国际商事合同通则 中文翻译版

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国际商事合同通则

国际商事合同通则

国际商事合同通则
合同编号,[合同编号]
1. 合同目的。

本合同旨在规定双方在国际商事活动中的权利和义务,确保交
易的合法性和有效性。

2. 合同主体。

甲方,[甲方名称]
乙方,[乙方名称]
3. 合同内容。

3.1 交易内容,双方确认本合同所涉及的商品/服务及交易细节。

3.2 交付方式,双方确认货物/服务的交付方式和时间。

3.3 价格条款,双方确认货物/服务的价格和支付方式。

3.4 质量标准,双方确认货物/服务的质量标准和验收标准。

3.5 违约责任,双方确认在合同履行过程中的违约责任和补偿方式。

3.6 争议解决,双方确认在发生争议时的解决方式,可以选择仲裁或法院诉讼。

4. 合同有效性。

本合同自双方签字盖章之日起生效,直至合同约定的履行期限结束。

5. 法律适用。

本合同适用[法律适用国家]法律,对于未尽事宜,适用国际商事惯例和通则。

6. 其他条款。

6.1 本合同一式两份,双方各持一份,具有同等法律效力。

6.2 本合同的修改和补充须经双方书面协商一致。

6.3 本合同附件为不可分割的组成部分,与本合同具有同等法
律效力。

甲方(盖章),______________________ 日期,____________。

乙方(盖章),______________________ 日期,____________。

以上为国际商事合同通则范本,如有需要,请根据实际情况进
行修改和补充,以确保合同的合法性和有效性。

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照)

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照)

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照) 《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)第一章总则第1.1条 (缔约自由)第1.2条 (无形式要求第1.3条 (合同的约束性)第1.4条 (强制性规则)第1.5条 (当事人排除或修改通则)第1.6条 (《通则》的解释和补充)第1.7条 (诚实信用和公平交易)第1.8条 (不一致的行为)第1.9条 (惯例和习惯做法)第1.10条 (通知)第1.11条 (定义)第1.12条 (当事人规定的时间的计算)第二章合同的订立与代理权第一节合同的订立第2.1.1条 (订立的形式)第2.1.2条 (要约的定义)第2.1.3条 (要约的撤回)第2.1.4条 (要约的撤销)第2.1.5条 (要约的拒绝)第2.1.6条 (承诺的方式)第2.1.7条 (承诺的时间)第2.1.8条 (规定期限内的承诺)第2.1.9条 (逾期承诺与传递延迟)第2.1.10条 (承诺的撤回)第2.1.11条 (变更的承诺)第2.1.12条 (书面确认)第2.1.13条 (合同的订立基于对特定事项或以特定形式达成的协议) 第2.1.14条 (特意待定的合同条款)第2.1.15条 (恶意谈判)第2.1.16条 (保密义务)第2.1.17条 (合并条款)第2.1.18条 (书面变更条款)第2.1.19条 (按标准条款订立合同)第2.1.20条 (意外条款)第2.1.21条 (标准条款与非标准条款的冲突)第2.1.22条 (格式合同之争)第二节代理人的权限第2.2.1条 (本节的范围)第2.2.2条 (代理权的确定及其范围)第2.2.3条 (显名代理)1第2.2.4条 (隐名代理)第2.2.5条 (代理人无权代理或超越代理权限的代理)第2.2.6条 (代理人无权代理或超越代理权限行为的责任)第2.2.7条 (利益冲突)第2.2.8条 (转委托)第2.2.9条 (追认)第2.2.10条 (代理权限的终止)第三章合同的效力第3.1条 (未涉及的事项)第3.2条 (协议的效力)第3.3条 (自始不能)第3.4条(“错误”的定义)第3.5条 (相关错误)第3.6条 (表述或传达中的错误)第3.7条 (对不履行的救济)第3.8条 (欺诈)第3.9条 (胁迫)第3.10条 (重大失衡)第3.11条 (第三人)第3.12条 (确认)第3.13条 (丧失宣告合同无效的权利) 第3.14条 (宣告合同无效的通知)第3.15条 (时间期限)第3.16条 (部分无效)第3.17条 (宣告合同无效的溯及力) 第3.18条 (损害赔偿)第3.19条 (本章规定的强制性)第3.20条 (单方声明)第四章合同的解释第4.1条 (当事人的意图)第4.2条 (对陈述和其他行为的解释)第4.3条 (相关情况)第4.4条 (依合同或陈述的整体考虑)第4.5条 (给予所有条款以效力)第4.6条 (对条款提议人不利规则)第4.7条 (语言差异)第4.8条 (补充空缺条款)第五章合同的内容第一节合同的内容第5.1.1条 (明示和默示的义务)第5.1.2条 (默示的义务)2第5.1.3条 (当事人之间的合作)第5.1.4条 (获取特定结果的义务和尽最大努力的义务) 第5.1.5条 (确定所涉义务种类)第5.1.6条 (确定履行的质量)第5.1.7条 (价格的确定)第5.1.8条 (未定期限的合同)第5.1.9条 (合意免除)第二节第三人权利第5.2.1条 (有利于第三方的合同)第5.2.2条 (可以确定的第三人)第5.2.3条 (排除和限制条款)第5.2.4条 (抗辩)第5.2.5条 (撤销)第5.2.6条 (弃权)第六章合同的履行第一节一般履行第6.1.1条 (履行时间)第6.1.2条 (一次或分期履行)第6.1.3条 (部分履行)第6.1.4条 (履行顺序)第6.1.5条 (提前履行)第6.1.6条 (履行地)第6.1.7条 (以支票或其他票据付款) 第6.1.8条 (转帐付款)第6.1.9条 (付款货币)第6.1.10条 (未规定货币)第6.1.11条 (履行的费用)第6.1.12条 (指定清偿)第6.1.13条 (非金钱债务的指定清偿) 第6.1.14条 (申请公共许可)第6.1.15条 (申请许可的程序)第6.1.16条 (既未批准又未拒绝许可) 第6.1.17条 (拒绝许可)第二节艰难情形第6.2.1条 (遵守合同)第6.2.2条 (艰难的定义)第6.2.3条 (艰难的效果)第七章不履行第一节总则第7.1.1条 (不履行的定义)第7.1.2条 (另一方当事人的干预)3第7.1.3条 (拒绝履行)第7.1.4条 (不履行方的补救)第7.1.5条 (履行的额外期限)第7.1.6条 (免责条款)第7.1.7条 (不可抗力)第二节要求履行的权利第7.2.1条 (金钱债务的履行)第7.2.2条 (非金钱债务的履行)第7.2.3条 (对瑕疵履行的修补和替代)第7.2.4条 (法庭判决的罚金)第7.2.5条 (救济的变更)第三节合同的终止第7.3.1条 (终止合同的权利)第7.3.2条 (终止通知)第7.3.3条 (预期不履行)第7.3.4条 (如约履行的充分保证)第7.3.5条 (终止合同的一般效果)第7.3.6条 (恢复原状)第四节损害赔偿第7.4.1条 (损害赔偿的权利)第7.4.2条 (完全赔偿)第7.4.3条 (损害的肯定性)第7.4.4条 (损害的可预见性)第7.4.5条 (存在替代交易时损害的证明)第7.4.6条 (依时价确定损害的证明)第7.4.7条 (部分归咎于受损害方当事人的损害) 第7.4.8条 (损害的减轻)第7.4.9条 (未付金钱债务的利息)第7.4.10条 (损害赔偿的利息)第7.4.11条 (金钱赔偿的方式)第7.4.12条 (估算损害赔偿金的货币)第7.4.13条 (对不履行所约定的付款)第八章抵销第8.1条 (抵销的条件)第8.2条 (外国货币的抵销)第8.3条 (以通知方式抵销)第8.4条 (通知的内容)第8.5条 (抵销的效力)第九章权利的转让、义务的转移与合同的转让第一节权利的转让第9.1.1条 (定义)第9.1.2条 (排除适用)第9.1.3条 (非金钱债权的可转让性)4第9.1.4条 (部分转让)第9.1.5条 (未来权利)第9.1.6条 (不经个别指定被转让的权利) 第9.1.7条 (转让人与受让人的协议足够) 第9.1.8条 (债务人的额外费用)第9.1.9条 (不转让条款)第9.1.10条 (对债务人的通知)第9.1.11条 (连续转让)第9.1.12条 (转让的充分证据)第9.1.13条 (抗辩权和抵销权)第9.1.14条 (与被转让权利相关的权利) 第9.1.15条 (转让人的保证)第二节义务的转移第9.2.1条 (转移的方式)第9.2.2条 (排除适用)第9.2.3条 (债权人同意转让的要求)第9.2.4条 (债权人的预先同意)第9.2.5条 (原债务人的义务免除)第9.2.6条 (第三方履行)第9.2.7条 (抗辩和抵销权)第9.2.8条 (与被转移义务相关的权利)第三节合同的转让第9.3.1条 (定义)第9.3.2条 (排除适用)第9.3.3条 (另一方的同意要求)第9.3.4条 (另一方的预先同意)第9.3.5条 (转让人的义务免除)第9.3.6条 (抗辩权与抵销权)第9.3.7条 (随合同转让的权利)第十章时效期间第10.1条 (本章范围)第10.2条 (时效期间)第10.3条 (合同当事方对时效期间的更改)第10.4条 (因承认而使时效期间重新起算)第10.5条 (司法程序引起的时效中止)第10.6条 (仲裁程序引起的中止)第10.7条 (替代性争议解决方式)第10.8条 (不可抗力,死亡或丧失行为能力引起的中止) 第10.9条 (时效期间届满的效力)第10.10条 (时效期问届满后抵销权的行使)第10.11条 (恢复原状)5序言PREAMBLE(通则的目的)(Purpose of the Principles)通则旨在为国际商事合同制定一般规则。

国际商事合同通则双语版

国际商事合同通则双语版

国际商事合同通则双语版甲方:_______________________地址:_______________________联系人:_______________________联系电话:_______________________乙方:_______________________地址:_______________________联系人:_______________________联系电话:_______________________签订日期:_______________________签订地址:_______________________第一条合同目的与范围a. 本合同旨在明确甲方与乙方之间的合作意向,约定双方在特定商业活动中的权利和义务。

b. 本合同适用于双方在商业交易、技术服务、产品供应等方面的合作。

c. 本合同自签订之日起生效,有效期为____年。

第二条合作内容① 产品/服务的具体名称;② 产品/服务的规格、型号;③ 产品/服务的数量;④ 产品/服务的质量标准。

① 乙方应按照约定的时间、地点接收产品/服务;② 乙方应按照约定的价格支付产品/服务费用;③ 乙方应按照约定的质量标准验收产品/服务。

① 甲方应定期向乙方提供产品/服务的相关信息;② 乙方应定期向甲方反馈产品/服务的使用情况和意见;③ 双方应共同协商解决合作过程中出现的问题。

第三条付款方式a. 乙方应在收到产品/服务后____日内向甲方支付款项。

b. 付款方式为:① 银行转账;② 现金支付;③ 其他双方约定的支付方式。

c. 甲方应在收到款项后____日内向乙方开具正规发票。

第四条违约责任a. 任何一方违反本合同约定,应承担相应的违约责任。

b. 违约方应赔偿守约方因此遭受的直接经济损失。

c. 若一方违约导致合同无法履行,守约方有权解除合同。

第五条保密条款a. 双方对本合同内容以及合作过程中知悉的对方商业秘密负有保密义务。

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照)

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照)

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004) 第一章总则第1.1条(缔约自由)第1.2条(无形式要求第1.3条(合同的约束性)第1.4条(强制性规则)第1.5条(当事人排除或修改通则)第1.6条(《通则》的解释和补充)第1.7条(诚实信用和公平交易)第1.8条(不一致的行为)第1.9条(惯例和习惯做法)第1.10条(通知)第1.11条(定义)第1.12条(当事人规定的时间的计算)第二章合同的订立与代理权第一节合同的订立第2.1.1条(订立的形式)第2.1.2条(要约的定义)第2.1.3条(要约的撤回)第2.1.4条(要约的撤销)第2.1.5条(要约的拒绝)第2.1.6条(承诺的方式)第2.1.7条(承诺的时间)第2.1.8条(规定期限内的承诺)第2.1.9条(逾期承诺与传递延迟)第2.1.10条(承诺的撤回)第2.1.11条(变更的承诺)第2.1.12条(书面确认)第2.1.13条(合同的订立基于对特定事项或以特定形式达成的协议)第2.1.14条(特意待定的合同条款)第2.1.15条(恶意谈判)第2.1.16条(保密义务)第2.1.17条(合并条款)第2.1.18条(书面变更条款)第2.1.19条(按标准条款订立合同)第2.1.20条(意外条款)第2.1.21条(标准条款与非标准条款的冲突)第2.1.22条(格式合同之争)第二节代理人的权限第2.2.1条(本节的范围)第2.2.2条(代理权的确定及其范围)第2.2.4条(隐名代理)第2.2.5条(代理人无权代理或超越代理权限的代理)第2.2.6条(代理人无权代理或超越代理权限行为的责任) 第2.2.7条(利益冲突)第2.2.8条(转委托)第2.2.9条(追认)第2.2.10条(代理权限的终止)第三章合同的效力第3.1条(未涉及的事项)第3.2条(协议的效力)第3.3条(自始不能)第3.4条(“错误”的定义)第3.5条(相关错误)第3.6条(表述或传达中的错误)第3.7条(对不履行的救济)第3.8条(欺诈)第3.9条(胁迫)第3.10条(重大失衡)第3.11条(第三人)第3.12条(确认)第3.13条(丧失宣告合同无效的权利)第3.14条(宣告合同无效的通知)第3.15条(时间期限)第3.16条(部分无效)第3.17条(宣告合同无效的溯及力)第3.18条(损害赔偿)第3.19条(本章规定的强制性)第3.20条(单方声明)第四章合同的解释第4.1条(当事人的意图)第4.2条(对陈述和其他行为的解释)第4.3条(相关情况)第4.4条(依合同或陈述的整体考虑)第4.5条(给予所有条款以效力)第4.6条(对条款提议人不利规则)第4.7条(语言差异)第4.8条(补充空缺条款)第五章合同的内容第一节合同的内容第5.1.1条(明示和默示的义务)第5.1.3条(当事人之间的合作)第5.1.4条(获取特定结果的义务和尽最大努力的义务) 第5.1.5条(确定所涉义务种类)第5.1.6条(确定履行的质量)第5.1.7条(价格的确定)第5.1.8条(未定期限的合同)第5.1.9条(合意免除)第二节第三人权利第5.2.1条(有利于第三方的合同)第5.2.2条(可以确定的第三人)第5.2.3条(排除和限制条款)第5.2.4条(抗辩)第5.2.5条(撤销)第5.2.6条(弃权)第六章合同的履行第一节一般履行第6.1.1条(履行时间)第6.1.2条(一次或分期履行)第6.1.3条(部分履行)第6.1.4条(履行顺序)第6.1.5条(提前履行)第6.1.6条(履行地)第6.1.7条(以支票或其他票据付款)第6.1.8条(转帐付款)第6.1.9条(付款货币)第6.1.10条(未规定货币)第6.1.11条(履行的费用)第6.1.12条(指定清偿)第6.1.13条(非金钱债务的指定清偿)第6.1.14条(申请公共许可)第6.1.15条(申请许可的程序)第6.1.16条(既未批准又未拒绝许可)第6.1.17条(拒绝许可)第二节艰难情形第6.2.1条(遵守合同)第6.2.2条(艰难的定义)第6.2.3条(艰难的效果)第七章不履行第一节总则第7.1.1条(不履行的定义)第7.1.4条(不履行方的补救)第7.1.5条(履行的额外期限)第7.1.6条(免责条款)第7.1.7条(不可抗力)第二节要求履行的权利第7.2.1条(金钱债务的履行)第7.2.2条(非金钱债务的履行)第7.2.3条(对瑕疵履行的修补和替代)第7.2.4条(法庭判决的罚金)第7.2.5条(救济的变更)第三节合同的终止第7.3.1条(终止合同的权利)第7.3.2条(终止通知)第7.3.3条(预期不履行)第7.3.4条(如约履行的充分保证)第7.3.5条(终止合同的一般效果)第7.3.6条(恢复原状)第四节损害赔偿第7.4.1条(损害赔偿的权利)第7.4.2条(完全赔偿)第7.4.3条(损害的肯定性)第7.4.4条(损害的可预见性)第7.4.5条(存在替代交易时损害的证明)第7.4.6条(依时价确定损害的证明)第7.4.7条(部分归咎于受损害方当事人的损害) 第7.4.8条(损害的减轻)第7.4.9条(未付金钱债务的利息)第7.4.10条(损害赔偿的利息)第7.4.11条(金钱赔偿的方式)第7.4.12条(估算损害赔偿金的货币)第7.4.13条(对不履行所约定的付款)第八章抵销第8.1条(抵销的条件)第8.2条(外国货币的抵销)第8.3条(以通知方式抵销)第8.4条(通知的内容)第8.5条(抵销的效力)第九章权利的转让、义务的转移与合同的转让第一节权利的转让第9.1.1条(定义)第9.1.2条(排除适用)第9.1.5条(未来权利)第9.1.6条(不经个别指定被转让的权利)第9.1.7条(转让人与受让人的协议足够)第9.1.8条(债务人的额外费用)第9.1.9条(不转让条款)第9.1.10条(对债务人的通知)第9.1.11条(连续转让)第9.1.12条(转让的充分证据)第9.1.13条(抗辩权和抵销权)第9.1.14条(与被转让权利相关的权利)第9.1.15条(转让人的保证)第二节义务的转移第9.2.1条(转移的方式)第9.2.2条(排除适用)第9.2.3条(债权人同意转让的要求)第9.2.4条(债权人的预先同意)第9.2.5条(原债务人的义务免除)第9.2.6条(第三方履行)第9.2.7条(抗辩和抵销权)第9.2.8条(与被转移义务相关的权利)第三节合同的转让第9.3.1条(定义)第9.3.2条(排除适用)第9.3.3条(另一方的同意要求)第9.3.4条(另一方的预先同意)第9.3.5条(转让人的义务免除)第9.3.6条(抗辩权与抵销权)第9.3.7条(随合同转让的权利)第十章时效期间第10.1条(本章范围)第10.2条(时效期间)第10.3条(合同当事方对时效期间的更改)第10.4条(因承认而使时效期间重新起算)第10.5条(司法程序引起的时效中止)第10.6条(仲裁程序引起的中止)第10.7条(替代性争议解决方式)第10.8条(不可抗力,死亡或丧失行为能力引起的中止)第10.9条(时效期间届满的效力)第10.10条(时效期问届满后抵销权的行使)第10.11条(恢复原状)序言PREAMBLE(通则的目的)(Purpose of the Principles)通则旨在为国际商事合同制定一般规则。

国际商事合同通则名词解释

国际商事合同通则名词解释

国际商事合同通则名词解释国际商事合同通则,这听起来有点高大上,可实际上呢,就像是做生意的一本通用宝典。

咱们先说说啥叫国际商事合同。

你想啊,就好比你在国内做小买卖,你得跟人家签个合同,规定好谁干啥,啥时候给钱,给多少之类的事儿。

那国际商事合同呢,就是不同国家的人或者企业做买卖的时候签的合同。

这里面事儿可就复杂多啦,不同国家有不同的法律、文化、习惯,就像不同地方的人吃饭口味不一样似的。

有的国家觉得合同就得写得超级详细,一丝一毫都不能差;有的国家可能相对宽松一点。

这时候国际商事合同通则就像一个调和剂,让大家在这个大框架下达成共识。

那这个通则到底包含些啥呢?它里面有好多关于合同从订立到履行,再到可能出现问题怎么解决的规则。

比如说合同怎么才算成立。

这就好比两个人谈恋爱,什么时候算是正式在一起了呢?是表白了就算,还是得双方家长都同意才行?在国际商事合同里也是,得满足一定的条件才能说这个合同成立了。

也许是一方发出了要约,另一方明确接受了这个要约,这就有点像一个人求婚,另一个人说我愿意,这合同就算初步成立了。

再讲讲合同的履行吧。

这就像一场接力赛,各方都有自己的任务。

如果一方没有按照约定去做,那就像是接力赛里有人突然掉棒了。

那怎么办呢?国际商事合同通则就给出了一些办法,比如另一方可以要求他继续履行,就像让掉棒的人赶紧把棒捡起来接着跑。

或者可以要求赔偿损失,这就好比因为他掉棒影响了整个比赛成绩,得让他给点补偿。

还有合同的解释。

有时候合同里的话可能有点含糊不清,就像猜谜语一样让人摸不着头脑。

这时候国际商事合同通则就会提供一些原则来解释这些话。

比如说按照通常的理解,按照合同的目的来理解等等。

这就好比你看一幅画,可能画家画得比较抽象,但你可以根据这幅画的名字、画家一贯的风格来猜出他想表达啥。

对于合同的变更和转让,通则也有规定。

就好像你租了一间房子,后来你想把这个租约转给别人,这可不是你想转就能转的,得按照一定的规则来。

国际商事合同通则就是告诉大家在国际商业活动里,这些变更和转让该遵循什么样的规则。

2024年国际商业交易标准中英文协议文档版

2024年国际商业交易标准中英文协议文档版

20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方:XXX乙方:XXX2024年国际商业交易标准中英文协议文档版本合同目录一览第一条协议范围与定义1.1 范围1.2 定义第二条合同主体2.1 主体资格2.2 主体权利与义务第三条交易内容3.1 商品或服务描述3.2 数量与质量3.3 价格与支付方式第四条交付与运输4.1 交付方式4.2 运输条款4.3 风险转移时间第五条检验与验收5.1 检验标准5.2 验收程序第六条违约责任6.1 违约行为6.2 违约责任计算6.3 违约解决方式第七条争议解决7.1 争议解决方式7.2 仲裁地点与机构7.3 适用法律第八条合同的生效、变更与终止8.1 生效条件8.2 合同变更8.3 合同终止第九条保密条款9.1 保密信息范围9.2 保密义务与期限第十条不可抗力10.1 不可抗力事件10.2 不可抗力后果第十一条法律适用与争议解决11.1 法律适用11.2 争议解决第十二条合同的附件12.1 附件清单12.2 附件的有效性第十三条合同的签署与副本13.1 签署方式13.2 合同副本数量第十四条其他条款14.1 附加条款14.2 附录第一部分:合同如下:第一条协议范围与定义1.1 范围本协议是双方就商品或服务的交易达成的明确约定,包括但不限于订单履行、交付、支付、质量保证等所有相关事宜。

1.2 定义(a) "甲方"指合同中买方的实体或个人。

(b) "乙方"指合同中卖方的实体或个人。

(c) "商品"指甲方购买的乙方所提供的具体物品。

(d) "服务"指乙方提供的与商品相关的任何服务。

(e) "交付"指乙方将商品或服务的控制权移交给甲方。

(f) "生效日期"指本协议被双方签署的日期。

第二条合同主体2.1 主体资格甲方应具备合法的购买和消费商品或服务的权利和能力;乙方应具备合法生产和销售商品或提供服务的权利和能力。

2024版简述国际商事合同通则。

2024版简述国际商事合同通则。

2024版简述国际商事合同通则。

合同编号:__________甲方:名称:__________地址:__________法定代表人:__________联系电话:__________电子邮箱:__________乙方:名称:__________地址:__________法定代表人:__________联系电话:__________电子邮箱:__________鉴于:2. 乙方愿意接受甲方提供的服务/商品,并支付相应的价款;3. 双方同意按照公平、公正、诚实信用的原则,通过友好协商解决双方在合同履行过程中发生的争议。

双方为确保双方的合法权益,经充分协商,达成如下协议:第一条服务/商品1.1 甲方同意向乙方提供如下服务/商品:(详细描述服务/商品内容、质量、数量等)1.2 乙方同意接受甲方提供的服务/商品,并按照本合同约定支付价款。

第二条价款及支付方式2.1 本合同的服务/商品价款为人民币(大写):__________元整(小写):__________元。

2.2 乙方在本合同签订后______天内,向甲方支付50%的预付款,剩余款项在服务/商品交付后______天内支付。

2.3 乙方支付价款时,应提供等额的发票。

第三条履行期限3.1 甲方应在______年______月______日前完成服务/商品的提供。

3.2 乙方应在服务/商品交付后______天内进行验收,并将验收结果通知甲方。

第四条质量保证4.1 甲方保证提供的服务/商品符合双方约定的质量标准。

4.2 如乙方在验收过程中发现服务/商品存在质量问题,甲方应在接到乙方通知后______天内予以解决。

第五条保密条款5.1 双方在合同履行过程中所获悉的对方商业秘密、技术秘密、市场信息等,应予以严格保密。

5.2 保密期限自本合同签订之日起算,至合同终止或履行完毕之日止。

第六条违约责任6.1 任何一方违反本合同的约定,导致合同无法履行或造成对方损失的,应承担违约责任,向对方支付违约金,违约金为本合同价款的______%。

国际贸易和国际商事合同通则2024年通用-

国际贸易和国际商事合同通则2024年通用-

编号:__________国际贸易和国际商事合同通则2024年通用-甲方:___________________乙方:___________________签订日期:_____年_____月_____日国际贸易和国际商事合同通则2024年通用合同目录第一章:定义与解释1.1 合同术语1.2 合同的构成要素1.3 合同的生效条件第二章:国际贸易术语解释通则20242.1 国际贸易术语的适用范围2.2 术语的含义与解释2.3 术语的应用与变更第三章:合同的订立3.1 订立合同的方式3.2 订立合同的主体资格3.3 合同内容的确定与变更第四章:合同的履行4.1 履行合同的时间与地点4.2 履行合同的方式与程序4.3 不履行合同的责任第五章:合同的变更与解除5.1 合同变更的条件与程序5.2 合同解除的条件与程序5.3 合同变更与解除的法律后果第六章:违约责任6.1 违约行为的认定6.2 违约责任的形式与计算6.3 违约责任的免除第七章:争议解决7.1 争议解决的途径7.2 国际商事仲裁7.3 诉讼程序第八章:合同的终止8.1 合同终止的原因8.2 合同终止的程序与效力8.3 合同终止后的权利与义务第九章:合同的转让9.1 合同转让的条件与程序9.2 合同转让的法律后果9.3 合同转让的限制第十章:知识产权保护10.1 知识产权的界定与保护10.2 知识产权侵权的责任10.3 知识产权的归属与使用第十一章:保密义务11.1 保密信息的界定与范围11.2 保密义务的履行与期限11.3 违反保密义务的法律后果第十二章:国际货物运输与保险12.1 国际货物运输的方式与程序12.2 货物运输合同的规定12.3 国际货物保险的种类与理赔第十三章:税收与关税13.1 税收政策的适用与计算13.2 关税的计算与缴纳13.3 税收与关税的争议解决第十四章:其他事项14.1 合同的书面形式与签字14.2 适用法律与司法管辖14.3 合同的附件与补充协议合同编号_________第一章:定义与解释1.1 合同术语1.1.1 本合同指国际贸易和国际商事合同通则2024年通用。

国际商事合同通则名词解释

国际商事合同通则名词解释

国际商事合同通则名词解释国际商事合同通则,这听起来是不是有点高大上呢?其实啊,它就像是商业世界里的一本通用指南。

咱打个比方吧,假如商业活动是一场大型的多人游戏,那国际商事合同通则就是这个游戏的基本规则手册。

各个国家的企业、商人就像是游戏里的玩家,大家来自不同的地方,有着不同的玩法习惯。

这时候,这个通则就站出来说,咱们得有个统一的玩法这样大家才能玩得公平、顺利。

这个通则涵盖了好多方面的内容呢。

比如说合同的订立,这就像是两个人要搭伙做生意,先得商量好怎么合作吧。

这其中就包括要约和承诺这些事儿。

要约就好比一个人对另一个人说:“嘿,我有个好点子,咱们这么这么干吧,你要是同意,咱们就开始。

”这就是一个初步的提议。

而承诺呢,就是另一个人回答:“行嘞,就这么办!”这一答应,合同的订立就有点眉目了。

再说说合同的解释吧。

有时候合同里写的东西就像一团乱麻,大家理解起来可能会有偏差。

这时候通则就像一把梳子,把那些弯弯绕绕的条款梳理清楚。

它会告诉大家,这个条款应该这么理解,那个条款不能那么解释。

这就避免了大家因为理解不同而吵得不可开交。

还有合同的履行这一重要环节。

企业之间签了合同,那就得按照合同办事啊,就像我们答应别人的事情就得做到一样。

通则规定了在履行过程中双方该承担的义务、该享有的权利。

如果一方没有好好履行,那就像一个接力比赛里掉棒的选手,是要承担责任的。

这责任可能是赔偿损失,也可能是采取补救措施之类的。

你可能会问,为啥要有这么个通则呢?这就好比不同的火车要在同一条铁轨上跑,如果没有统一的信号系统(也就是这个通则),那不就乱套了吗?各个国家的商业法律体系就像不同款式的火车头,有的力量大一点,有的速度快一点,但是大家都得遵循这个统一的信号系统,这样才能保证全球商业列车的顺利运行。

在国际贸易中,这个通则的作用更是不可小觑。

不同国家的企业进行交易,就像来自不同星球的生物要合作一样。

大家的文化、法律背景差异巨大。

要是没有这个通则,就像两个人说话没有共同的语言,全靠猜,那得多麻烦啊。

PICC 2010 2010版国际商事合同通则

PICC 2010 2010版国际商事合同通则

UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONALCOMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2010P REAMBLE(Purpose of the Principles)These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governedby them.(*)They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed bygeneral principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern theircontract.They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.C HAPTER 1—G ENERAL P ROVISIONSA RTICLE 1.1(Freedom of contract)The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.A RTICLE 1.2(No form required)Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be madein or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, includingwitnesses.A RTICLE 1.3(Binding character of contract)A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified orterminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided inthese Principles.A RTICLE 1.4(Mandatory rules)Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whetherof national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordancewith the relevant rules of private international law.(*) Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles mightuse the following words, adding anydesired exceptions or modifications:“This contract shall be governed by the U NIDROIT Principles (2010) [except asto Articles …]”.Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particularjurisdiction might use the following words:“This contract shall be governed by the U NIDROIT Principles (2010) [except asto Articles…], supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X]”.1U NIDROIT Principles2A RTICLE 1.5(Exclusion or modification by the parties)The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or varythe effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.A RTICLE 1.6(Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles)(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.A RTICLE 1.7(Good faith and fair dealing)(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.A RTICLE 1.8(Inconsistent behaviour)A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.A RTICLE 1.9(Usages and practices)(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.A RTICLE 1.10(Notice)(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.(3) For the purpose of paragraph (2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.(4) For the purpose of this Article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.A RTICLE 1.11(Definitions)In these Principles– “court” includes an arbitral tribunal;– where a party has more than one place of business the relevant “place of business” is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;– “obligor” refers to the party who is to perform an obligation and “obligee” refers to the party who is entitled to performance of that obligation.– “writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained therein and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.A RTICLE 1.12(Computation of time set by parties)(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.C HAPTER 2—F ORMATION AND A UTHORITY OF A GENTSS ECTION 1:F ORMATIONA RTICLE 2.1.1(Manner of formation)A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.A RTICLE 2.1.2(Definition of offer)A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.A RTICLE 2.1.3(Withdrawal of offer)(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.A RTICLE 2.1.4(Revocation of offer)(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.A RTICLE 2.1.5(Rejection of offer)An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.A RTICLE 2.1.6(Mode of acceptance)(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.3U NIDROIT Principles4 (3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the partieshave established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.A RTICLE 2.1.7(Time of acceptance)An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.A RTICLE 2.1.8(Acceptance within a fixed period of time)A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.A RTICLE 2.1.9(Late acceptance. Delay in transmission)(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.A RTICLE 2.1.10(Withdrawal of acceptance)An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.A RTICLE 2.1.11(Modified acceptance)(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-of-fer.(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.A RTICLE 2.1.12(Writings in confirmation)If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.A RTICLE 2.1.13(Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific mattersor in a particular form)Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.A RTICLE 2.1.14(Contract with terms deliberately left open)(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently(a) the parties reach no agreement on the term; or(b) the third person does not determine the term,provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.A RTICLE 2.1.15(Negotiations in bad faith)(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.A RTICLE 2.1.16(Duty of confidentiality)Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.A RTICLE 2.1.17(Merger clauses)A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.A RTICLE 2.1.18(Modification in a particular form)A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.A RTICLE 2.1.19(Contracting under standard terms)(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.5U NIDROIT Principles6 (2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general andrepeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.A RTICLE 2.1.20(Surprising terms)(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.A RTICLE 2.1.21(Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms) In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.A RTICLE 2.1.22(Battle of forms)Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.S ECTION 2:A UTHORITY OF A GENTSA RTICLE 2.2.1(Scope of the Section)(1) This Section governs the authority of a person (“the agent”) to affect the legal relations of another person (“the principal”) by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.A RTICLE 2.2.2(Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent)(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.A RTICLE 2.2.3(Agency disclosed)(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.A RTICLE 2.2.4(Agency undisclosed)(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.A RTICLE 2.2.5(Agent acting without or exceeding its authority)(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.A RTICLE 2.2.6(Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority)(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.A RTICLE 2.2.7(Conflict of interests)(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.2.9 and 3.2.11 to 3.2.15.(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.A RTICLE 2.2.8(Sub-agency)An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.A RTICLE 2.2.9(Ratification)(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.7U NIDROIT Principles8 (3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to haveknown of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.A RTICLE 2.2.10(Termination of authority)(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.C HAPTER 3—V ALIDITYS ECTION 1:G ENERAL P ROVISIONSA RTICLE 3.1.1(Matters not covered)This Chapter does not deal with lack of capacity.A RTICLE 3.1.2(Validity of mere agreement)A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.A RTICLE 3.1.3(Initial impossibility)(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.A RTICLE 3.1.4(Mandatory character of the provisions)The provisions on fraud, threat, gross disparity and illegality contained in this Chapter are mandatory.S ECTION 2:G ROUNDS FOR A VOIDANCEA RTICLE 3.2.1(Definition of mistake)Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.A RTICLE 3.2.2(Relevant mistake)(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was as-sumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.A RTICLE 3.2.3(Error in expression or transmission)An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.A RTICLE 3.2.4(Remedies for non-performance)A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.A RTICLE 3.2.5(Fraud)A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.A RTICLE 3.2.6(Threat)A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.A RTICLE 3.2.7(Gross disparity)(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. Article 3.2.10(2) applies accordingly.9U NIDROIT Principles10A RTICLE 3.2.8(Third persons)(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or isknown or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.A RTICLE 3.2.9(Confirmation)If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.A RTICLE 3.2.10(Loss of right to avoid)(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.A RTICLE 3.2.11(Notice of avoidance)The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.A RTICLE 3.2.12(Time limits)(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.2.7, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.A RTICLE 3.2.13(Partial avoidance)Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.A RTICLE 3.2.14(Retroactive effect of avoidance)Avoidance takes effect retroactively.A RTICLE 3.2.15(Restitution)(1) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract, or the part of it avoided, provided that the party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract, or the part of it avoided.(2) If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate, an allowance has to be made in money whenever reasonable.(3) The recipient of the performance does not have to make an allowance in money if the impossibility to make restitution in kind is attributable to the other party.(4) Compensation may be claimed for expenses reasonably required to preserve or maintain the performance received.A RTICLE 3.2.16(Damages)Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.A RTICLE 3.2.17(Unilateral declarations)The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any commu-nication of intention addressed by one party to the other.S ECTION 3:I LLEGALITYA RTICLE 3.3.1(Contracts infringing mandatory rules)(1) Where a contract infringes a mandatory rule, whether of national, international or supranational origin, applicable under Article 1.4 of these Principles, the effects of that infringement upon the contract are the effects, if any, expressly prescribed by that mandatory rule.(2) Where the mandatory rule does not expressly prescribe the effects of an infringement upon a contract, the parties have the right to exercise such remedies under the contract as in the circumstances are reasonable.(3) In determining what is reasonable regard is to be had in particular to:(a) the purpose of the rule which has been infringed;(b) the category of persons for whose protection the rule exists;(c) any sanction that may be imposed under the rule infringed;(d) the seriousness of the infringement;(e) whether one or both parties knew or ought to have known of the infringement;(f) whether the performance of the contract necessitates the infringement; and(g) the parties’ reasonable expectations.A RTICLE 3.3.2(Restitution)(1) Where there has been performance under a contract infringing a mandatory rule under Article 3.3.1, restitution may be granted where this would be reasonable in the circumstances.(2) In determining what is reasonable, regard is to be had, with the appropriate adaptations, to the criteria referred to in Article 3.3.1(3).(3) If restitution is granted, the rules set out in Article 3.2.15 apply with appropriate adaptations.11。

PICC 2010 2010版国际商事合同通则

PICC 2010 2010版国际商事合同通则

UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONALCOMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2010P REAMBLE(Purpose of the Principles)These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governedby them.(*)They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed bygeneral principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern theircontract.They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.C HAPTER 1—G ENERAL P ROVISIONSA RTICLE 1.1(Freedom of contract)The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.A RTICLE 1.2(No form required)Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be madein or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, includingwitnesses.A RTICLE 1.3(Binding character of contract)A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified orterminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided inthese Principles.A RTICLE 1.4(Mandatory rules)Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whetherof national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordancewith the relevant rules of private international law.(*) Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles mightuse the following words, adding anydesired exceptions or modifications:“This contract shall be governed by the U NIDROIT Principles (2010) [except asto Articles …]”.Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particularjurisdiction might use the following words:“This contract shall be governed by the U NIDROIT Principles (2010) [except asto Articles…], supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X]”.1U NIDROIT Principles2A RTICLE 1.5(Exclusion or modification by the parties)The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or varythe effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.A RTICLE 1.6(Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles)(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.A RTICLE 1.7(Good faith and fair dealing)(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.A RTICLE 1.8(Inconsistent behaviour)A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.A RTICLE 1.9(Usages and practices)(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.A RTICLE 1.10(Notice)(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.(3) For the purpose of paragraph (2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.(4) For the purpose of this Article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.A RTICLE 1.11(Definitions)In these Principles– “court” includes an arbitral tribunal;– where a party has more than one place of business the relevant “place of business” is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;– “obligor” refers to the party who is to perform an obligation and “obligee” refers to the party who is entitled to performance of that obligation.– “writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained therein and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.A RTICLE 1.12(Computation of time set by parties)(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.C HAPTER 2—F ORMATION AND A UTHORITY OF A GENTSS ECTION 1:F ORMATIONA RTICLE 2.1.1(Manner of formation)A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.A RTICLE 2.1.2(Definition of offer)A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.A RTICLE 2.1.3(Withdrawal of offer)(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.A RTICLE 2.1.4(Revocation of offer)(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.A RTICLE 2.1.5(Rejection of offer)An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.A RTICLE 2.1.6(Mode of acceptance)(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.3U NIDROIT Principles4 (3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the partieshave established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.A RTICLE 2.1.7(Time of acceptance)An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.A RTICLE 2.1.8(Acceptance within a fixed period of time)A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.A RTICLE 2.1.9(Late acceptance. Delay in transmission)(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.A RTICLE 2.1.10(Withdrawal of acceptance)An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.A RTICLE 2.1.11(Modified acceptance)(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-of-fer.(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.A RTICLE 2.1.12(Writings in confirmation)If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.A RTICLE 2.1.13(Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific mattersor in a particular form)Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.A RTICLE 2.1.14(Contract with terms deliberately left open)(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently(a) the parties reach no agreement on the term; or(b) the third person does not determine the term,provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.A RTICLE 2.1.15(Negotiations in bad faith)(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.A RTICLE 2.1.16(Duty of confidentiality)Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.A RTICLE 2.1.17(Merger clauses)A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.A RTICLE 2.1.18(Modification in a particular form)A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.A RTICLE 2.1.19(Contracting under standard terms)(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.5U NIDROIT Principles6 (2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general andrepeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.A RTICLE 2.1.20(Surprising terms)(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.A RTICLE 2.1.21(Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms) In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.A RTICLE 2.1.22(Battle of forms)Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.S ECTION 2:A UTHORITY OF A GENTSA RTICLE 2.2.1(Scope of the Section)(1) This Section governs the authority of a person (“the agent”) to affect the legal relations of another person (“the principal”) by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.A RTICLE 2.2.2(Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent)(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.A RTICLE 2.2.3(Agency disclosed)(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.。

国际商事合同通则 (1)

国际商事合同通则 (1)

《国际商事合同通则》(Principles of International Commercial C o n t r a c t s,简称P I C C)第一章总则第条(本通则的目的及范围)本通则规定国际商事合同的一般规则。

第条(本通则的适用)(1)双方当事人约定其合同由本通则管辖时,应当适用本通则。

(2)以下情况可以适用本通则:(a)双方当事人约定其合同由“法律的一般原则”,“商人法”(“lexmercatoria”)或类似法律管辖;或(b)双方当事人未选择任何法律管辖其合同。

(3)当适用法对发生的问题不能提供解决问题的有关规则时,本通则可以提供解决问题的方法。

(4)本通则可用于解释或补充国际统一法的文件。

第条(缔约自由)双方当事人自由订立合同及确定合同内容。

第条(合同的约束性)有效订立的合同对双方当事人有约束力。

当事人仅能根据或通过协议或本通则另有规定修改或终止合同。

第条(强制性规则)本通则的任何规定不得限制依据国际私法的有关规则适用的强制性规则的适用,不论这种强制性规则是国内的、国际的或是超国家的。

第条(当事人排除或修改本通则)除本通则另有规定外,双方当事人可以排除适用本通则,或部分排除或修改本通则任何条款的效力。

第条(本通则的解释及补充)(1)在解释本通则时,应考虑其国际特性及其目的,包括促进其统一适用的。

(2)凡属本通则范围内但通则未明确规定的问题,尽可能根据本通则依据的思想来解决。

第条(诚信和)(1)任何一方当事人应当根据国际贸易中的善意和公平交易原则行事。

(2)双方当事人不得排除或限制该义务。

第条(惯例和习惯做法)(1)双方当事人已同意的任何惯例及双方之间确立的任何习惯做法对双方当事人均有约束力。

(2)在国际贸易中为有关特定贸易的当事人广泛知悉并为其惯常遵守的惯例对双方当事人有约束力,除非该惯例的适用不合理。

第条(通知)(1)凡需要通知时,通知可以适合于该情况的任何方式发出。

(2)通知于到达被通知人时生效。

国际商事合同通则的内容

国际商事合同通则的内容

国际商事合同通则的内容
1. 报价和订单。

双方应在订立合同前就报价、订单详细规定及修改等有关事宜建立良好的沟通渠道,以达成交易意向并最终形成合同。

2. 付款形式。

合同一方应按照另一方此前约定的付款形式进行支付,以补偿运输、仓储、保险及其他费用等。

3. 交付和接收条款。

合同一方应及时交付、接收双方确认的物质和服务,以协调双方利益。

4. 技术交流、咨询等。

在合同期内,双方应保证技术交流、咨询及其他技术支持服务的及时到达。

5. 争端解决机制。

对于双方发生的任何争端,应按照由双方商定的程序和方式协商解决,避免纠纷的发生。

6. 保密条款。

双方应尊重彼此的商业秘密,并且不得将有关信息透露给第三方。

7. 违约责任。

当双方未能按照合同一致经营时,双方均需要承担相应的违约责任,尊重对方合法利益,及时处理交易纠纷。

第五章 国际商事合同通则

第五章 国际商事合同通则
通则可以对公约起到补充或解释的作用。通则的很 多内容都吸收了公约的规定。
1、可以用于解释或补充国际统一法律文件;
2、可以用于解释或补充国内法
三、通则的意义 1、开创了用非法律的方法统一法律的方式,引入 了除了国际商事条约和国际商事惯例之外又一种国 际商法的渊源。 2、从根本上改变了商人法零散、不成体系的状态。 3、通则未来有可能从整体上构成国际商事惯例。
四、通则与联合国国际货物买卖合同公约的联系与区 别
区别:
1、性质不同。公约是国际条约,是严格的国际商法 的渊源;而通则并不是国际条约,从整体上也不构成 国际商事惯例(不排除通则中的某些条款构成国际商 事惯例)。 2、范围不同。公约适用范围狭窄,仅适用国际货物 买卖合同,而其不适用于合同的所有方面;而通则则 是统一适用于所有国际商事合同,范围极大。
联系:
第五章 国际统一私法协会国际商事 合同通则
一、通则的产生 用非法律的方法统一法)通则作为国际商事合同的准据法
1、当事人同意合同受通则管辖时;
2、当事人同意合同受一般法律原则、商人法(或者 类似措施)时; 3、当事人没有选择合同所适用的法律时。
(三)通则作为解释或补充国际统一法律文件和国 内法工具之功能

国际贸易和《国际商事合同通则》(2024精)

国际贸易和《国际商事合同通则》(2024精)

国际贸易和《国际商事合同通则》引言国际贸易是各国之间进行商品和服务交换的活动。

为了规范国际贸易活动,保护各方的权益,国家间普遍采用国际商事合同来约束双方的行为。

《国际商事合同通则》是一项重要的国际公约,旨在统一各国在国际商事合同中的适用法律和解决争端的方式。

什么是国际商事合同国际商事合同是指涉及国际贸易的合同,其中至少一方的经营场所在国外。

这些合同涉及跨境交易,因此需要在合同中明确规定各方的权利和义务,以及解决争端的方式。

国际商事合同可以包括国际货物销售合同、国际服务合同、国际技术转让合同等。

国际商事合同通则的作用《国际商事合同通则》是由联合国国际贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL )制定的。

该通则的主要目的是促进国际贸易的发展,增强各国之间的经济合作和互信。

它为国际商事合同的订立、履行和解决争端提供了一套统一的规则,为各方提供了更加稳定和可靠的合同环境。

主要内容1. 合同的订立通则明确了合同的要件和主要的合同订立原则。

它规定了成文形式的要求、缔约意愿的表达和接受、条款的有效性和可撤销性等。

2. 合同的履行通则明确了各方在合同履行过程中的权利和义务。

它规定了交付、支付、完成工作等方面的具体要求,以确保合同条款的有效执行和实施。

3. 合同的解释和解释通则规定了合同条款的解释和解释方法。

它在合同模糊或存在争议时提供了解决方案,并明确了相关的法律原则和解释规则。

4. 合同的争端解决通则强调了合同争议解决的重要性。

它提供了多种解决争端的方式,包括诉讼、仲裁和调停等。

通过统一的解决争端机制,通则为各方提供了更加高效和公正的争端解决方法。

通则的意义和影响1. 统一法律通则为国际贸易提供了一套统一的法律规则。

各方在国际商事合同中可以依据通则来确定适用的法律,减少了法律差异对合同的影响。

2. 降低风险通则明确了合同的要件和主要原则,有助于各方理解和遵守合同规定。

这减少了合同履行过程中的不确定性和风险。

3. 促进贸易发展通则为国际贸易提供了更加稳定和可靠的合同环境。

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《国际商事合同通则》国际统一私法协会第一章总则第二章合同的订立第三章合同的效力第四章合同的解释第五章合同的履行第一节一般履行第二节艰难条款第六章合同的不履行第一节总则第二节履行合同的权利第三节合同的终止第四节损害赔偿和免责条款第一章总则第1.1条(本通则的目的及范围)本通则规定国际商事合同的一般规则。

第1.2条(本通则的适用)(1)双方当事人约定其合同由本通则管辖时,应当适用本通则。

(2)以下情况可以适用本通则:(a)双方当事人约定其合同由“法律的一般原则”,“商人法”(“lexmercatoria”)或类似法律管辖;或(b)双方当事人未选择任何法律管辖其合同。

(3)当适用法对发生的问题不能提供解决问题的有关规则时,本通则可以提供解决问题的方法。

(4)本通则可用于解释或补充国际统一法的文件。

第1.3条(缔约自由)双方当事人自由订立合同及确定合同内容。

第1.4条(合同的约束性)有效订立的合同对双方当事人有约束力。

当事人仅能根据合同条款或通过协议或本通则另有规定修改或终止合同。

第1.5条(强制性规则)本通则的任何规定不得限制依据国际私法的有关规则适用的强制性规则的适用,不论这种强制性规则是国内的、国际的或是超国家的。

第1.6条(当事人排除或修改本通则)除本通则另有规定外,双方当事人可以排除适用本通则,或部分排除或修改本通则任何条款的效力。

第1.7条(本通则的解释及补充)(1)在解释本通则时,应考虑其国际特性及其目的,包括促进其统一适用的需要。

(2)凡属本通则范围内但通则未明确规定的问题,尽可能根据本通则依据的思想来解决。

第1.8条(诚信和公平交易)(1)任何一方当事人应当根据国际贸易中的善意和公平交易原则行事。

(2)双方当事人不得排除或限制该义务。

第1.9条(惯例和习惯做法)(1)双方当事人已同意的任何惯例及双方之间确立的任何习惯做法对双方当事人均有约束力。

(2)在国际贸易中为有关特定贸易的当事人广泛知悉并为其惯常遵守的惯例对双方当事人有约束力,除非该惯例的适用不合理。

第1.10条(通知)(1)凡需要通知时,通知可以适合于该情况的任何方式发出。

(2)通知于到达被通知人时生效。

(3)如第(2)款的目的,通知于口头发给被通知人或寄给被通知人的营业地或通讯地址时,“到达”被通知人。

(4)为本条的目的,“通知”包括声明、要求、请求或任何其它意图的告知。

第1.11条(定义)在本通则中,-“法院”包括仲裁庭;-“营业地”:在当事人有一个以上的营业地时,营业地是指与合同及其履行有最密切联系的营业地,(在确定该营业地时)应考虑合同订立之前或订立时双方当事人知道或考虑到的情况。

第二章合同的订立第2.1条(要约的定义)订立合同的建议如果十分确定并且表明要约人在得到承诺时承受约束的意旨,即构成要约。

第2.2条(要约的撤回)(1)要约于送达受约人时生效。

(2)一项要约,即使是不可撤销的,得予撤回,如果撤回通知于要约送达受约人之前或同时送达受约人。

第2.3条(要约的撤销)(1)在未订立合同之前,要约得予撤销,如果撤销通知于受约人发出接受通知之前送达受约人。

(2)但在下列情况下,要约不得撤销。

(a)要约写明接受要约的期限或以其他方式表明要约是不可撤销的;或(b)受约人有理由信赖该项要约是不可撤销的,而且受约人已本着对该项要约的信赖行事。

第2.4条(要约的拒绝)一项要约,于拒绝通知送达要约人时终止。

第2.5条(承诺的方式)(1)受约人声明或以其他行为表示同意一项要约,即是承诺。

缄默或不行为本身不等于承诺。

(2)接受要约于表示同意的通知送达要约人时生效。

(3)但是,如果根据要约或者依照当事人之间确立的习惯做法或惯例,受约人可做出某种行为来表示同意,而无须向要约人发出通知,则承诺于该项行为做出时生效。

第2.6条(承诺的时间)对要约必须在要约人规定的时间内承诺;如果未规定时间,在一段合理时间内,应适当考虑到交易的情况,包括要约人所使用的通讯方法的迅速程度。

对口头要约必须立即承诺,但情况有别者不在此限。

第2.7条(在规定的时间内承诺)(1)要约人在电报或信件内规定的承诺期间,从电报交发时刻或信上载明的发信日期起算,如信上未载明发信日期,则从信封上所载日期起算。

要约人以快速通讯方法规定的承诺期间,从要约送达受约人时起算。

(2)在计算承诺期间时,承诺期间内的正式假日或非营业日应计算在内。

但是,如果承诺通知在承诺期间的最后一天未能送到要约人地址,因为该日在要约人营业地是正式假日或非营业日,则承诺期间应顺延至下一个营业日。

第2.8条(逾期承诺、传递迟延)(1)逾期承诺仍有承诺的效力,如果要约人毫不迟延地口头或书面将此种意见通知受约人,(2)如果载有逾期承诺的信件或其他书面文件表明,它是在传递正常时能及时送达要约人的情况下寄发的,则该逾期承诺具有承诺的效力,除非要约人毫不迟延地口头或书面通知受约人:他认为其要约已经失效。

第2.9条(承诺的撤回)承诺得予撤回,如果撤回通知于承诺原应生效之前或同时,送达要约人。

第2.10条(更改要约的承诺)(1)对要约表示承诺但载有添加、限制或其他更改的答复,即为拒绝该要约,并构成反要约。

(2)但是,对要约表示承诺但载有添加或不同条件的答复,如所载的添加或不同条件在实质上并不变更该项要约的条件,除要约人在没有不当迟延的期间内以口头或书面通知对有出入之处表示异议外,仍构成承诺。

如果要约人不做出这种异议,合同的条件就以该项要约的条件以及承诺通知内所载的更改为准。

第2.11条(书面确认)如在订立合同后的一段合理时间内发出的确认合同的书面文件载有添加或不同条件,除非所载的添加或不同条件在实质上更改了合同,或者收受人在没有不当迟延的期间内,以口头或书面通知对有出入之处表示异议外,构成合同的部分。

第2.12条(合同的订立须根据特定事项或特定形式达成的协议)在谈判过程中,凡一方当事人坚持须根据特定事项或特定的形式达成的协议订立合同,则在该事项或该形式达成协议前,合同没有订立。

第2.13条(条款待定的合同)(1)如果双方当事人意欲订立合同,而特意将一项条件留待进一步谈判商定或由第三人确定,不妨碍合同的成立。

(2)合同的成立并不受下列情况的影响:(a)双方当事人未就该条件达成协议,或(b)第三人未确定该条件,但另有替代方式可提供在所有情况下均为合理的确切条件,包括双方当事人的任何意图,不在此限。

第2.14条(以非诚信进行谈判)(1)当事人谈判自由,达不成协议不承担责任。

(2)但是,以非诚信进行谈判或以非诚信突然中断谈判的一方当事人应对给另一方当事人造成的损失承担责任。

(3)如一方当事人不打算同另一方当事人达成协议而仍开始或继续谈判的,即为以非诚信进行谈判。

第2.15条(保密的义务)在谈判过程中,一方当事人提供了应保密的信息,另一方当事人有义务不泄露或不得为自己的目的不适当地使用该信息,不论其后合同是否订立。

如果适当,违反本条的救济可包括根据另一方当事人所获利益来给予赔偿。

第2.16条(合同的形式)(1)本通则不要求合同须以书面订立或以书面证明。

合同可以包括人证在内的任何形式证明。

(2)书面合同如有条款表明其文字已完全包含了当事人所同意的条件,不得以先前的声明或协议来与之冲突或对之进行补充。

但此声明或协议可用来解释合同文字。

(3)书面合同如有条款规定双方必须以书面形式协议修改或终止合同,不得以其它方式协议修改或终止合同。

但是,一方当事人的行为,如已使另一方当事人寄以信赖,该当事人不得坚持此项规定。

第2.17条(根据标准条款订立合同)(1)凡一方或双方当事人使用标准条款订立合同,依本章18条至20条的规定,适用订立合同的一般规则。

(2)标准条款指事先订立的为一方当事人通常、重复使用的条款,并且该条款无须同另一方当事人谈判而实际使用。

第2.18条(合同形式的争议)如果双方当事人均使用标准条款,并就标准条款以外事项达成协议,合同应根据商定的条款和实质上共同的标准条款订立,除非一方当事人事先明确表示或事后没有不当迟延地通知另一方当事人,他不愿受此合同的约束。

第2.19条(意外条款)若标准条款的内容、语言或表述具有另一方当事人不能合理预见的特点,则不具有效力,除非另一方当事人明示地表示接受。

第2.20条(标准条款和非标准条款的冲突)如果标准条款和非标准条款发生冲突,以非标准条款为准。

第三章合同的效力第3.1条(协议的效力)如无任何进一步要求,合同可仅由双方的协议订立、修改或终止。

第3.2条(错误的定义)对有关合同订立时已存在的事实或法律的不正确假设即为错误。

第3.3条(相关错误)(1)一方当事人可宣布合同因错误无效,如果订立合同时错误如此重大,一个处于相同情况下的通情达理的人若了解事实真相后只会就实质不同的条款订立合同或根本不会订立合同,并且:(a)另一方当事人制造此错误或导致此错误,或知道或理应知道该错误,而使误解方一直处于错误状态是有悖于公平交易的合理商业标准。

或(b)另一方当事人在宣告合同无效时没有本着对合同的信赖行事。

(2)但是,一方当事人不可宣告合同无效,如果(c)该当事人由于重大疏忽而犯此错误,或(d)错误与某事实相联,而关于该事实发生错误的风险已被设想到,或考虑到所有相关情况,应由误解方承担。

第3.4条(表述或转达错误)在表述或转达声明时发生的错误视为发出声明人的错误。

第3.5条(对不履行的救济)若一方当事人所依赖行事的情况为不履行合同提供或已能提供救济措施,该当事人无权宣告合同因错误无效。

第3.6条(欺诈)一方当事人可宣布合同无效,若他订立合同是由于另一方当事人的欺诈性陈述导致,包括语言、做法或对依据公平交易的合理商业标准他应予披露的事项的欺诈性隐瞒。

第3.7条(胁迫)一方当事人可宣布合同无效,若其订立合同是因另一方当事人不正当的胁迫,且在适当考虑到各种情况后,胁迫已急迫、严重到足以使其无其他合理选择。

特别地,如使承诺人受到威胁的行为或不作为本身是非法的,或以此来获取承诺是非法的,则为不正当的胁迫。

第3.8条(重大悬殊)(1)如在订立合同时合同或个别条款不合理地使另一方当事人过分有利,一方当事可宣告该合同或个别条款无效。

在此,其中应考虑到:(a)另一方当事人不公平地利用了宣告合同无效一方当事人的依赖、经济困境或迫切需要,或缺乏远见、无知、无经验或缺乏谈判技巧的事实,以及(b)合同的商业环境和合同的目的。

(2)经有权宣告合同无效一方当事人的请求,法院可修改该合同或条款以使其符合公平交易的合理商业标准。

(3)经收到宣告合同无效通知的一方当事人的请求,法院也可以如前款所述修改合同或条款,条件是该方当事人在收到通知后,依赖该通知行事以前及时告知发送通知一方当事人。

本章第12条(2)款的规定相应适用。

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