小说的叙述视角

小说，主要是叙述，就有一个选择和确定讲述角度的问题。所以，所谓叙述 角度，就是故事是由谁讲的，故事里发生的事是谁亲眼看到的，或者是谁想 的。这些因素结合叙述者有限或全知的视角，他的情感包含其中，形成叙述 视角。最常用的叙事视角在小说写作中包括第三人称有限,第三人称全知,第二 和第一人称。
classification
第一人称叙述的作品中，叙述者是故事中的一个角色，第一人称的叙述直接 传达叙述者内心深处未言说的想法。通常情况下，叙述者是主角，其内心的 想法表达给观众/读者，即使没有任何的其他角色，这个角色也可以通过个人 叙事风格得到进一步的发展。这种叙述角度有两个特点：首先，这个人物作 为叙述者兼角色，他不仅可以参与事件过程，又可以离开作品环境而向读者 进行描述和评价。存在叙述的主观性，但也正因为如此才会产生身临其境般 的逼真感觉。
The third-person modes are usually categorized 分类along two axes. The first is the subjectivity/objectivity axis, with "subjective" narration describing one or more character's feelings and thoughts, and "objective" narration not describing the feelings or thoughts of any characters. The second axis is the omniscient/limited axis, a distinction that refers to the knowledge available to the narrator. An omniscient narrator has knowledge of all times, people, places, and events, including all characters' thoughts; a limited narrator, in contrast, may know absolutely everything about a single character and every piece of knowledge in that character's mind, but the narrator's knowledge is "limited" to that character—that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character.
Alternating person
While the general rule is for novels to adopt a single approach to point of view throughout the novel's entirety, it is not mandatory必须的 to conform to this rule. Many stories, especially in literature, alternate between the third person limited and third person omniscient. In this case, an author will move back and forth 向外between a more omniscient third-person narrator to a more personal third-person limited narrator.
第三人称模式通常是沿着两个轴分类。一个是主观性和客观性轴,“主观” 叙事描述一个或多个角色的情感和思想,“客观”的叙述没有描述任何角 色的感受或想法。二是全知的和有限的轴,区别叙述者认识视角。一个全 知的叙述者了解所有的角色,地点和事件,甚至角色的思想;有限的叙述者, 相比之下,可能知道关于一个角色和这个角色一切的知识和想法,但叙述者 的认知局限于这个角色,叙述者不能叙述焦点角色认知外的事物。
Narrative Perspective
叙述视角
CONTENTS
What is a narrative perspective?
The classification of narrative perspective Practice
Definition
Narrative perspective refers to a set of features determining the way a story is told and what is told. It includes the person who is telling the story, or the narrator, as well as the character from whose point of view the story is told, or the focalizer聚焦设备. These factors, combined with a narrator's limited or omniscient 全 知的perspective, his reliability and emotional involvement, form the narrative perspective.The most commonly used narrative perspectives used in fiction writing include third person limited, third person omniscient, second person and first person.
second-person narrative
The second-person narrative mode, in which the narrator refers to him- or herself as 'you' in a way that suggests alienation from the events described, or emotional/ironic distance, it's a rare point of view narrators utilize 应用is the second person. It is a variation变动 of the internal narrator and focalizer perspective, only this time the narrator or focalizer does not use first person, but second person, as if he was talking to himself. For example, a narrator can say, "You woke up and felt dizzy. You drank some water and read the newspaper, before realizing you are in a stranger's house." The narrator remains emotionally involved, while his perspective is still limited to the character's awareness.
变换人称和视角的叙述，总起来说就是四种情形：第一人 称叙述、第二人称叙述、第三人称叙述 以及视角交换。
first-person. second-person third-person Alternating-person
first-person narrative
In a first-person narrative, the story is revealed through a narrator who is also a character within the story, so that the narrator reveals the plot by referring to this viewpoint character with forms of "I" or, when plural复数, "we". Often, the first-person narrative is used as a way to directly convey the deeply internal, otherwise unspoken thoughts of the narrator. Frequently, the narrator is the protagonist, whose inner thoughts are expressed to the audience/reader, even if not to any of the other characters. This character can be further developed through individual narrative st （limited or omniscient）
Third-person narration provides the greatest flexibility to the author and thus is the most commonly used narrative mode in literature. In the third-person narrative mode, each and every character is referred to by the narrator as "he", "she", "it", or "they", but never as "I" or "we" (first-person), or "you" (second-person). In third-person narrative, it is clear that the narrator is an unspecified entity or uninvolved person who conveys the story and is not a character of any kind within the story. 第三人称叙述为作者提供了最大的灵活性,因此在文学中是最常用的叙事 模式。在第三人称叙述模式中,每一个人物被指代为“他”,“她”、 “它”,或“他们”,但从来没有“我”或“我们”(第一人称),或者 “你”(第二人称)做指代。很明显,在第三人称叙事中,叙述者是一个未指 明的实体或局外人,而不是任何一个故事中的角色。