(八)谓语动词和主语一致

谓语动词和主语的一致

有些谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，特别是动词为现在时态时。在一般现在时中，若主语为第三人称单数，多数动词都要加-s或-es，如：He comes．Mary cries。如果主语不是第三人称单数，就不需加这样的词尾，如：I come．They cry．

而且，不管是作主要动词还是助动词，在第三人称单数的主语后都得用is，has，does这种形式，否则用are，am，have或do。至于can，may，must这些助动词，在各种人称后形式不变：

He（or She，It，My friend）comes（or sees，goes）．

He（or She，It，My friend）is waiting，has come，does go，（is，has，does作助动词）is kind，has a funny face，doesnothing at all．（is，has，does作主要动词）

I（or we，You，They，My friends）come（or see，go）．

I am waiting，have come，do go．We（or You，They，Myfriends）are waiting，have come，do go．（am，are，have，do作助动词）

I am sorry．They are kind，have funny faces，do nothingat all．（am，are，have，do作主要动词）

任何主语+must（or can，may，ought to，need not，dare not）come（or see，go）．

过去时可和住何主语一起用，只有was和were是例外。was和第一第三人称单数主语一起用，其他主语都和were一起用，如：

He was ill．I was ill．They were ill．

在将来时中主要是用shall或will，不需加词尾，如：

They（or John and Mary）will come，shall come．

He（or It）will come，shall come．

判断主语的人称不难，但判断它的数有时却并不容易。至少有39种有关数上一致的问题，它们可以分为两大类。

第一大类是哪个是主语的问题。在这类中，决定哪个词或词组是主语比决定某个主语是单数还是复数更困难。以下面句子为例：

The students，as well as the teacher，are（or is？）in the class－room．（在决定用are还是is以前，首先得决定students和teacher哪是主语，还是两者都是主语。）

My guide is（or are？）the stars．（是guide还是stars是真正的主语？）

第二大类是主语是单数还是复数的问题。在这类中，决定主语是单数还是复数比决定哪个是主语更困难：

Billiards（单数还是复数？）is（or are？）my favorite game．

The phenomena（单数还是复数？）is（or are？）unbelievable．

The headquarters（单数还是复数？）is（or are？）in London．

第一大类：哪个是主语？

1．谓语动词通常跟在主语后面，但有时却放在主语前面，特别是在由who，which，how，when等疑问词或助动词引起的问句中：

Who are they？

Which does she like best？

Has your wife come back from Paris？

Are the guests celebrating her birthday？

2．在某些倒装句中，谓语动词有时放在主语前面：

If you are not satisfied，nor is Peter．

Never in my life have I forgot her．Nobody else can I love．

Hardly has Liz woken up when the sun rises.

“I feel bored．”“So is everybody．”

在下面这类倒装句中情况也如此。

There come many children．

Before the house stands a tree.

Before the house stand a tree and a bench（two things）．

In the house there is a cat，（there is）a dog，and（thereare）three birds．（后面的there is，there are多省略，在acat前用is是对的。）

To Dick fall the duties of maintaining the family．

After Jan comes Nora．

Here’s all the coins I have.（在口语中here’s和there’s和where’s后可跟一复数名词）

There’s three friends waiting for me．

Where’s the kids that stole the apples？

在下面这类句子中，补语或分词提前，主语在is，was，are，were之后：

Gone are all my happy days！

Waiting for the results are thousands of people．Gathered under the roof were all the big shots．

3．两个单数名词由and连接可构成复数主语：

John and Mary（=Two persons）are coming．

（但：John is coming and Mary is coming，too.）

My money and my friend are both gone．

Good coffee and bad are different from each other．

4．两个人称代词由and连接也构成复数主语：

He and I （=We）are friends．

Both you and he（=Both of you）are ill．

5．由every，any等词修饰的几个主语，尽管由and连接，仍然保持是单数：

Every boy and every girl is playing．

Any relative，any friend and any neighbour is ready to helphim．

Each grown－up and each child likes it．

No city，no village，no mountain，（and）no sea is a place ofsafety．

Many a man and many a woman has seen the accident．

6．两个名词前各加同一限定词，表示是两个人或两样东西，谓语动词要用复数：

A general and a statesman（two persons）were killed．

His home and his office are very far from my home．