句)。

主题句的位置

主题句通常放在段落的开端,其特点是开门见山地摆出问题,然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰,更具说服力,便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用,或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握,因而在四级考试中,考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。

例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -- everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例,对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句(斜体部分)。

例2: (主题句)No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. (推展句1)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. (推展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.

以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句,直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题,接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持,指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品,理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理,并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然,步步紧扣主题。

如何写好主题句中的关键词

段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面:一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展;二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的例1,例2中,主题句的关键词分别为:depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句:

原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容,并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开,是用因果关系法还是用分类法?

修正:He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.

修正:There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.

原句2: She tries to improve her looks.

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么?或者她采取什么方法来改善呢?我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。

修正:She tries many ways to improve her looks.

修正:There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。

如何写好主题句的中心思想

主题句由两部分组成,即主题(topic)和中心思想(controlling idea)。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络,所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围,两者不可分割。没有导向,内容就会离题或偏题;没有制约,内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。

对于初学写作的人来说,“导向”的重要性容易理解,但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句,就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如:

for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.

本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句,那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用,而且也不能起导向作用,句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。

Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.

"Exercise is beneficial"这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上"to your heart"来加以 control 和 limit,那就流于空泛。

因此,紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用,是短文写作成功关键之一。

2.推展句

主要推展句

主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是:围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明,句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。

例1主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight

received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.

主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量,第二种是海拔高度,第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。

次要推展句

次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。

例2:(主题句)I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.

从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用,分别解释red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含义,这就更加形象生动地证明了 "teaching is not easy" 这个主题。

主要推展句与次要推展句的关系

主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。

1〕每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。

2〕每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。

3〕含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材,又要有次要推展素材。

写好推展句的方法

主题句及关键词确定后,开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上,针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问,然后解答,即设问-解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3:

假设 (suppose) Topic sentence: English is an international language?

设问(why) Why can we say English is an international language?

解答(because)

Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.

Because: Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English.

Because: More than 60 percent of the world's radio programs are in English.

Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.

从上面可以看出,最初的三个推展句是和关键词an international language一致的。第四句和主题句不统一,尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(Many Pakistanis speak English)很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。

当然,在写成段落时,没有必要在每个句子开头写上 "because",但是,在动笔展开句子时,头脑里要想着这个词,这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心,围绕主题思想层层展开。

1. 列举法(details)

作者运用列举法,是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释,列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。

Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.

根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong,作者列举了8点内容,分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等连接词语引出,使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。

常用于列举法的过渡连接词有:for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。

2. 举例法(example)

作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容,严格地讲,举例法也是列举法的一种,它们的区别在于:列举法侧重罗列事实,所列事实力求全面;而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点,且事例可多可少。

我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。

There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.

本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises,这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出,最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。

举例法中常用的连接词有:for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。

3. 叙述法(narration)

叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序,通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用,有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落,作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末,从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义,例如:

In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.

这段是按照事物发展的先后顺序,叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。全文脉络清晰,叙述的

常用于叙述法中的过渡连接词有:first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。

4. 对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast)

将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比,更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点,例如:

The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.

在这段文字上, 作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快,首先将它与人脑进行了比较, "-- a thousand times faster than --" ;而后,又将这一概念具体到了 "a problem"上,通过对比使读者从 "-- a long time -- in one minute"上有更加直观的认识。

常用于对本法或比较法上的过渡连接词有:than, compared with等。

5. 分类法(classification)

在阐述某一概念的段落中,常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类,分别加以叙述,使读者有更为清晰的认识,如:

Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.

在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 "various forms of communication",作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language,并逐加阐述。

采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词,所述各项均为平行并列关系,所以没有明显的主次之分。

6. 因果分析法(cause and effect)

在阐述某一现象的段落中,常采用因果分析法。例如:

The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.

本段中,主题句提出了一种社会现象,推展句则对产生这种现象的原因作出各种解释。常用于因果分析法的连接词有:because, so, as a result等。

7. 定义法(definition)

在科普文章的写作中,定义法是必不可少的。通过下定义,可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。

Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".

这一段文字使我们了解了 "automation" 和 "Second Industrial Revolution" 两个概念,分别由 "refers to" 和"been called" 引出。

常出现在定义法中的词语有:refer to, mean, call等。

句子的一部分反复出现在段落中,这就是重复法。它往往造成一种步步紧逼的气氛,使文章结构紧凑,有感染力。比如:

Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver;

I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; --

该段中反复应用了I was in mortal terror of …我经常处于恐怖之中。

以上, 我们结合具体文章讨论了展开段落的几种方法。在实际写作中,我们往往不必拘泥于一种写作方法,而是将若干方法穿插在一起,使文章有声有色。

结尾段

我们知道文章的开头很重要,因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样,文章的结尾也很重要,好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象,可以增添文章的效果和说服力,让人深思,回味无穷。确切地说,结尾的作用就是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使读者加深印象;有时也用于展望未来,提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。

但是,如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法:

1.重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到再次肯定和强调的效果。

(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.

(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.

2.作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容,并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。

(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.

(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.

3.应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文,既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。

(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to

permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those who help themselves."

(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."

4.用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,具有明显的强调作用,引起读者思考。

(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?

(例2)So,what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?

5.提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。

(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.

(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.

以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法,但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙的记叙文,往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了,而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论**应有一个正式的结尾。希望以