第十一讲：田园短诗与田园牧歌

《英美诗歌选读》课程教案第十一讲首页

备注：教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。

第十一讲田园短诗、田园牧歌

第一节田园短诗

田园短诗（Idyll）是描写乡村生活中平静、如画的风景和事件的诗歌。如华兹华斯的《写于三月》：

The cock is crowing,

The stream is flowing,

The small birds twitter,

The Lake doth glitter,

The green field sleeps in the sun;

The oldest and youngest

Are at work with the strongest;

The cattle are grating,

Their heads never raising;

There are forty feeding like one!

Like an army defeated

The snow hath retreated,

And now doth fare ill,

On the top of the bare hill,

The ploughboy is whooping: anon-anon;

There’s joy in the mountains;

There’s life in the fountains;

Small sky prevailing;

The rain is over and gone! 1

(William Wordsworth: Written in March at Brother’s Water)

诗歌中对湖水、溪水、泉水、绿野、蓝天、山顶、积雪等与雄鸡、小鸟、牛群以及劳作的男女老少相交辉映，构成了一幅美丽自然山水图。这首诗的押韵格式很有特点，一般而言，押双行韵的双行都紧挨在一起，这里押双行韵的第五行和第十行却被另外两对双行分开了。

叶芝的《茵尼斯弗利岛》描写的就是一个世外桃源：

I will rise and go now, and go to Innisfree,

1公鸡正在高唱，/ 溪水不住流淌，/ 小鸟正在啼鸣，/ 湖面满是星星，/ 沉睡着的绿野沐着阳光；/ 不管年轻年老，/ 都随壮汉操劳；/ 牛群正在进食，/ 脑袋始终低着；/ 四十头牛吃草一个样！// 积雪已经消融——/ 像败军的阵容，/ 在秃山的峰巅，/ 它正处境为难；/ 庄稼汉在叫喊：快啦！快啦；/ 山被欢乐充满；/ 泉中生意盎然；/ 云朵悠然飘荡，/ 蓝天渐渐开朗；/ 雨已经停住，雨已经不下！（黄杲炘译）

And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:

Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee,

And live alone in the bee-loud glade.

And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,

Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;

There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,

And evening full of the linnet’s wings.

I will rise and go now, for always night and day,

I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;

While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,

I hear it in the dee p heart’s core.2

（W.B.Yeats: The Lake Isle of Innisfree）

弥尔顿在《失乐园》第四卷中描绘了伊甸园的田园胜景：

A happy rural seat of various view:

Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm;

Others whose fruit, burnished with golden rind,

Hung amiable—Hesperian fables true,

If true, here only—and of delicious taste.

……

meanwhile murmuring waters fall

Down the slope hills, dispersed, or in a lake,

That to the fringèd bank with myrtle crowned

Her crystal mirror holds, unite their streams,

The birds their quire apply; airs, vernal airs,

Breathing the smell of field and grove. 3

(John Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, Lines 247~265)

这些诗行中，视觉上有“金色的”（golden）、“晶莹的”(crystal)，嗅觉上有“芳香四溢的”

2我要起身走了，去茵尼斯弗利岛，/ 去那里建座小房，泥土和柳条的小房：/ 我要有九排云豆架，一个蜜蜂巢，/ 独居于幽处，在林间听群蜂高唱。// 于是我会有安宁，安宁慢慢来临，/ 从晨曦的面纱到蟋蟀歌唱的地方；/ 午夜一片闪光，中午燃烧得紫红，/ 暮色里，到处飞舞着红雀的翅膀。// 我要起身走了，因为我总是听到，/ 听到湖水日夜低低拍打着湖滨；/ 我站在公路，或在灰色的人行道上，/ 在内心深出听到那水声。（裘小龙译）

3这里是如此气象万千的田园景象：/ 森林中丰茂珍木沁出灵脂妙液，/ 芬芳四溢，有的结出金色鲜润的/ 果子悬在枝头，亮晶晶，真可爱。/ 赫斯珀里得斯的寓言，如果是真的，/ 只有在这里可以证实，美味无比。/……这边的泉水淙淙，顺着山坡/ 泻下，散开，或汇集在一湖中，/ 周围盛饰着山桃花的湖岸/ 捧着一面晶莹的明镜，注入河流。/ 各色的鸟儿应和着合唱，和风，/ 春天的和风，飘着野地山林的芳馨。（朱维之、胡家峦译）