亨利詹姆斯
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Henry James (1843－1916)
1.life introduction
novelist, literary critic, playwright and essayist Born into a wealthy family;Brother: William James (pragmatist philosopher and psychologist);unmarried Influence by English, European and American writer:Balzac, Zola, Ibsen,George Eliot, Flaubert, Trugenev and Hawthorne
distinctive periods:
①1865-1881: international theme ②1882-1895: tales of inter-personal relationships ③1895-1916: A. till 1900: a few novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, which was a revival of his earlier theme of innocence in a corrupted world
B. 1901-1904: “the major phase” of his career (summit of his art): the accomplishment of the trilogy, in which he returned to his old “the international theme” （the differences between the New World and the Old; personal freedom; moral responsibility; betrayal; sexuality ） C. till death: some American impressions and autobiographical matter, two unfinished novels
His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse. His plots often centered on the clash of personalities and cultures in stories of personal relationships, and other moral questions.
On the other hand: “It is art that makes life, makes interest, makes importance.” In his opinion, writers should use art to bring pattern and meaning out of life.
Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two value systems, and the protagonist usually goes through a painful process of a spiritual growth, gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict.
The typical pattern of the international theme: A young American man or an American girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny. The unsophisticated boy or girl would be beguiled, betrayed, cruelly wronged at the hands of those who pretend to stand for the highest possible civilization.
2.political-social ideas and attitudes:
①A spokesman of the wealthy, deep-rooted leisure class, stressing travel, cosmopolitanism,大同主义，四海一家 manners, and taste as indices ['ɪndɪsiːz] 符号to social superiority ② conservative toward overzealous reformers ③ critical of U.S. imperialist [ɪm'pɪriəlɪst]帝 国主义 behavior
4. literary criticism
His literary criticism is both concerned with form and devoted to human values. “The Art of Fiction” 1884 On one hand: “art without life is a poor affair”: the aim of the novel is to represent life, the air of reality is the supreme virtue of a novel, so he advocates an immense increase of freedom in novel-writing and argues for inclusion of the disagreeable, the ugly and the commonplace.
Байду номын сангаас
④ expose predatory business competition of the New World and its dehumanizing result, and the decadence and corruption of the Old ⑤critical of American life, its obsession with “business,” it extremes of wealth and poverty, its lack of culture and sophistication
felt the materialistic bent of American life and its lack of culture and sophistication intolerable; an admirer of European manners London, 1876 → a naturalized British citizen in 1915: an expatriate (an American-born British author); in 1916, receive the Order of Merit from King George V
3. Major Works
The Jolly Corner Daisy Miller 1878 (international fame) The Turn of the Screw 1898(a gothic story) The Portrait of a Lady 1881
the trilogy
5.Daisy Miller ①story ②Daisy ③Theme
1. he cares about the upper class 2.international theme 3.psychological realism nguage: difficult ,obscure
⑥regard evil as essentially of inward cause and cure, advocate free-willed renunciation of the low or mean, and repeatedly emphasized magnanimity and the beauty of goodness
The Wings of the Dove 1902 The Golden Bowl 1904 Celebrate the innocence, loyalty and generosity of Americans; the victory of American morality over the European corruption The Ambassadors the victory of European highly-educated over the American Utilitarianism
The settings of his fiction range from working class to aristocratic, and often describe the efforts of middle-class Americans to make their way in European capitals. His method of writing from the point of view of a character within a tale allowed him to explore the phenomena of consciousness and perception.
1.life introduction
novelist, literary critic, playwright and essayist Born into a wealthy family;Brother: William James (pragmatist philosopher and psychologist);unmarried Influence by English, European and American writer:Balzac, Zola, Ibsen,George Eliot, Flaubert, Trugenev and Hawthorne
distinctive periods:
①1865-1881: international theme ②1882-1895: tales of inter-personal relationships ③1895-1916: A. till 1900: a few novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, which was a revival of his earlier theme of innocence in a corrupted world
B. 1901-1904: “the major phase” of his career (summit of his art): the accomplishment of the trilogy, in which he returned to his old “the international theme” （the differences between the New World and the Old; personal freedom; moral responsibility; betrayal; sexuality ） C. till death: some American impressions and autobiographical matter, two unfinished novels
His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse. His plots often centered on the clash of personalities and cultures in stories of personal relationships, and other moral questions.
On the other hand: “It is art that makes life, makes interest, makes importance.” In his opinion, writers should use art to bring pattern and meaning out of life.
Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two value systems, and the protagonist usually goes through a painful process of a spiritual growth, gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict.
The typical pattern of the international theme: A young American man or an American girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny. The unsophisticated boy or girl would be beguiled, betrayed, cruelly wronged at the hands of those who pretend to stand for the highest possible civilization.
2.political-social ideas and attitudes:
①A spokesman of the wealthy, deep-rooted leisure class, stressing travel, cosmopolitanism,大同主义，四海一家 manners, and taste as indices ['ɪndɪsiːz] 符号to social superiority ② conservative toward overzealous reformers ③ critical of U.S. imperialist [ɪm'pɪriəlɪst]帝 国主义 behavior
4. literary criticism
His literary criticism is both concerned with form and devoted to human values. “The Art of Fiction” 1884 On one hand: “art without life is a poor affair”: the aim of the novel is to represent life, the air of reality is the supreme virtue of a novel, so he advocates an immense increase of freedom in novel-writing and argues for inclusion of the disagreeable, the ugly and the commonplace.
Байду номын сангаас
④ expose predatory business competition of the New World and its dehumanizing result, and the decadence and corruption of the Old ⑤critical of American life, its obsession with “business,” it extremes of wealth and poverty, its lack of culture and sophistication
felt the materialistic bent of American life and its lack of culture and sophistication intolerable; an admirer of European manners London, 1876 → a naturalized British citizen in 1915: an expatriate (an American-born British author); in 1916, receive the Order of Merit from King George V
3. Major Works
The Jolly Corner Daisy Miller 1878 (international fame) The Turn of the Screw 1898(a gothic story) The Portrait of a Lady 1881
the trilogy
5.Daisy Miller ①story ②Daisy ③Theme
1. he cares about the upper class 2.international theme 3.psychological realism nguage: difficult ,obscure
⑥regard evil as essentially of inward cause and cure, advocate free-willed renunciation of the low or mean, and repeatedly emphasized magnanimity and the beauty of goodness
The Wings of the Dove 1902 The Golden Bowl 1904 Celebrate the innocence, loyalty and generosity of Americans; the victory of American morality over the European corruption The Ambassadors the victory of European highly-educated over the American Utilitarianism
The settings of his fiction range from working class to aristocratic, and often describe the efforts of middle-class Americans to make their way in European capitals. His method of writing from the point of view of a character within a tale allowed him to explore the phenomena of consciousness and perception.