英语常用逻辑词
英语逻辑思维汇总
英语逻辑思维是指使用英语语言进行逻辑思考和表达的方式。
以下是一些常见的英语逻辑思维:
1.因果关系:在英语中,表达因果关系的词汇有“because”、“since”、“as”、“so”、“therefore”等。
通过使用这些词汇,可以清晰地表达出两个事件之间的因果关系。
2.比较和对比:英语中有很多表达比较和对比的词汇和短语,如“more than”、“less than”、“equal to”、“in comparison to”等。
这些表达方式可以用来比较两个或多个事物之间的相似性和差异性。
3.分类和归纳:分类和归纳是英语逻辑思维中常用的方法,通过将事物按照一定的特征进行分类,可以将复杂的事物变得清晰易懂。
4.假设和推理:在英语中,人们经常使用假设和推理的方法来表达自己的观点和看法。
常用的表达方式有“if”、“in case”、“provided that”等。
5.论证和说服:论证和说服是英语逻辑思维中的重要技能,通过使用事实、数据、案例等证据来支持自己的观点,并使用逻辑推理来达到说服他人的目的。
6.批判性思维:批判性思维是指对他人或自己的观点进行批判和分析的能力。
在英语中,人们经常使用“but”、
“however”、“on the other hand”等表达方式来表达自己的不同意见。
以上是一些常见的英语逻辑思维,但实际上还有很多其他的英语逻辑思维方法,需要根据具体情况进行具体分析。
英语常用逻辑词
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its , the disadvantages of … is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Obviously, in every aspect, …This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive. 英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise oneRecentaly the problem has been brought into focus.Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ..."Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare...., such delimma we often meet in daily life...., the story still has a realistic significance.There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ...Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:>From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ...In short...在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。
英语逻辑词汇
表递进moreover, in addition, what is more,furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.表层次on the one hand, ... on the other hand; first, ... second, ... finally;表强调firstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc.表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently,表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc.表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc.表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, signifi-cantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate.表时间later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately,as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. first after a few days eventually at that time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on表顺序first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most im-portant.表可能presumably, probably, perhaps.表解释in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表递进What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreo-ver, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表让步although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表转折however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortu-nately. whereas表原因for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.表结果as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.表总结on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, tosummarize, in short.其他类型连接词Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,表空间near to far from in the front of beside behind to the right to the left on the other side of表举例 for example to name a few, say , such as表递进in addition furthermore what’s more what’s worse表对比whereas while as opposed to by contrast by comparison表示时间与频率的词汇:in general, every, some, after, on the whole, usually, most, at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rare-ly, before, meanwhile.表示附加的词:additionally, as well as, just as, again, along with, also, fur-ther, furthermore, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, in addition to,引出例子:for example, namely, for instance, as an example, that is表示转折:although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though, however, on the other hand, otherwise得出结论:all in all, in consequence, in brief, as a result, the point is, in conclusion, therefore, hence, in sum.表示增加的过渡词:also,and,and then,too,in addition,furthermore,moreover,again,on top of that,another,first second third等。
记住英语中24种逻辑关系词,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了!
记住英语中24种逻辑关系词,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了!大多数人在阅读过程中很少考虑逻辑关系词的作用,导致在阅读过程中对文章的理解效率比较低。
实际上,英文学术文章中有很多逻辑关系词,这些关系词对我们的文章理解有着直接或间接的帮助作用。
阅读中常见的逻辑关系有并列关系、递进关系、转折关系、让步关系、比较关系、因果关系等。
从语言学角度来讲,英语属于形合语言,逻辑关系词的主要在于让句子成分之间、句子与句子之间、以及段落与段落之间实现自然衔接。
若用一词概括,即为起承转合,“起”是起因,文章的开头;“承”是事件的过程;“转”是结果是转折;“合”是对该事件的议论,是结尾。
而逻辑连词正是文章的扭结。
理顺连词打通扭结,你会发现英语学起来,痛快多了。
1 表递进moreover 而且in addition 此外what is more 更furthermore 此外also 还then 然后besides 除了what's worse 更糟的是and 以及 too 以及 as well as 也additionally 另外again 又likewise 同样not only...but also... 不但……而且2 表转折however 但nevertheless 虽然on the other hand 另一方面on the contrary 反之rather than 而不是instead of 而不是but 但是yet 但是unfortunately 不幸的是whereas 而although 虽然though 虽然otherwise 否则by contrast 反之,通过对比at the same time 与此同时despite 尽管even so 即便如此in contrast 相比较even though 即使所有for all that 所有not with standing 尽管如此in spite of 尽管last but not least 最后但并非最不重要instead 代替thus 从而what is more 更;而且not only...but also 不但……而且……still 仍然in contrast to 相比较regardless 无论;不管while 而different from 不同的是for all that 尽管,虽然如此or 要不;否则;或者notwithstanding 虽然even though 即使despite 尽管after all 毕竟except (for) 除了of course 固然;尽管;当然some...others 一些、另外的on the other hand 另一方面once 以前now 现在the first...whereas the second 第一……而第二then...now 然后……现在the former...the latter 前者……后者finally 最后;最终here...there 这里……那里so 因此3 表层次on the one hand 一方面on the other hand 另一方面first 首先 second 其次finally 最后firstly 首先secondly 其次then 然后to begin with 首先further 进一步and…equally important 和同样重要in addition 此外in the first place 首先still 仍然furthermore 此外what is more 更;而且last but not least 最后但并非最不重要secondly 其次and then 进而next 接着to start with 开始besides 除了moreover 而且finally 最后4 表强调in fact 其实indeed 的确actually 其实as a matter of fact 事实上apparently 显然emphasis 强调chiefly 主要是primarily 主要in particular 尤其是surely 一定n any case 不管怎么样especially 特别是clearly 显然without any doubt 毫无疑问to repeat 重复no doubt 毫无疑问needless to say 不用说undoubtedly 无疑absolutely 绝对still 仍oddly enough 奇怪的是of course 当然after all 毕竟significantly 显著interestingly 有趣的是also 也above all 首先certainly 当然anyway 无论如何obviously 明显necessarily 要紧;一定truly 真正most important 最重要的是particularly 尤其most important of all 最重要的是5 表结果和原因evidently 明显地first of all 首先undoubtedly 无疑without any shadow of doubt 毫无疑问thus 从而hence 故;从此so 因此therefore 因此accordingly 因此;所以;从而consequently 所以since = now that 自从as 因为for the reason 由于;因为so that 以便as consequence 所以as a result 结果;因此on this / that account 于是such that 如此in this way 这样because 因为since 自从otherwise 否则Cause and effect) for 由于because of = thanks to= due to = owing to 由于for this reason 为此on account of 考虑到as a consequence 结果for as a consequence 后果6 表结尾therefore 因此then 然后;因此;那么accordingly 从而because (of) 由于or 因为thanks to 由于hence 因此as a result of 结果consequently 所以thus 因而since 自从owing to 由于for the reason that 因为7 表举例in a word 总之therefore 因此sum up 总之such as 例如to begin with 首先besides 此外for one thing 首先;一方面in conclusion 总之;最后in short 总之;简而言之as a case in point 作为一个很好的例子first of all 首先furthermore 此外in addition 此外for another 另外8 表比较similarly 同样likewise 同样like 像……一样equally 一样compared 相比…in a like manner 以类似的方式just as 正如however 可是in the same way 以同样的方式in the same manner 以同样的方式in comparison 相比较in contrast 与此相反in comparison 相比较just like 就像similar to 类似the same as 同…一样9 表对比by contrast 通过对比on the contrary 反之while 而whereas 而unlike 不像instead 代替but 但conversely 反过来different from 不同的是however 但in a sharp contrast 鲜明对比的是in contrast 相比较;相对于even though 即使,即便如此on the other hand 另外on the one hand 一方面otherwise 否则as opposed to 相对于while 而yet 但by comparison 通过比较similarly 同样nevertheless 虽然still 仍然in spite of 尽管10 表举例for example 例如for instance 例如in other words 换句话说in this case 在这种情况下as an example 作为一个例子take… for example 例如say namely 比如after all 毕竟except (for) 除了like… 就比如…,正如…to illustrate as an illustration 作为一个例子来说明by way of illustration 以说明的方式to illustrate 说明to name a few 仅举几例11 表时间later 后来lately 终于next 接着then 然后soon 不久immediately 立刻;随即meanwhile 与此同时finally 最后at last 最后 eventually 终于since 自从lately 最近afterward 之后temporarily 暂时earlier 最初 now 现在first 首先again 又also 也before 以前besides 除了formerly 以前further 进一步furthermore 此外last 最后simultaneously 同时shortly 不久still 仍然subsequently 随后thereafter 此后until 直到 recently 最近after 以后gradually 慢慢的;逐渐till 直到when 当……时nowadays 目前now presently 目前during 在……期间now and then 偶尔in the meanwhile 同时in the meantime 在此期间in the end 到底in addition 此外in the first place 首先in the past 在过去in a few days 几天之内after a few days 几天以后at that time 当时as long as 只要as soon as 一……就at present 目前at the same time 同时at length 最后at first 起初from now on 今后from then on 从那时起so far 到目前为止for the time being 暂时;眼下when now 当下and then 进而to begin with/ to start with 首先at that moment 在那一刻suddenly = all of a sudden 突然until now 直到现在after that 之后not…until 不…直到while 一会儿12 表顺序first 首先second 其次then 其次,然后finally 最后last 最终,最后next 接着after 以后earlier 最初later 后来behind 后面beside 旁边beyond 外面above 以上below 以下to begin with 首先first of all 首先in the first place 首先above all 首先in the end 到底at last 最后first and most important 首先且最重要的last but not the least 最后但并非最不重要near(to) 靠近far(from)远离in front of 前面in the middle 中间to the right (left)到右(左)边on the other side 另一面opposite 反面13 表可能presumably 想必probably 大概perhaps 也许therefore 因此so 所以as a result(of) 作为结果accordingly 因而otherwise 否则maybe 可能14 表解释in other words 换句话说in fact 其实in simpler terms 简单地说in this case 在这种情况下 in addition 此外in fact/ as a matter of fact / actually 其实another way 另一种方式to tell you the truth 实话告诉你as a matter off act 事实上that is 就是说for example 例如for instance 例如frankly speaking 坦白的说now 既然namely 即,意即actually 实际上to put it differently 换句话说that is to say 也就是说15 表让步admittedly 诚然whatever 无论hence 因此nevertheless 然而as 虽然though 虽然 although 尽管despite 尽管in spite of... 尽管even though 尽管even if 即使even so 即便如此granted 就算如此 naturally 自然however 无论如何still 仍然provided 假如or 或者whenever 无论何时 whoever 无论谁wherever 无论哪里whether 不论;或者whichever 无论哪一个after all 毕竟while it is true 虽然这是事实no matter how (who, what, which, where) 无论多么(谁,什么,哪一个,哪里)all the same 仍然 of course 当然16 表总结accordingly 因此therefore 因此thus 因此altogether to conclude 完全可以说general 一般specially 特别finally 终于namely 也就是indeed 的确in other words 换句话说thus 因此altogether 总而言之all in all 总之in consequence 结果in sum 总之consequently 因此hence 因此so 因此the point is 关键是obviously 显然of course 当然differently 不同的是as a result 结果as for me 依我之见to some extent 在某种程度上on the whole 大体上in conclusion 总之in a word 一句话in brief 简言之in summary 总之in general 一般来说in short 简而言之in other word 也就是in my opinion 在我看来in a word 总的来说in all 总的来说in fact 事实上in simpler terms 简单地说in my view 在我看来in particular 特别是it is true 事实上at last 最后as I have shown 正如我所表明的as has been stated generally speaking 正如所说as has been said 如上所述as far as I am concerned 就我而言as what has been mentioned 正如已经提到的to sum up 总之to summarize 简而言之to conclude 总而言之to put it differently 换句话说17 其他类型连接词mostly 通常occasionally 偶尔currently 一般naturally 自然mainly 主要exactly 完全in this case 在这种情况下frankly 坦率地说commonly 通常for this purpose 为此to a large extent 在很大程度上for most of us 对于我们大多数人evidently 显然in many cases 在许多情况下18 表示时间与频率的词汇every 每一some 一些after 以后usually 通常almost 几乎frequently 经常mainly 主要finally 最后rarely 难得;很少;几乎不before 之前on the whole 大体上at other times 平时in most cases 在大多数情况下in general 一般来说as a rule 一般说来meanwhile 与此同时always 总是often 经常19 表示附加的词additionally 此外as well as 以及just as 正如again 再次along with 连同also 并且besides 除此之外further 进一步furthermore 此外in the same manner 同样地in the same way 同样地in addition to 除…之外20 表示增加的过渡词also 也so that 为了;目的是and 以及and then 于是in addition 除了another 另一个again 再次on top of 另外moreover 此外first 首先furthermore 此外second 其次too 也third 再次21 表示目的的过渡词lest 唯恐for this reason 为此furthermore 此外for this purpose 为了这个目的again 再次so as to 以便also 也so that 所以besides 除了in order that 为了similarly 同样in addition 此外moreover 此外what’s more 不仅如此next 接着finally 最后22 表示并列关系or, and, also, too 也not only … but also… 不但……而且as well as 以及so…that 太…以至于both… and… 既……又either …or… 或者…或者neither…nor… 既不……也不23 表示并列补充关系what is more 而且;此外also 还besides 除了as well 也;此外moreover 此外furthermore 此外in addition 此外24 表示条件关系as (so) long as 只要if 假如 unless 除非eventually 终于presently 目前somewhat 有点;稍微as if 仿佛by the way of 通过这种方式on condition that 如果on the condition 只要or else 要不然in the meantime 与此同时from then on 从那时起after an interval 一段时间后all of a sudden 一下子on the contrary 相反在会议的商务人士。
中考英语作文中常用的逻辑词汇
中考英语作文中常用的逻辑词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of …outweigh its disadvantages.Nevertheless, the disadvantages of …is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that …bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent.Obviously, in every aspect, …This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.提出观点:Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare...., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance.提出原因:There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ... The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ...Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:>From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ...In short...在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。
高考英语常用逻辑词
高考英语常用逻辑词1. 并列关系and, or或者,furthermore并且, also还, likewise同样的, in addition除此之外, what is more 并且(此外), for instance例如,for example例如2. 转折关系Although虽然, however然而, on the contrary相反的, but,in spite of尽管, nevertheless然而(不过), yet然而, otherwise否则, despite尽管3. 顺序关系First第一, second第二, third第三, and so on等等,then然后, after后来, before之前, next接下来4. 因果关系as a result结果, for因为, thus因此, because因为,for this reason由于这个原因, so,therefore因此, as因为, since因为, consequently因此, on account of由于(因为)5. 归纳关系as a result结果(因此,总之), finally最终(最后), therefore因此, accordingly因此(于是、相应地), in short总而言之, thus因此,consequently因此, in conclusion总之(总的来说), so,in brief简言之, in a word总之(总的来说)6. 表层次关系①for the one hand 一方面,for the other hand 另一方面②for one thing 一方面,for another 另一方面③first of all 首先,what’s more 然后,finally 最后。
英文逻辑关系词
一.并列关系coordinating relationAnd :conj. 和,与;就;而且;但是;然后granted, et, but, yet, onlyOr:conj. 或,或者;还是either, ossiaAnd also:Neither ….nor:Either…or:Not only….but also:Along with:沿(顺)着;连同…一起;与…一道;随同…一起Thai is to say:As well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且as well as除……之外;既as well as.除as well as everything以及一切in the same way:同样地;以同样的方式二.递进关系Also:adv. 也;而且;同样conj. 并且;另外Than:conj. 比(用于形容词、副词的比较级之后);除…外(用于other等之后);与其…(用于 rather等之后);一…就(用于 no sooner等之后)prep. 比;超过Additionally:adv. 此外;又,加之In addition:另外,此外Furthermore:adv. 此外;而且and furthermore而且furthermore-而且Moreover furthermore而且moreover-furthermore进一步说furthermore ad. moreover而且;此外furthermore ad.而且moreover—furthermore进一步说furthermore ad.而且moreover, furthermore且moreover adv. 而且;此外what is more而且what is even more甚至更多what is more important更重要的是and what is more而且indeed adv. 的确;实在;真正地;甚至int. 真的(表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等)...accordingly 于是indeed 的确surely 无疑 ...Apart from远离,除…之外;且不说;缺少besides adv. 此外;而且prep. 除…之外And besides更何况aside from除…以外Aside from除Aside from hands除手以外apart/aside from除了三、引出新对象About:prep. 关于;大约adj. 在附近的;四处走动的;在起作用的adv. 大约;周围;到处n. 大致;粗枝大叶;不拘小节的人concerning prep. 关于;就…而言v. 涉及;使关心(concern的ing形式);忧虑regarding prep. 关于,至于就…….而言with regard to adv. 关于;至于as for关于,至于as to至于,关于;就……而论in terms of依据;按照;在…方面;以…措词四,因果关系Because of adv. 因为;由于Since conj. 因为;由于;既然;自…以来;自…以后prep. 自…以来;自…以后adv. 后来For prep. 为,为了;因为;给;对于;至于;适合于conj. 因为As ad. 同样地,像prep. 当做conj. 当...之时,像...一样,因为Thus adv. 因此;从而;这样;如此conj. 因此So ad. 如此,如是,如...那样 conj. 所以,因此,所以Hence adv.此;今后Therefore:adv. 因此;所以consequently adv. 因此;结果;所以accordingly adv. 因此,于是;相应地;照著due to adv. 由于;应归于thanks to由于,幸亏in the light of根据,按照;当作However, in the light of the new development, we have reinforced our security systems in all our airports, ".in response to响应;回答;对…有反应Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system in response to otherwise harmless substanceson account of由于;因为;为了…的缘故" ...on account of the number of pine trees that grow in the gorge of the mountain in which it is situated.Given adj. 赠予的;沉溺的prep. 考虑到v. 给予(give的过去分词)given that假定;只要是;已知;考虑到Considering prep. 考虑到;就...而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到(consider的ing形式)Seeing that鉴于,由于;因为"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."In that因为;由于;既然in respect that因为in group that以便in order that以便;为了;目的在于A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world, after Africa.Now that既然;由于The F.C.C.chairman also wants to extend all six principles to wireless carriers now that their phones access the Internet.As a result of adv. 因此,由于;作为…的结果For the reason由于;因为Owing to由于,因为…It's a supposition that whatever the object of theory might be, - theory itself must-- owing to whatever intellectual constraints one can imagine-- be of such and such a form.In view of adv. 鉴于;考虑到in the view of…根据……的观点By(in) virtue of 由于,凭借On grounds of 以…为理由;根据…The supreme court later o verturned the ruling on grounds of mistaken identity.as a consequence 因此,结果I think all those goals are still possible, but I think that as a consequence to the war on Iraq, we took our eye off the ball.as a consequence of因此;由于…的结果We have got an enormous amount of work to do, and people down in the Gulf, particularly businesses, are still suffering as a consequence of this disaster."五,转折关系But conj. 但是;而是;然而adv. 仅仅,只prep. 除…以外however adv. 无论如何;不管怎样conj. 然而;可是yet adv. 还;但是;已经conj. 但是;然而instead of代替;不是…而是…rather than而不是;宁可…也不愿on the contrary反之by contrast相比之下;与之相比unfortunately adv. 不幸地六.让步Although conj. 虽然,尽管Though adv. 可是,虽然;不过;然而conj. 虽然;尽管prep. 但Even though虽然,即使even if though纵然even if / though即使;尽管even though/if即使;尽管Neverthelessadv. 然而,不过;虽然如此conj. 然而,不过Despiteprep. 尽管,不管n. 轻视;憎恨;侮辱In spite of 尽管;不管,不顾Anyway adv. 无论如何,不管怎样;总之notwithstandingadv. 尽管,仍然prep. 尽管,虽然conj. 虽然"How can we empower our president and the Congress and the government to start to move the country forward, notwithstanding the differences we have, "as conj. 因为;随着;虽然;依照;当…时prep. 如同;当作;以…的身份adv. 同样地;和…一样的while conj. 虽然;然而;当……的时候n. 一会儿;一段时间vt. 消磨;轻松地度过7.比较关系Like vt. 喜欢;想;愿意vi. 喜欢;希望prep. 像;如同adj. 同样的;相似的n. 爱好;同样的人或物adv. 可能conj. 好像Unlike adj. 不同的,不相似的prep. 和…不同,不像By prep. 通过;被;依据;经由;在附近;在……之前adv. 通过;经过;附近;白俄罗斯In contrast与此相反;比较起来whereasconj. 然而;鉴于;反之8表时间关系When wheneverBefore prep. 在…之前,先于adv. 以前;在前conj. 在…以前;在…之前After adv. 后来,以后prep. 在……之后conj. 在……之后adj. 以后的after all 毕竟;终究go after 追求,追逐ever after 从此以后一直after hours adv. 下班;工作完毕后 adv.后来,以后since, subsequently prep.在……之后in theback of adj.以后的succeedingsinceconj. 因为;由于;既然;自…以来;自…以后prep. 自…以来;自…以后adv. 后来meanwhileconj. 因为;由于;既然;自…以来;自…以后prep. 自…以来;自…以后adv. 后来in the meantime 在此期间;于此际9条件Ifconj. (表条件)如果;即使;是否;(表假设)假如n. 条件;设想Only if只要……就;只是在……的时候If only只要;要是…多好In case of万一;如果发生;假设unlessconj. 除非,如果不prep. 除…之外as long as 只要;和…一样长suppose that假如supposing that conj. 假如;不妨去…吧v. 假使;让;猜想(suppose的ing形式)but for conj. 要不是;如果没有failing n. 失败;缺点,过失;弱点prep. 如果没有…adj. 失败的v. 失败;不及格(fail 的ing形式)10例Such as 比如;诸如For examplen. 例子;榜样vt. 作为…的例子;为…做出榜样vi. 举例For instancen. 实例;情况;建议vt. 举...为例Of these 这些Amongprep. 在…中间;在…之中To illustrate 说明显示Like to take an example to take sth for exampleSpeaking namely 说话即11总结构On the whole基本上,大体上;就全体而论In short总之;简言之In a word总之;简言之All in all 总而言之;头等重要的东西In conclusion 总之最后In summary总之概括起来In general总之,通常;一般而言12表强调Above all 首先尤其是In effect实际上;生效In fact 事实上,实际上In any case 无论如何13顺序关系Last of all 最后finally 最后。
英语常用17种逻辑关联词及词组
1 先后序次关系: at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously; simultaneously; eventually; last but not least; to begin with; to start with;to endwith ;finally ; seeing...;since then;first of all ;afterwards; following this; preceding this. 2 因果关系: because;because of this;being that;another important factor/reason of...; since; as; for; in that...; owing to; due to; for the reason that...;in view of ; the reason seems to be obvious; there are about;... for this reason; as a result of this; therefore; ...and so...; consequently; as a result; thus; hence;so; so that...; in consequence; as a consequence; accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon. 3转折关系: but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ; despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but unless. 4 并列关系: and; also;too;as well as;either...,or...; both...and... 5 (增补递进关系:furthermore; moreover;further ;In this way ;still ; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to; additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover; in other words;along this line of consideration;on the one hand...,on the other hand...;even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; meanwhile; at the same time;accordingly; In the first place...,in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal. 6比较关系: similarly; in like manner, in comparison with ;when compared with;compared with; when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from (doing...; ... rather than...,by doing so ;both and...; in the same way; not only...but (also. 7比较 (不一样点: yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around; yet; conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to; in contrast (to; by way of;on the contrary;different from this ;as opposed to this; nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while ; but on the other hand. 8举例关系 :for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know; you may as/say; as he explains;like ; such as; a case in point is...; consider...; in particular;including... ; for one thing...,for another...;put it simply ;stated roughly; as an illustration, I willsay...; a good example (of...would be...;to detail this, I would like to... ; Itis interesting to note that...;in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something; as for; as regards; as to; according to; on this occasion. 9重申关系: in fact; especially;particularly; moreover; naturally; what is more important; in reality; certainly; of course; indeed; in particular; not to mention...; believe it or not;undeniably; other thing being equal;it is certain/sure that...;to be strict; to be true; by definition; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(无论如何 ; without reservation(毫无保存地 ; obviously, not only..but(also..., both... and... 10条件关系 : if ;unless; lest;provided that; if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so ;if not all; if anything. 11 概括总结类: in other words;on the whole; in sum; therefore;hence; in short; in brief; to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude; the conclusion can be drawn that...; for this reason; in short. 12地址关系: beyond; opposite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side. 13目的关系: with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; with a view to; for the same reason. 14重申关系: in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again. 15结果关系: accordingly; thus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...; so... as to顺.16序关系: first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时, following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同时 . 17 时间关系: at once; immediately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously.。
英语作文逻辑词大全
英语作文逻辑词大全以下是一些常用的英语逻辑词大全:1. 因果关系:- because(因为)- since(因为)- as a result(结果)- consequently(因此)- therefore(因此)- thus(因此)- hence(因此)- so(所以)2. 条件关系:- if(如果)- unless(除非)- provided that(条件是)- on the condition that(条件是)- in case(万一)- as long as(只要)- so long as(只要)- assuming(假设)3. 比较关系:- similarly(同样地)- likewise(同样地)- in the same way(以相同的方式)- in a similar manner(以类似的方式)- on the other hand(另一方面)- whereas(然而)- while(同时)- unlike(与...不同)4. 强调关系:- especially(尤其)- particularly(特别是)- notably(值得注意的是)- significantly(显著地)- importantly(重要地)- above all(尤其是)- indeed(确实)- in fact(事实上)5. 顺序关系:- firstly(首先)- secondly(其次)- thirdly(第三)- finally(最后)- eventually(最终)- subsequently(随后)- in conclusion(总结起来)- to sum up(总之)6. 解释关系:- in other words(换句话说)- that is to say(也就是说)- to put it simply(简单来说)- for example(例如)- for instance(例如)- such as(例如)- namely(也就是说)- in particular(特别是)。
英语常用17种逻辑关联词及词组
at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once;
7) 对照(不同点):yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither
... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way
;despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but
unless.
4) 并列关系: and; also;too;as well as;either...,or...;both...and...
5) (补充)递进关系: furthermore;moreover;further;In this way ;still; not
only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to);additionally, much more
afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before
this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同时).
you may as/say; as he explains; like; such as; a case in point is...;
英语逻辑关系词
l 转折关系but, however, yet(然而然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually 弱转, conversely l 让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while (虽然、尽管、即使), still (尽管如此)(尽管如此)(尽管如此) l 总分关系(举例&总结)举例:for example 、for instance 、such as 、including 总结:in sum ,in general, overall, to sum up ,on the whole, generally l 因果关系because in that +句子+句子 表原因表原因due to thanks to owing to +名词+名词 表原因表原因since now that ever since +句子+句子 表原因表原因because of on account of in response to +名词+名词+名词 表原因表原因lead to contribute to result in +名词+名词 (前因后果)(前因后果)so that such that in order that +句子+句子 (强调目的、结果的因果) in view of in the light of by virtue of +名词+名词+名词 鉴于、由于鉴于、由于put down to ascribe to attribute to owe to +名词+名词 归因于归因于so thus hence therefore consequently (as a consequence/ as a result) +句子(因此)+句子 (因此)for, as, as a result of, with(由于,由于某种条件或原因的存在出现了某种结果)果)l递进关系递进词:still、also、indeed、furthermore(进一步)、moreover(而且、此强调)、even(甚至、更)、besides(注意区分except), 外)、highlighting(突出、(突出、强调)additionally, in addition, what’s more l条件关系连词:if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when l并列关系并列词:and(和)、as well as(也)、likewise(同样的)、while(与此同时)、similarly(类似地)、or(或者)、simultaneously(同时发生地)、meanwhile(同时 )、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also、more…(同时than (一)写作模板——提纲式作文:1.对立观点式A.有人认为X 是好事,赞成X,为什么?B.有人认为X 是坏事,反对X,为什么?C.我的看法。
英语作文常用逻辑词
一、文章及段落起始的过渡词语1.to begin with——首先2.generally speaking——总体上讲3.first of all——首先4.in the first place——首先二、文章及段落结尾的过渡词语1.in a word——总之2.in brief——简言之三、常见的表示先后次序的过渡词语1.first——第一2.next——下一个3.since then——从那儿以后4.in the end——最后四、常见的表示因果关系的过渡词语1.for this reason——由于这个原因2.as a result——结果3.in this way——这样4.because of——因为五、表示比较和对比的过渡词语different from...和...不同六、表示举例的过渡词语1.for example——举例2.such as——比如七、表示强调的过渡词语1.moreover——而且2.besides——此外3.in fact——实际上4.furthermore——此外5.again——另外,还6.in particular——尤其,特别7.for one thing——一方面for another thing——另一方面8.because——因为1.总之,我希望你能修复你的友谊并且解友情的意义。
All in all,I hope you can repair your friendship and understand the true meaning of friendship.2.因此,我建议你应该放弃那些垃圾食品,尽量吃尽可能多的学校午餐,以便有足够的精力让你专心学习。
Thus,I suggest that you should give up those junk foods and try to eat as much school lunch as possible in order to have enough energy to keep you concentrating on your lessons.3.就我而言,住在中国比在国外要舒服。
(完整版)英语阅读逻辑关系词
英语阅读逻辑关系词1.因果关系过渡词语:…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently2.并列关系过渡词语:and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too3.序列关系过渡词语:first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon4.递进关系过渡词语:accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second plac e…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…5.时间关系过渡词语:afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously;prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then6.转折关系过渡词语:yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of7.条件关系过渡词语:as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless8.重复关系过渡词语:in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above9.比较关系过渡词语:apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; simil arly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact…10.举例关系过渡词语:a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say…11.对比关系过渡词语:after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while12.强调关系过渡词语:definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a ma tter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is13.总结关系过渡词语:accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all。
英语逻辑关系词[整理版]
●转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually弱转, conversely●让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even,despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while(虽然、尽管、即使), still(尽管如此)●总分关系(举例&总结)举例:for example、for instance、such as、including总结:in sum,in general, overall, to sum up,on the whole, generally●因果关系becausein that+句子表原因due tothanks toowing to+名词表原因sincenow thatever since +句子表原因because ofon account ofin response to+名词表原因lead tocontribute toresult in+名词(前因后果)so thatsuch thatin order that+句子(强调目的、结果的因果)in view ofin the light ofby virtue of +名词鉴于、由于put down toascribe toattribute toowe to +名词归因于sothushencethereforeconsequently (as a consequence/ as a result) +句子(因此)for, as, as a result of, with(由于,由于某种条件或原因的存在出现了某种结果)●递进关系递进词:still、also、indeed、furthermore(进一步)、moreover(而且、此外)、highlighting (突出、强调)、even(甚至、更)、besides(注意区分except), additionally, in addition, what’s more●条件关系连词:if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when●并列关系并列词:and(和)、as well as(也)、likewise(同样的)、while(与此同时)、similarly (类似地)、or(或者)、simultaneously(同时发生地)、meanwhile(同时)、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also、more…thangains were substantial.l) A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired.m) The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available.n) The tax only affects people on incomes over $200, 000—in other words, the very rich. o) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.p) Using language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together.q) The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.r) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.s) Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential pro fit will be.t) The problem demands a global solution. To put it another way, local regulations will have very little effect.u) First you need to collect all the information and make detailed notes. Then you can start to act ually write your essay.v) Think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase. w) Gas is a very efficient fuel. And what' s more, it's clean. 3.表示强调above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in particular, most important, obv iously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubta) Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun.b) He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the tim e he got home.c) And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf Association was delighted. d) Books and people certa inly affected him. e) Most of the essays were very good indeed.f) Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf. g) Automobi le prices in particular have fallen in recent months.h) But the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty or whose guilt is widely perceived.i) This is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically for the yo ung.j) Of course there will be some difficult times ahead.k) If a sign were needed that the Internet has become a real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it.l) Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity. m) It w as difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.n) If we truly believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it. o) Undoubtedly , public interest in folk music has declined.p) Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.10.表示顺序and, besides, finally, first, firstly, further, in the first place, last, next, second, secondly, third, thir dly, to begin with, to start with,a) It also assigned staff people to work with individual companies that wanted to launch a progra m.b) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike. c) Y ou need to know what tights you have and how to use them.d) Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she tides horses on Saturdays. e) And finally, I' d like to thank the crew. f) First, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.g) The application of the five stages to the task illustrated would involve, firstly, the definition of the task.h) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad. "i) And there i. s the question of the relevance of the trading of information in the first place. j) Connect the red wires first and the black ones last.k) First you need to select the text you want to move. Next, click on the "Move" command at the top of the screen.l) But, second, in the vast majority of markets, efficient production can be attained with a high de gree of competition.m) The more you practise the better you will become at selecting historical information to suit fir stly your essay and secondly your argument.n) To begin with, much of this new housing is not affordable.o) I' m not going to V egas. To start with, I don' t like gambling, and I also can' t get time off work .3、观点转折,反面论证 4.表示对比或对照by contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, un like, whereas, while, yeta) The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have in creased.b) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.c) American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs.d) Scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the Carib bean is most popul ar in the winter.e) The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents. f) Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.g) It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.h) Nuclear power is relatively cheap. On the other hand, you could argue that it's not safe. i) It i s equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seri ously misled.j) Unlike most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.k) A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $1. 5, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $0. 5 perbowl.l) The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.m) Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor. n) Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day.5.表示比较by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, l ike, likewise, similarlya) After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison. b) By compa rison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.c) Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with a n equally high probability.d) Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important, they do not know how to prevent it.e) an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treatf) Cotton production was on the increase. However, it was still a small industry compared to hem p and canvas production.g) The deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having everything exce pt language experience.h) There is often stronger social control evident in the socialisation of girls in comparison to boys .i) Good management accounts separate the well-organised from the rest but are not vital in the sa me way.j) I don't want him treating me like Jim treated me.k) The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.l) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably. 6.表示让步admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nevertheless, of course, still, truea) The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.b) Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible — after all the library is an attracti ve place, isn't it?c) I realise she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologise all the same.d) We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford t he rent.e) We are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals. f) Clearly, the racial pr oblems in America have no easy answers.g) The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent.h) And it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm. i) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made. j) A false belief may nevertheles s be justified.k) Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting health care, high tech,banking and sports-related industries.8.表示转折although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yeta) Y ou can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure if they're right. b) In the US it is nor mal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain. c) Despite international pressure, progress ha s slowed in the peace talks.d) Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction. e) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.f) This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers. g) In spite of her success, Sp encer continues to get depressed.h) Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor. i) Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government syste m but nevertheless interacts with it.j) Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the grea test of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.k) The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money.l) Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy.m) It presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships betwee n ideas, to aim at synthesis.n) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selecte d.o) The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.p) They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more.4、文章结尾,归纳结论 7.表示结果accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus a) S ome of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them. b) As ma ny as 2, 500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves. c) Most comp uter users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills a re inefficient.d) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.e) In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.f) The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money.g) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove hi m guilty.9.表示结论as has been noted(mentioned,stated),at last,finally,in a word,all in all,in brief, in conclusion, in short,in sum,in summary,to conclude,to sum up,to summarize a)An inhibition,as mentioned above,is rarely used.b)At last, we were able to afford a house.c)We finally found a decent apartment close to campus. d)Pop,in a word,is fascination versus meaning. e)It was,all in all,more like a prison than an office.f)In brief,the President plarts to cut defense spellding and lowet taxes.g)In conclusion,I want to thank all the people who have volunteered their time to our organization.h)In short,the report says that more money should be spent on education. i)In sum,we need to cut costs. j) In summary, do not sell your shares.k) To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for ma ny moons.。
英语逻辑词汇总
英语逻辑词汇总语言学有一个基本的观点,就是英语讲究逻辑,汉语讲究感觉;再有一个说法,叫做英语是形合,汉语是意合。
归结起来就是:英语特别讲究逻辑,而且会有鲜明的形式也就是丰富的词汇来表达各种各样的逻辑关系,而不像汉语一样“运用之妙,存乎一心”。
从实战来看,逻辑词也是必备的词汇。
因为一句中的逻辑关系如果清楚,可以推断词义,诸如“我很丑,可是……”,后面大致可以想见;同理,句子间的逻辑关系明白,可以推断句义。
所以逻辑词,实在是我们的贴心小棉袄。
阅读中见到逻辑中,要感觉如同见到了组织与亲人。
兹总结如下,并对要点略加解说。
基本意义或用法不明者,可查普通词典。
I.时间:since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, simultaneouslyII.列举:对一类事物举出具体的例子。
通常表现为前面是复数或者抽象的概念,后面是这个概念中的一个或几个事物。
firstly, secondly…, finally; next, last;for example/instance, such as;some…others…still others;for one thing, for the other邪说:一、区分for instance/example和such as. 前者往往是举“事”(做什么或谁做什么),后者是举“物”(什么东西);举事往往与前文用逗号分开,甚至另起一句再排阵势;举物则多结合在一起,当然也可分开。
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.31.[A]as to [B]for instance [C]in particular[D]such as题解:前为复数cases案件, 后为单数trial审判, 后者是对前者的列举,是一个名词短语代表的“物”,故选D。
英语常用17种逻辑关联词及词组
1 先后次序关系:at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously; simultaneously; eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;seeing...;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this.2 因果关系:because;because of this;being that;another important factor/reason of... ; since; as; for; in that...; owing to; due to; for the reason that...;in view of; the reason seems to be obvious; there are about... ;for this reason; as a result of this; therefore;...and so...; consequently;as a result; thus; hence;so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence; accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon.3 转折关系:but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that; in spite of that; regardless of; yet...;and yet; but unless.4 并列关系: and; also;too;as well as;either...,or...;both...and...5 (补充递进关系: furthermore;moreover;further;In this way ;still; not only...but also...; not...but...; in addition (to;additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides; as far as... is concerned; moreover;in other words;along this line of consideration;on the one hand...,on the other hand...;even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; meanwhile; at the same time;accordingly; In the first place...,in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal.6 比较关系: similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from (doing...; ... rather than...,by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way; not only...but (also.7 对照(不同点:yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around;yet; conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast (to; by way of;on the contrary;different from this;as opposed to this; nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while;but on the other hand.8 举例关系:for example; for instance; in this case; namely; as you know; you may as/say; as he explains;like; such as; a case in point is...; consider...; in particular;including...;for one thing...,for another...;put it simply;stated roughly; as an illustration, I willsay...; a good example (of...would be...;to detail this,I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something; as for; as regards; as to; according to; on this occasion. 9 强调关系:in fact; especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is more important; in reality; certainly; of course; indeed; in particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably; other thing being equal;it is certain/sure that...;to be strict; to be true;by definition; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(不论怎样; without reservation(毫无保留地; obviously, not only.. but(also..., both... and... 10 条件关系: if;unless; lest;provided that;if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all; if anything. 11 归纳总结类: in other words;on the whole; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude; the conclusion can be drawn that...; for this reason; in short. 12 地点关系:beyond; opposite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side. 13 目的关系:with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; with a view to; for the same reason. 14 重申关系:in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again. 15 结果关系:accordingly; thus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only...but (also...; so... as to. 16 顺序关系:first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时,following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同时.17 时间关系:at once; immediately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously.。
考研英语二完形填空逻辑词
考研英语二完形填空逻辑词
1.转折关系
表示前后两个部分在意思上是相反的。
常见的表示转折关系的词有:but、however、nevertheless、yet等。
例如:He is poor, but he is happy. (他很穷,但他很快乐。
)
2.并列关系
表示前后两个部分在逻辑上相似或相同。
常见的表示并列关系的词有:and、or、as well as等。
例如:He likes music and she likes dancing. (他喜欢音乐,而她喜欢跳舞。
)
3.因果关系
表示一个事件是另一个事件发生的原因或结果。
常见的表示因果关系的词有:because、since、as、for、so等。
例如:He couldn't come because he was ill. (他不能来,因为他病了。
)
4.递进关系
表示一个句子或段落的意义在程度上比另一个句子或段落更进一步。
常见的表示递进关系的词有:in addition、besides、furthermore、moreover等。
例如:She is beautiful, and furthermore, she is intelligent. (她很漂亮,而且她还很有智慧。
)
5.条件关系
表示一个条件或假设下的结果。
常见的表示条件关系的词有:if、unless、whether、providing等。
例如:If you want to succeed, you must work hard. (如果你想成功,你必须努力工作。
)。
归纳总结:考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词
归纳总结:考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词归纳总结:考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词句子构造在英语知识运用中主要表达在句子间的逻辑关系上,考生需要熟知各种常见的逻辑关系词。
这些逻辑关系主要表达在一些连词、副词以及某些介词词组上。
详细可以分为以下几类:表示转折/让步关系:but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, still 表示比拟或比照关系:similarly, in the same way, likewise, whereas, in contrast to, rather than 表示因果关系:because, since, now that, on account of, due to, on the ground of, accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus, hence表示并列关系:and, or表示举例与例证关系:for exle, for instance, specially, such as, as follows表示强调关系:in fact, in particular, particularly, above all, undoubtedly, certainly表示顺承关系:in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise此外,逻辑关系不仅可以成为直接的考察对象,而且还可以利用这些逻辑关系寻找其他题目的解题线索。
让步关系考察举例:例:2023年英语知识运用真题的第7题__7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is…7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that答案为[B] Although分析^p :根据选项可以得知此题是一道逻辑关系题,解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。
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英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its , the disadvantages of … is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Obviously, in every aspect, …This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive. 英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.提出观点:Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ..."Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ..."......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...)."......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare...., such delimma we often meet in daily life...., the story still has a realistic significance.提出原因:There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ...Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:>From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ...In short...在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。
这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言,可能会对你有用。
我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中,常见的使用形式如下:One of the greatest early writers said ..."Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ..."......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...)."......". How often we hear such words like there.Useful quotations逆境by Robert CollierIn every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.努力与成功by Ann LandersOpportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.坚持by Ralph Waldo EmersonNo one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.Confucius 孔子Our greatest glory is not in never falling...but in rising every time we fall.坚持Mother TeresaTo keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.Henry FordNothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.Winston ChurchillNever, never, never, never give up.Albert EinsteinIn uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.努力与成功by CrassusThose who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.Thomas EdisonThere is no substitute for hard work.Leo TolstoiThe strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.Thomas JeffersonI'm a great believer in luck,and I find the harder I work...the more I have of it.Robert CollierSuccess is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.Ray A. CrocLuck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.实际经验与间接经验You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...than by consulting all the maps in the world.动机与结果Vince LombardiWinning isn't everything...but wanting to win is.John F. KennedyWe choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.ThucydidesThe strong do what they will.The weak do what they must.为人态度:John WoodenTalent is God given--Be Humble.Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.Conceit is self given --Be Careful.行动:Theodore RooseveltDo what you can , with what you have , with where you are.Publilius Syrus MaximNo one knows what he can do till he tries.TerenceThere is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly. Thomas FullerA wise man turns chance into good fortune.William HazlittProsperity is a great teacher;adversity is a greater.William PennNo pains, no palm;no thorns, no throne;no gall , no glory;no cross, no crown.Will RogersEven if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there. Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.成功与失败Vince LombardiIt's not whether you get knocked down....It's whether you get up again.Winston ChurchillAn optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.热情(年轻/年老)Ralph Waldo EmersonNothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.信心James AllenThe will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.Samuel JohnsonFew things are impossible to diligence and skill.AugheyLost time is never found again.VoltaireNo problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.NapoleonVictory belongs to the most persevering.细心EuipidesLeave no stone unturned.计划与工作Norman Vincent PealePlan your work for today and every day;then work your plan.Henry FordFailure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again. Thomas EdisonI start where the last man left off.理想与现实What the mind of man can conceive and believe,the mind of a man can achieve.勤奋Benjamin FranklinPlough deep while sluggards sleep.目标Henry David ThoreauIn the lone run men hit only what they aim at.幸运Emily DickinsonLuck is not chance...It's toil...Fortune's expensive smile is earned.勤奋Thomas EdisonGenius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Useful Quotations想象力Albert EinsteinImagination is more important than knowledge.挑战:Walter BegehotThe great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.机会与准备Abraham LincolnI will prepare and some day my chance will come.信心与事实Henry FordWhether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.English ProverbWhere there's a will there's a way.There is no failure excepting no longer trying.Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.能为四六级写作加分的精彩好句一、用于驳性和比较性论文1. In general, I don’t agree with2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water.3. The chief reason why… is that…is no true that…5. It is not true that…6. It can be easily denied than…7. We have no reason to believe tha t…8. What is more serious is that…9. But it is pity that…10. Besides, we should not neglect that…11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…13. Perhaps I was question why…14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but16. What seems to be the trouble is^17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…20. What these people fail to consider is that…21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too.23. The advantages of B are much greater than A.24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.二、用于描写图表和数据1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.7. The total number was lowered by 10%.8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文knows that…can be easily proved that…3. It is true that…4. No one can deny that5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…6. The chief reason is that…7. We must recognize that…8. There is on doubt that…9. I am of the opinion that…10. This can be expressed as follows;11. To take …for an example…12. We have reason to believe that13. Now that we know that…14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…15. The change in …largely results from the fact that16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…17. A number of factors could accoun t for the development in…18. Perhaps the primary reason is…19. It is chiefly responsible of…20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…22. Somebody believe s/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…24. Different people observes it in different ways.四、用于文章的开头1. As the proverb says…2. It goes without saying tan…3. Generally speak ing…4. It is quite clear than because…5. It is often said that …6. Many people often ask such question:“…?”7. More and more people have come to realize…8. There is no doubt that…9. Some people believe that…10. These days we are often old that, but is this really the case?11. One great man said that…12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention.13. In the past several years there has been…14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…15. Currentl y there is a widespread concern that…16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.五、用于文章的结尾1. from this point of view…2. in a word…3. in conclusion…4. on account of this we can find that…5. the result is dependent on…6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:7. thus, this is the reason why we mus t…8. to sum up …9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that…10. It is obvious that…11. There is little doubt that…12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…六、用于论证和说明1. As it is described that…2. It has been illu strated that…3. It provides a good example of…4. We may cite another instance of…5. History man provides us with the examples of…6. A number of further facts may be added…7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard.8. A recent investigation indicate that…9. According to the statistics provided …10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted…11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that…12. All available evidence points to the fact that…13. Examples given leads me to conclude that…14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that…15. The idea may be proved by facts…16. All the facts suggest that…17. No one can deny the fact that…18. We may face the undeniable fact that…●表示比较和对照关系的句型:1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D).2) Just as..., so...3) A and B have sth in common.4) A is similar to B.5) The same is true of,The same can be said of(……也是如此).6) The advantages of A are much greater than B.7) compared with B, A has many advantages.8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...12) What people fail to consider is that...13) It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite another to show that...14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as merits.16) A is superior(inferior) to B.17) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B)19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型:1) this is true that...2) This is true, no doubt, but...3) ...also...4) It is one thing to...; it is another to...●描写图表和数据的句型1) .. . rank first (both) in...2) .. .in proportion to...3) A is by far the largest...4) As many as....5) The number is ...times as much as that of ...6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last year.7) It accounts for 35% of...8) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...9) ...rise rapidly(slowly)10) ...remain level...11) ...reach ...12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand./income./population./prices./production./decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型:1) As can be indicated in the table, ...2) As we could find out later, ...3) As is revealed in the table,...4) As the survey results show,...5) This table provides several important points of comparisonbetween,...6) The two graphs depict the same thing in ...7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, ...9) This chart shows that ...10) As is shown by the graph, ...11) It can be seen from the statistics that ...12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ...●说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...2) We have two good reasons for...3) The reason for ... is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for..., one should be mentioned...5) One may think of the trend as a result of...6) The change in... largely results from the fact that...7) There are several causes for this significant growth in... irst...8) A number of factors could account for the ....9) It is no simple task to give the reason for ...10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.13) The demand has increased.14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up. /boost./are higher.16) Different people look at...in different ways...●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/matter. Some believe that ...; Others argue that... :Still others maintain that2) They are quite different from each other in their opinions.3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to ....4) They think quite differently on this question.5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)英语写作20字诀Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致,关系代词与先行词的一致。