英语语言学9到11单元课后答案

Unit 9 the Use of English(II)

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:

1. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.

2. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication

3. Maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible.

4. In order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.

5. Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.

6. Politeness is a matter of degree.

7. Cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.

8. “Do not say what you believe to be false” falls into the maxim of quality.

9. “To avoid obscurity” belongs to the maxim of relation.

10. “Make your contribution such as is re quired, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” This was said by G. N. Leech.

1.F

2.F

3. F 4 F 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9. F 10. F

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relationD. Concept

2. Which of the following is true?

A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.

B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.

C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.

D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.

3. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle

C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar

D. Adjacency Principle

4. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.

A. impoliteness

B. contradictions

C. mutual understanding

D. conversational implicatures

5. Which of the following utterances below is performative?

A. I command you to put out that cigarette.

B. I warned you not to go.

C. Put your toys away

D. I envy you

1. A

2. B

3. A

4. D

5. A

Unit 10 The Varieties of English (I)

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:

1. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.

2. The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship

to or personal feelings about that individual.

3. Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to

another, and even from one individual to another.

4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech

communities and in different social situations.

5. The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.

6. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually

long-lasting.

7.Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.

8.Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.

9.Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.

10. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features

1. F

2.T

3.T

4.T

5. F

6.F

7.F

8.F

9.F 10. F

III.There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

1. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.

A. contextual

B. behaviouristic

C. intrinsic

D. logical

2. _______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situation.

A. Slang

B. Address terms

C. Registers

D. Education varieties

3. ________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.

A. Regional variation

B. Language variation

C. Social variation

D. Register variation

4. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic

backgrounds.

A. lingua franca

B. register

C. Creole

D. national language

5. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human

language.

A. vernacular languages

B. creoles

C. pidgins

D. sociolects

6. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is _______.

A. British English

B. American English

C. Black English

D. Australian English

7. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social

background.

A. female; male

B. male; female

C. old; young

D. young; old

8. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Sociolinguistics

C. Historical linguistics

D.General linguistics