高中英语外刊--语法填空46篇(学生版)-尖子生必备

Language often seems so skillfully...
Language often seems so skillfully (1) （draft) that one can hardly imagine it as anything (2) （此题2空）the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations (构造) of mouth----p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh, a,e and so on---- (3) (amount) to nothing more than a few haphazard(随意的) spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, and (4) ( let) it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing (5) these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to (6) ( unravel) the fundamental order of the universe. (7) ( extraordinary) thing about language, however, is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody----from pre-modern foragers(搜寻食物的人) in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl---- (8) ( tie) these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers (9) ( stop) and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must (10) ( go) into making it tick. Language conceals art.
Changxing Island
What is the closest island to Shanghai? If you answer “ Chongming Island”, then you are wrong. It should be Changxing Island, (1) is located between Congming Island and Pudong New District. As to administration(行政管理), it (2) （belong）to Baoshan District. With a large area of forests and fresh air, this island enjoys reputations of “Clean Island” and “Longevity Island”. Its unique natural environment and rich natural resources make Changxing Island’s tourism industry fully (3) （develop）.
There are many places of interest there, such as Shanghai Orange Grove, Mongolian Village Race Track, Hanging Beads Park (Chuizhu Y uan), Shanghai Stunt Center, Xianfeng Resort, and etc. Travelers can take bus No.5, 51, 116, 522, 728, 848 and 849 to Wusong dock (4) you can take a ship to Changxing Island. Travelers can also take Shenchong (Line 2) Shuttle Bus, (5) o perating hour is from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. to Changxing Island. If travelers prefer to
reach the island with their own cars, ferries which can carry cars should be a great choice. Changxing Island, also known as “the Hometown of Oranges” is a great place for vacation. Once you and your family members or friends reach the island, you can drive to the Orange Grove Resort to enjoy (6) The oranges grown in the grove looks bright and smooth, and they are very juicy and sweet. Once in late autumn season, golden oranges hanging on the branches look very tempting. The thousand acres of oranges there (7) give a total production of 1.75 million kilograms annually. Another place famous for oranges is Shanghai Orangerie Resort located in Qianwei Farm, in the central part of Changxing Island. (8) the 1980s, the Orange Art Festival has been held on this farm each autumn, attracting tens of thousands of admiring visitors.
(9) being the famous “orange town”, Changxing Island is a great place for visitors to enjoy rafting or going to the riverside to enjoy the wonderful scene written in a poem by Wang Bo, (10) famous poet in Tang Dynasty.
Hot Drinks Linked to Cancer
Next time you make yourself a hot cup of tea or coffee, you might want to let it cool down a bit before drinking. Researchers say letting your hot drinks cool off (1) help you avoid some kinds of cancer. In fact, the United Nations' cancer research agency decided (2) （list) hot drinks with lead, gasoline and exhaust fumes as "possibly carcinogenic." In other words, each one could cause cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization (WHO). The IARC published the findings in the medical journal Lancet Oncology. Researchers at IARC found evidence that drinks at temperatures above 65 degrees Celsius, when (3) (swallow), can cause cancer of the esophagus.
The researchers examined findings from other studies (4) t ea and coffee were often served at 70 degrees Celsius or above. Those studies were completed in Iran, China and South America. In developed countries, health experts (5) (link) esophageal cancer to smoking and alcoholic drinks in many studies. However, this form of cancer is (6) ( common) in areas where people drink beverages at very high temperatures.
In Europe and the United States, many people drink coffee and tea at temperatures around 60 degrees Celsius. And they often add milk which lowers the temperature considerably. (7) tea-drinkers in Iran and maté-drinkers in South America often enjoy their beverages at closer to 70 degrees Celsius. Maté is a tea-like brew made by (8) (steep) the leaves of the yerba mate plant in near-boiling water.
The researchers note that South Americans not only drink their maté very hot, they also drink it through a metal straw. This sends the scalding liquid directly (9) the throat. The findings, however, are good news for coffee drinkers.
In 1991, the World Health Organization listed coffee as "possibly carcinogenic." WHO officials have since changed their position on that listing. They now suggest that the temperature of your hot drink is a greater risk factor than the actual drink itself.
Christopher Wild is the director of the IARC. When he spoke with the AFP news agency, he said the results "suggest that drinking very hot beverages is one probable cause of esophageal cancer and that it is the temperature, (10) (此题2空) the drinks themselves, that appears to be responsible." The National Coffee Association called the change "great news for coffee drinkers." But how common is esophageal cancer? Worldwide, it is the eighth most common cancer. Cancer of the esophagus killed about 400,000 people in 2012.
McDonald’s Szechuan Sauce Will Return This Winter
Late Sunday, McDonald’s released a statement promising to bring back the limited-edition sauce again at a date to be determined.“Yesterday, we were truly surprised at the (1) （amaze）curiosity and passion that the community showed to welcome back Szechuan Sauce, (2) （此题两空）it was just for one day.” the company said in a statement. “And our super-limited batch(批次), though well-intentioned, clearly was far from enough (3) (meet) customers’ demands.” (4) （announce）that it was going to “make this right”, McDonald’s promised that this dipping sauce would return in a great quantity in the near future. “We’re bringing more, a lot more, (5) （此题两空）Szechuan Sauce(四川辣酱)will be available to any fan at a nearby McDonald’s,” the company said.McDonald’s Szechuan sauce, (6) was a limited edition condiment tied to the release of Disney’s famous cartoon Mulan in 1998, has seen its profile rise thanks to Rick & Morty, a cartoon sci-fi sitcoms(情景剧) made by The Adult Swim series (7) the main character complaint about the unavailability of Szechuan Sauce. That led (8) McDonald’s later promise to bring back this weekend. The only problem was (9) demand exceeded(超过)supply, which made many Rick & Morty fans angry.“I personally thought it was a sauce that was trying too hard in a world where with McNuggets sauce you just want something to taste like honey or like a BBQ sauce,” co-creator Dan Harmon told about the sauce. “It was (10) sauce that was trying to prove it was different and it tasted much better than an ordinary sauce should be.”
Overweight Asian-Americans Seen More American
What does an American look like? Nearly 1,300 Americans, mostly college students, were asked that question for a recent study in Psychological Science. They were shown pictures of people and asked by University of Washington researchers who looked American to them. (1) Over-weight Asian-Americans were more likely to be seen as Americans than normal weight Asian-Americans, the researchers said. Researchers who worked on the study believe this all fits into common stereotypes. (2) And one common stereotype is that Asians are thin and most Americans are heavy, the researchers said. Sapna Cheryan is a co-author of the study. She also teaches psychology at the University of Washington. She said the findings show an unusual benefit for overweight Asian-Americans. She noted that overweight people often face discrimination. But Cheryan said that being overweight makes Asian-Americans seen more American. That makes them less likely to face discrimination directed at those believed to be foreign, she said. Cheryan said her interest in ethnic and racial stereotypes goes back to her youth in Urbana, Illinois. She is Indian-American and remembers people would praise her mother because she "spoke English so well." It was as if they did not expect a woman who appeared to come from a foreign country to speak English, she said. Cheryan also remembers worrying when friends would come over to her house. She was embarrassed that her family served Indian food. The food seemed "different" compared to American favorites such as pizza and Doritos.The research on how people see Asian-Americans is a follow-up of her 2011 research. It found Asian-Americans were three times as likely to order American food after being asked if they spoke English than if they had not been asked that question. " (3) " Cheryan said. This is not always a good thing for Asian-Americans. She notes that traditional American food often contains more calories and fat than many Asian dishes.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 34.5 percent of white Americans are considered obese, or very overweight. For Asian-Americans, the percentage is 11.7 percent. For African-Americans, the percentage of obesity is 48 percent and for Latino Americans, the percentage is 42.5 percent. The new University of Washington study showed people photos of people from different racial and ethnic groups to see if weight influenced their opinions. Among the questions asked: "How likely is this person to have been born outside the U.S? Another, "How likely is it that this person's native language is English?"Weight did make a difference in how people decided whether Asian-Americans were Americans. Those questioned by the University of Washington researchers also looked at pictures of Latinos, whites and African-Americans.
(4) This supported their opinion that people believed to be from foreign countries where people are believed to be mostly thin are considered more likely to be American if they are overweight.The researchers noted that many Americans believe Latinos are overweight. As a result, overweight Latinos are not seen as more likely to be Americans -- as was the case with Asian-
Americans.
A. A stereotype is a belief, often untrue, that many have about a group of people
B. The suggestion is that maybe people avoid foods that are stereotypical of their ethnic group so that they would fit in better
C. The researchers found that weight did not influence whether they saw whites, African-Americans and Latinos as being Americans
D. The most surprising answer was how people saw Asian-Americans
E. Most Asian-Americans answer the question without hesitation
F. Some stereotypes derive from discrimination against certain group
Running in Cold Weather Improves Performance
Cold weather during winter months may keep many people from leaving home and running in the open air. However, a new study shows that the drop in temperature is a good reason to run. In fact, researchers say, running in cold weather helps improve one's performance.Many people say running in the winter can be difficult. Two reasons are the low temperatures and bitter winds. Yet many runners might find it easier than running in hot weather. That could be (1) lower temperature reduce stress on the body. When you run in cold weather, your heart rate and the body's dehydration levels are lower than in warmer conditions. The body needs less water on a cold day than in warm weather.This information comes from sports scientists at St. Mary's University in London. John Brewer is a professor of (2) (apply) sport science at St. Mary's. For this study, he and other researchers put a group of people into a room they called an "environmental chamber." The researchers then recreated summer and winter weather conditions in the room. The test subjects (3) （ask) to run 10,000 meters under both conditions. Brewer says he and his team recorded biological measurements of the runners. "We've got a group of subjects into the environmental chamber, we've changed the conditions (4) （replicate) the summer or winter and we've got them to run a 10k under both of those conditions and taken various measurements on each runner whilst they've been completing their 10k."Brewer says every movement runners make produces heat. He explains that one way in which we lose heat is by sweating. "That heat builds up in the body and can be really damaging (5) you can lose that heat. One of the mechanisms by which we lose heat is through sweating, but we also lose heat by transporting the blood to the surface of the skin (6) it can lose heat out into the external environment. Now, that puts more strain on the heart, particularly in hot conditions because it's much harder to lose heat when the external environment is warm as well."And that increased strain, adds Brewer, can be considerable. Running in higher temperatures results in faster heart rates."We found, for example, that heart rates were about 6 percent higher in the hotter conditions.
We found that the runners dehydrated by around 30, 38 percent more in (7) hotter conditions. And they found it about 30 percent easier -- the test of their thermal regulation, how they felt, (and) their perception of heat -- was around a third lower when they were running in cold conditions."The body does not have to work as hard to pump blood to the skin's surface. Brewer says that means running in cooler temperatures requires less energy. He adds that serious runners could cut valuable seconds (8) their personal best times by choosing to run in the winter."If you look at top-level sports, if you look at the likes of Mo Farah running 10Ks and winning world and Olympic championships; the difference between success and failure is seconds, and it's certainly not minutes. We can be very confident that in cooler conditions you can certainly slice a decent percentage of time off your personal best."Several websites note that (9) (important) thing for people who run in cold conditions is to wear the right clothing. Keeping as dry as possible is the key issue when exercising in low temperatures. Wear mittens on your hands (10)（此题2空)gloves. Wear shoes that will keep you from falling. And especially, wear more than one layer of clothing to keep sweat away from your skin. So, if you are a runner, don't let winter weather keep you indoors. Simply get ready for the low temperatures and start running.
Fruits, Vegetables Can Lower Blood Pressure
We may not need another study telling us that fruits and vegetables are good for our bodies. But research and studies can help us to understand how foods affect our bodies in good ways and bad.Researchers at the University of Southern California's Keck School have found (1) great reason to eat more fruits and vegetables. They say that potassium-rich foods like sweet potatoes, avocados, spinach and bananas could help to lower your blood pressure. High blood pressure, (2) hypertension, is an international problem. Experts at the World Health Organization say more than one billion people suffer from high blood pressure. The condition causes 51 percent of deaths (3) stroke and 45 percent of deaths due to heart disease. Health officials in the U.S. say heart disease and stroke together kill more Americans each year than any other cause. Years of research (4) (link) sodium, or salt,intaketo increased blood pressure. So, officials advise people to use salt in moderation. Experts at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say Americans get most of their sodium -- about 75 % -- from processed foods and eating at restaurants.This is a good reason to eat fresh food (5) (prepare) at home. Alicia McDonough is a professor of cell andneurobiologyat the Keck School of Medicine. She led this recent study. McDonough says that eating less sodium is a well-known way to lower blood pressure. But she also says evidence suggests that eating more potassium may have an equally important effect on hypertension.For her research, she examined studies that looked at
the link between potassium and sodium.McDonough found that people who ate more potassium generally had lower blood pressure unconnected to how much sodium they ate. Her research suggests that the body does creates a balance, using sodium to control potassium levels in the blood. "When dietary potassium is high," she says, "kidneysexcretemore salt and water, (6) increases potassium excretion." This process cleans the kidneys. She explains that as humans evolved, they ate a diet rich in potassium, but low in sodium. This has lead us tocravesodium, not potassium." (7) you eat a typical Western diet," she says, "your sodiumintakeis high and your potassium intake is low." She adds that this greatly "increases your chances of (8) (develop) high blood pressure."McDonough published her study in the April 2017 issue of theAmerican Journal ofPhysiology-EndocrinologyandMetabolism. Health experts at the CDC agree that "eating enough potassium each day can help balance out some of the harmful effects that high sodium intake can have on blood pressure." (9) they also say that eating less sodium is important as well. On its website, the CDC lists these fruits and vegetables -- and other foods -- as being good sources of potassium. But how much potassium should we eat each day? A 2004 study by the Institute of Medicine shows adults (10) eat about 4.7 grams of potassium a day to lower blood pressure. McDonough says eating about 60 grams of beans would provide 50 percent of that.
What you can learn from Einstein’s quirky habits
Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful impact on our brains. Many of the world’s most brilliant scientific minds were also fantastically weird. From Pythagoras’ outright ban on beans to Benjamin Franklin’s naked ‘air baths’, the path to greatness is paved with some truly peculiar habits. But what if these are more than superficial facts? Scientists are increasingly realizing that intelligence is less about sheer genetic luck than we tend to think. According to the (1) (late) review of the evidence, around 40% of what distinguishes the brainiacs from the blockheads in adulthood is environmental. Like it or not, our daily habits have a powerful impact on our brains, shaping their structure and changing the way we think.Of all history’s great minds, arguably the master of combining genius with unusual habits was Albert Einstein – so what better person to study for clues to mind – enhancing behaviors to try ourselves? He taught us how to squeeze energy out of atoms, so maybe, just maybe, he might be able to teach us a thing or two about how to squeeze the most out of our tiny mortal brains. Could there be any benefits in (2)（follow) Einstein’s sleep, diet, and even fashion choices?
GOOD SLEEP
It’s common knowledge that sleep is good for your brain – and Einstein took this advice (3)
（seriously) than most. He reportedly slept for at least 10 hours per day – nearly one and a half times as much as the average American today (6.8 hours). But can you really slumber your way to a sharper mind? The author John Steinbeck once said: “It is a common experience that a problem difficult at night is resolved in the morning (4) the committee of sleep has worked on it.” Many of the most radical breakthroughs in human history, including the periodic table, the structure of DNA and Einstein’s theory of special relativity, have supposedly occurred while their discoverer was unconscious. The latter came to Einstein while he was dreaming about cows being electrocuted. But is this really true?
DAIL Y WALK
Besides, Einstein’s daily walk was sacred to him. While he was working at Princeton University, New Jersey, he’d walk the mile and a half journey there and back. He followed in the footsteps of (5) diligent walkers, including Darwin who went for three 45minute walks every day. These constitutionals weren’t just for fitness – there’s mountains of evidence that walking (6) boost memory, creativity and problem-solving.
EATING SPAGHETTI
So what do geniuses eat? Alas, it’s not clear what fuelled Einstein’s extraordinary mind,(7) the internet somewhat dubiously claims it was spaghetti. He did once joke that his favorite things about Italy were “spaghetti and [mathematician] Levi-Civita”, so we’ll go with that.It’s well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the body’s energy though it only accounts for 2% of its weight. Just like the rest of the body, the brain prefers to snack on simple sugars, such as glucose, which (8) (break) down from carbohydrates. Sugars can give the brain a valuable boost, but unfortunately this doesn’t mean binging on spaghetti is a good idea. SMOKING A PIPE
Today, the many health risks of smoking are widely known, so this is not a habit that it would be wise to follow. But Einstein was a (9) (harden) pipe smoker, known as much around campus for the cloud of smoke which followed him as for his theories. He famously loved to smoke, believing it “contributes to a somewhat calm and objective judgment in all human affairs.” He’d even pick cigarette butts off the street and stuff the remaining tobacco into his pipe.
NO SOCKS
No list of Einstein’s eccentricities would be complete (10) a mention of his passionate aversion to socks. “When I was young,” he wrote in a letter to his cousin – and later, wife – Elsa, “I found out that the big toe always ends up making a hole in a sock. So I stopped wearing socks.”
Zimbabwe's “Friendship Bench” a Possible Model for Mental Health Treatment
Health workers in Zimbabwe are helping people with mental health problems through a new program. Experts say the treatment could serve as a model for other countries in Africa. Doctors estimate that about one quarter of Zimbabweans suffer (1) depression or anxiety. But there are only 12 psychiatrists in the country of 14 million people. Psychiatrists are doctors who treat mental or emotional problems.The University of Zimbabwe, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and King's College London worked together (2) (create) a new kind of treatment. Dr. Victoria Simms works at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. "We can't possibly go the route of training psychiatrists and psychologists (3) it would take 15 years. How are we going to provide treatment?" So, doctors created a simple but effective program. They placed wooden seats – which they call "Friendship Benches" -- outside several health clinics in the city of Harare. Dr. Simms says people (4) the chance to meet on the benches for six sessions with health workers. They call these workers "grandmother health providers." "So the patient explains (5) all their problems are and its opening up the mind in the sense of (6) (allow) the patient to see that they can do something about their problems." The Friendship Bench study involved more than 550 patients. After six months, only 14 percent of the patients in the Friendship Bench group said they were still (7) (depress). That compares to 50 percent of those who did not receive treatment. Those who received the treatment were also five times (8) (likely) to have suicidal thoughts.Dr. Dixon Chibanda is with the University of Zimbabwe. He is one of the founders of the Friendship Bench program. He said that the program has many benefits. "Not only a mental health sort of package, but a package (9) actually improved outcomes of things like hypertension, diabetes and, and adherence to medication for people living with HIV."Friendship Benches are now placed in 60 clinics in Harare and two other cities. The Canadian government is helping to pay for the program's expansion through its Grand Challenges Canada aid program. Researchers say the program could be a model for mental health efforts in poor areas (10) in wealthier countries.
Take steps now to set yourself up for financial success. If you make these smart money moves now, you’ll be (1) （likely) to have remorse about not taking control of your finances sooner. Create a budget you can stick to“ Having the discipline to budget every month will ensure your finances (2) （tune) finely and that you are in control of your money,” said Jamie Pomeroy, a Minnesota financial advisor and founder of . (3) trick, he said, is to find a method of budgeting that you like and stick with it.Pomeroy recommends that you give every dollar a home in the budget---- (4) it’s for necessary expenses, savings or incidentals. You could also consider using a 50-30-20 budget, which allots 50 percent of your
income for needs, 30 percent for wants and 20 percent for savings and debt.Improve your creditBuilding good credit will likely pay off down the line. “ A good credit score is important for obtaining lower rates on large purchases, such as a car or a home,” said Shannon McLay, a financial planner and founder of The Financial Gym. “ Even though you might not be ready to make these purchases, you should work on your credit score now (5) when you are, you will obtain the attractive interest rates you want.”Build an emergency fundYou need a reserve of cash that’s easily accessible (6) (cover) unexpected expenses and help you get through financial emergencies without having to rack up debt, ask friends and family for money or tap your retirement account .Get a handle on your debtFocus on paying off your highest-rate debts first----likely credit card debt----so you’ll pay less in interest over time. Before you start paying down debt, understand (7) you have accumulated it, Kay said. Was it (8) you had a major medical expense or borrowed heavily to cover the cost of college?” If this is your normal way of living, it’s time to take stock and think about why,” Kay said.Plan for the “ (9) - ifs” You can alleviate some of your financial worries by identifying your worst-case money scenarios, and (10) (prepare) for them, Kay said. Creating an emergency fund to cover expenses if you’re out of work is a good place to start.
What is Sustainable Agriculture?
The goal of sustainable(可持续发展的)agriculture is to meet society’s food needs without compromising(危及)the ability of future generations (1) (meet) their own needs. People (2) (devote) to sustainable agriculture try to accomplish three main goals in their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equality. Every person involved in the food system — growers, food processors, sellers, consumers, and waste managers — (3) play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system. There are many practices commonly used by people working in sustainable food systems. Growers use methods to promote soil health, reduce water use, and lower pollution levels on the farm. Sellers and consumers look for environmentally friendly foods (4) are good for farm workers’ health and strengthen the local economy. Researchers in sustainable agriculture combine biology, economics, engineering, chemistry, community development, and many other subjects. However, sustainable agriculture is not only (5) collection of subjects, but also a process of negotiation(协商): a push and pull between the interests of an individual farmer and (6) of people in a community as they work to solve complex problems about how we grow our food. Agriculture has changed greatly, especially (7) the end of World War II. Food productivity has greatly increased (8) (此题2空)new technologies,。