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英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案之欧阳术创编

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案Chapter 1IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypothesesthus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1)phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2)phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used toconvey meaning in communication;(3)morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbolsrepresenting soundsare arranged and combined to formwords;(4)syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combinedto form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5)semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答： The general approachthus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language asprimary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writingis learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially differentfrom animal communication system?（2．2语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家 C. Hockett提出了人类语言的 12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。

英语语言学课后答案

英语语言学课后答案英语语言学课后答案【篇一：英语语言学9到11单元课后答案】i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. the meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.2. both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication3. maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible.4. in order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.5. every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.6. politeness is a matter of degree.7. cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.8. “do not say what you believe to be false” falls into the maxim of quality.9. “to avoid obscurity” belongs to the maxim of relation.10. “make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” this was said by g. n. leech.1.f2.f3. f 4 f 5 t6 t 7 t 8 t 9. f 10. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but incontext. a. pragmaticsb. semantics c. sense relationd. concept2. which of the following is true?a. utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.b. some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.c. no utterances can take the form of sentences.d. all utterances can be restored to complete sentences.3. __________ is advanced by paul grice a. cooperative principle b. politeness principlec. the general principle of universal grammard. adjacency principle4. when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.a. impolitenessb. contradictionsc. mutual understandingd. conversational implicatures5. which of the following utterances below is performative?a. i command you to put out that cigarette.b. i warned you not to go.c. put your toys awayd. i envy you1. a2. b3. a4. d5. aunit 10 the varieties of english (i)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.2. the kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.3. language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group toanother, and even from one individual to another.4. the goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.5. the linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.6. the use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usuallylong-lasting.7. sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.8. two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.9. geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.10. a person’s social back grounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features1. f2.t3.t4.t5. f6.f7.f8.f9.f10. fiii. there are four given choices for each statement below. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. the meaning of language was considered as something_______ in traditional semantics.a. contextualb. behaviouristicc. intrinsicd. logical2. _______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situation.a. slangb. address termsc. registersd. education varieties3. ________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.a. regional variationb. language variationc. social variationd. register variationbackgrounds.a. lingua francab. registerc. creoled. national language5. although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.a. vernacular languagesb. creolesc. pidginsd. sociolects6. probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the english language is _______.a. british englishb. american englishc. black englishd. australian english7. in normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same socialbackground.a. female; maleb. male; femalec. old; youngd. young; old8. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.a. psycholinguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. historical linguisticsd.general linguistics9. _______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges ona continuum from casual to formal according to the typeof communicative context.a. regional variationb. social variationc. stylistic variationd. idiolectal variation10. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.a. language interferenceb. language changesc. language planningd. language transfer1. c2. c3.a4.a5. c6.c7.a8.b 9d10.cunit 11 the varieties of english (ii)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. in the most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.2. a regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.3. the standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate government policy.4. a pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.5. when a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.6. the most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary7. the standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.8. a lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.9. a pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.10. african-american vernacular english is an inferior dialect of english.11. pidgin english no longer exists today.12. some people speak a creole as their mother tongue.13. british english and american english are identical in grammar but different in vocabulary.l.f 2.f3.f4.t5.f6.f7.f8.f9.t 10.f 11. f 12. t. 13. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changed. social barriers2. a linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slangb. euphemismc. jargond. taboo3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canadab. finlandc. belgiumd. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d. pragmatically5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in _______ and vocabulary.a. diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginizationd. blending7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register variety iii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ are the major source of regional variation oflanguage.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changed. social barriers2. a linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slangb. euphemismc. jargond. taboo3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canada b. finland c. belgium d. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d. pragmatically5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in _______ and vocabulary.a. diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginizationd. blending7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register variety 【篇二：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案 chapter 8】ty1. how is language related to society?答：there are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. one of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. this social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “good morning!”, “hi!”, “hows your family?”, “nice day today, isnt it?”. another indication is that use rs of the same language in a sense all speak differently. the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. and language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. when we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. for example while there is only one word in english for “snow”, there a re several in eskimo. this is a reflection of the need for the eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.as a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. to a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. a case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. while in english accents withoutpostvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in new york city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.2. explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答：the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. this is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. that is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. for example, the much-prejudiced black english can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. but many other people think black english is not pure english because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. as a result, many people feel shameful to use black english. from this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.3. what are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? how do they jointly determine idiolect?答：the main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. these factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. while the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualizedby a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. in what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?答： first of all, the standard dialect is based on a selectedvariety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nations political and commercial center. forexample, standard english developed out of the englishdialects used in and around london as they were modified overthe centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. gradually the english used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the english used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well. second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. it is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional dialects. some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to ?fix? this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. so it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary. once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to learn to use the correct language and to avoid ?incorrect? language. therefore, the standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.then the standard dialect has some special functions. also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. what is register as used by halliday? illustrate it with an example of your own.答：according to halliday, “language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” the type of languagewhich is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.for example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified asfield: scientific (linguistic)tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. what linguistic features of black english do you know? do you think black english is an illogical and inferior variety of english? why (not)?答： (1) a prominent phonological feature of black english is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. according to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position consonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is pronounced [pa:s], mend [men], desk [des], and told[t??l].a syntactic feature of black english that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb “be”. in black english we frequently come across sentences without the copula verb: “they mine”,“you crazy”, “her hands cold”, and “that house big”. in fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of black english; it is also found in some other dialects of english and in languages like russian and chinese. another syntactic feature of black english that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions,e.g.(8 — 2) he dont know nothing. (he doesnt know anything.)(8 — 3) i aint afraid of no ghosts. (im not afraid of ghosts.)some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make a positive. but in fact such double negative constructions were found in all dialects of english of the earlier periods.(2) (略)7. what peculiar features docs pidgin have?答： pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as chinese dialects and english, african dialects and french, african dialects and portuguese. usually a european language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the european language used by traders and missionaries in order to communicate with peoples whose languages they did not know.pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, ge nder end case, the “simplified” variety performs its functions as trading and employment.8. how do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?答： bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. but instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.the two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role to play as situation changes.【篇三：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案 chapter 7】> 1. the vocabulary of english consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. in each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. size b. skillc. royald. ranche. robotf. potatog. astronauth. emeraldi. pagodaj. khakik. bulldoze1. hoodlum答：a. size ( old french)b. skill ( old norse)c. royal ( old french latin)d. ranch ( spanish french)e. robot ( czech old church slavonic)f. potato ( spanish taino)g. astronaut ( french)h. emerald ( middle english old french)i. pagoda ( persian sanskrit)j. khaki ( hindi persian)k. bulldoze ( bull(botany bay slang) old english)l. hoodlum ( german)2. the encyclopedia britannica yearbook has usually published a new word list, which is, in the britannica’s editors view, a list of those words that had entered the language during the year. would you expect a yearbook to publish a “lost-word list” reco rding the words dropped from the language during the year? defend your answer.答：(略)3. below is a passage from shakespeares hamlet,king: where is pelonius?hamlet: in heaven, send thither to see.if your messenger find him not there, seek him i theother place yourself. but indeed, if you find him notwithin this month, you shall nose him as you go up thestairs into the lobby.act iv, scene iiistudy these lines and identify every difference in expression between elizabethan and modern english that is evident.答：in modern english, these lines are more likely written as: king: where is pelonius?hamlet: in heaven, send to see there. if your messengercannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. but indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shall notice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.4. comment with examples on the following statement “words and expressions will be forced intouse in spite of a ll the exertions of all the writers in the world.”答： the statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there is no writers efforts.for example, there are more and more new words and expressions which are introduced into language not by writers, e.g., email, hacker, ibm (international big mouth, means a person who acts like a gossip.)5. suppose you are outside a government office where doors still bear the notice, “this door must not be left in an open position.” now t ry to explain the notice in simple and plain english. 答：“keep the door dote. ” or “the door must be kept close.”6. give at least two examples showing the influence ofamerican english on british english. 答：(略)7. find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association with social and political needs, internet or computer language.答：for example: sars, golden week, euro, e-mail, bi-media(双媒体的), cybernaut计算机(网络)漫游者, dvd, eyephone(视像耳机), etc．8. with examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.答：(略)。

2020年智慧树知道网课《英语语言学(江西师范大学)》课后章节测试满分答案

第一章测试1【判断题】(10分)Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.A.对B.错2【判断题】(10分)Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.A.错B.对3【判断题】(10分)Languageisusedtorecordthefacts,whichistheinformativefunctionoflanguage,alsocalledid eationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.A.对B.错4【判断题】(10分) Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.A.对B.错5【单选题】(10分) Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe____ ___.A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.linguisticD.analytic【单选题】(10分) Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.MeaningfulnessB.ArbitrarinessC.DisplacementD.Duality7【单选题】(10分) Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andm eanings.A.senseB.objectsC.soundsD.ideas【单选题】(10分)Saussuretooka(n)_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma_____ ___pointofview.A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociologicalC.semantic…linguisticD.applied…pragmatic9【多选题】(10分)AccordingtoJakobson,___________arethefunctionsoflanguage?A.referentialB.interpersonalC.conativeD.metalingual【多选题】(10分) Whichofthefollowingbelongstothemainbranchesoflinguistics?A.MorphologyB.psycholinguisticsC.SemanticsD.phonetics第二章测试1【判断题】(10分) Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.A.对B.错2【判断题】(10分)Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormoreph onemicsegments.A.对B.错3【单选题】(10分) Whatisthedifferencebetweenthefieldsofphoneticsandphonology?A.Phoneticsisthemoregeneraldisciplineconcernedwithallkindsofsounds,whereasphonologyisspecificallycon cernedwithmodernexperimentalmethodologies.B.Phoneticsisconcernedwiththephysicalandphysiologicalaspectsofsounds,whilephonologyisconcernedwith soundsaspartsoflanguage.C.Phoneticsismostlyconcernedwiththeproductionofvowelsandconsonants,whilephonologyismoreaboutphen omenasuchastone.D.Phoneticsisconcernedwithhistoricaldata,whereasphonologyisconcernedwithhowlanguageisactuallyspoke n.4【单选题】(10分)Question:Whichofthefollowingsoundsisvelar?A.pB.A.gC.rD.hE.s5【单选题】(10分) Whichofthefollowingsoundsisnotalveolar?A.fB.dC.sD.t6【单选题】(10分) WoulditbeusefultocompareGermanandEnglishwhentryingtoestablishhowEnglishwassp okeninthepast?A.No,becauseEnglishisanolderlanguagethanGerman.B.Yes,becausealllanguageswerepronouncedinsimilarwaysinthemoredistantpast.C.Yes,becauseGermanisanolderlanguagethanEnglish.D.Yes,becauseEnglishandGermanarerelatedandeachmayhaveamoreconservativepronunciationinsomepoi nts.E.Yes,becausetheyhaveaspellingthatisverysimilar.F.No,becausethereisnoarcheologicalrecordabouttherelationshipbetweenthetwolanguages.7【单选题】(10分)InGerman,theword'Kind'(child)hasthepluralformKind-er.Intheletterdisactuallypronounce das[t],butinthepluralformonepronouncesitasa[d].Whichphonologicalfeatureisinvolvedint hisalternation?A.PlaceofarticulationB.MannerofarticulationC.VelarD.SonorantE.Voice8【单选题】(10分) EnglishandGermanhaverelativelylargevowelinventories.Whatreasondoesthediscussion provideforthis?A.Theselanguageshavealongwritingtradition,influencingthenumberofvowelsthatcanbeexpressed.B.Theselanguagestendtohaveasimplersyllablestructurethanotherlanguages,andneedmoredifferencesbetw eenvowels.C. Earlierdistinctionsbetweenlongandshortvowelsdevelopedintovowelqualitycontrastsintheselanguages.D. Theselanguagesarerelativelyoldandhadmoretimetodevelopthevowelinventory.E.Becauseofextensivelanguagecontact,theselanguagesborrowedvowelsfromeachother.9【多选题】(10分) Howdofeatureshelpusunderstandandexplainthepathoflanguageacquisition?A.Childrentrytofindouthowspeechsoundscanbebuiltupoffeatures.B.Childrenaresloweddownbytheneedtolearndifficultfeatures.C.Childrenbecomegraduallyawareoffeatures.D.Childrendonotacquiresounds,butratherfeatures.E.Childrenusefeaturestoputsoundsinrectangulartables.10【多选题】(10分) Whichthreeofthefollowingparametersarerelevantforconsonantsounds?Pleasecheckallth atapply.A.HeightofarticulationB.PlaceofarticulationC.MannerofarticulationD.StructureofarticulationE.RestructuringF.Voicing第三章测试1【单选题】(10分)Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas____.A.formwordsB.lexicalwordsC.functionwordsD.grammaticalwords2【单选题】(10分)Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled_____morpheme.A.boundB.derivationalC.freeD.inflectional3【单选题】(10分)______isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinga naffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.insertionB.additionC.back-formationD.affixation4【单选题】(10分)Thestemoftheword“disagreements”is________.A.agreeB.disagreementC.agreementD.disagreements5【单选题】(10分)Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor________.A.allomorphB.phonemeC.morphemeD.lexeme6【判断题】(10分)“Fore”in“foretell”is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.A.错B.对7【判断题】(10分)The words“whimper”,“whisper”and“whistle”are formed in the way of onomatopoe ia.A.错B.对8【判断题】(10分)In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.A.错B.对9【判断题】(10分)Back-formation is a productive way of word-formation.A.错B.对10【判断题】(10分)Inflection is a particular way of word-formation.A.错B.对第四章测试1【单选题】(10分)Prasestructureruleshave______properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.functionalD.2【单选题】(10分)The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A.smallB.infiniteC.finiteD.large3【单选题】(10分)The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form gramm atical sentences.A.combinationalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.4【单选题】(10分)A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical kn owledge in the mind of native speakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical5【单选题】(10分)A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that intro duces the embedded clause.A.coordinatorB.prepositionC.subordinatorD.6【单选题】(10分)An________canfurtherbedividedintotwotypes:subordinationandcoordination.A.exocentricconstructionB.ultimateconstituentC.immediateconstituentD.endocentricconstruction7【单选题】(10分)Whatistheconstructionofthesentence“Theboysmiled”?A.ExocentricB.CoordinateC.EndocentricD.Subordinate8【单选题】(10分)The head of the phrase “behindthedoor”is __________.A.behindB.noneC.doorD.thedoor9【单选题】(10分)The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.A.exocentricB.endocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate10【单选题】(10分)The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselve s.”is a __________ sentence.A.compoundB.simpleC.coordinateD.complex第五章测试1【判断题】(10分) Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.A.对B.错2【判断题】(10分)Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephy sicalworldofexperience.A.错B.对3【判断题】(10分) Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.A.错B.对4【判断题】(10分) Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingto theirdegreeofformality.A.错B.对5【单选题】(10分)________isnotoneofseventypesofmeaningadvancedbyGeoffreyLeech.A.derogatorymeaningB.reflectedmeaningC.connotativemeaningD.affectivemeaning6【单选题】(10分)Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.hyponymsB.polysemyC.synonymsD.homonyms7【单选题】(10分)___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponen ts,calledsemanticfeatures.A.GrammaticalanalysisB.PhonemicanalysisC.ComponentialanalysisD.Predicationanalysis8【单选题】(10分)“teacher”and“student”are______________.A.converseantonymsB.complementaryantonymsC.relationaloppositesD.gradableantonyms9【单选题】(10分)_________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticw orldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.SenseC.SemanticsD.Concept10【单选题】(10分)“JohnkilledBill”_______“Billdidn’tdie.”A.issynonymouswithB.presupposesC.entailsD.isinconsistentwith第六章测试1【判断题】(10分) Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageuse wasleftunconsidered.A.对B.错2【判断题】(10分) Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningth econtextofuseisconsidered.A.错B.对3【判断题】(10分) Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences.A.错B.对4【判断题】(10分) SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.A.错B.对5【判断题】(10分) Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.A.错B.对6【单选题】(10分)Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics.A.behaviouristicB.contextualC.logicalD.intrinsic7【单选题】(10分)Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.conceptualB.grammaticalC.pragmaticD.mental8【单选题】(10分)__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceo f,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AperformativeactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Anillocutionaryact9【单选题】(10分)__________isadvancedbyPaulGrice.A.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarB.CooperativePrincipleC.AdjacencyPrincipleD.PolitenessPrinciple10【单选题】(10分) Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.mutualunderstandingC.conversationalimplicaturesD.contradictions。

英语语言学教程第四课课后答案

英语语言学教程第四课课后答案一、单项选择(每小题4分，共40分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择可以填入空白处的最佳答案。

（）1. —What's that?—It's _______ phone. And _______ phone is Betty's. [单选题] *A.a; aB.a; the(正确答案)C.不填; aD.不填; the（）2.He is Chen Luming. _______ is his first name. [单选题] *A.ChenB.Luming(正确答案)C.MingD.Chen Luming（）3. Three and six is _______. [单选题] *A.sixB.sevenC.eightD.Nine(正确答案)（）4.Helen _______ an English girl. She and I _______ in Class Two. [单选题] *A.is; are(正确答案)B.is; amC.are; areD.are; am（）5.This is _______ friend. _______ name is Jenny. [单选题] *A.I; HerB.I; SheC.my; Her(正确答案)D.my; She（） 6. —Is he Nick?—_______. His name is Mike. [单选题] *A.Yes, it isB.No, it isn'tC.Yes, he isD.No, he isn't(正确答案)（）7. This is my brother. _______ name is Oliver. [单选题] *A.HeB.SheC.His(正确答案)D. Her（）8. —Are you Julia?—_______. I’m her friend. [单选题] *A.No, we aren’tB. Yes, we areC. No, I’m not(正确答案)D. Yes, I am（）9. I’m Jim Green, so my family name is _______. [单选题] *A.Green(正确答案)B.JimC.Mr JimD.Jim Green（）10. —Hi, I’m Lisa. Nice to meet you!—_______. I’m Denise. [单选题] *A.I seeB. Good afternoonC. I’m OK, thanksD. Nice to meet you, too(正确答案)二、根据语境及所给首字母提示，将包含首字母的完整单词填入答题框内。

《语言学》前三章部分答案

Chapter I IntroductionIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventionsand the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2：PhonologyIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; itis concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speakinga language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and import. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.Chapter 3：MorphologyIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivationalaffixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by the mselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。

(完整版)英语语言学习题与答案

Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rulesof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn't be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.anyof details the means which language, acquire to ability the with born all were We 15.language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure's langue and Chomsky's __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)）1999（青岛海洋大学，How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? 37.Key:[In the reference keys, I won't give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. –icywarmtea]I.1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, ina way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –checkagainst the observable facts –come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merelya different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.15.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give37.an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change theword-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and__________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCOoverwhelmedd. inflectional morpheme (4)(5) prefix e. calculationKey:I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combiningthe meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.D. subordinatorC. preposition B. particle A. coordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a__________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an__________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in oneway or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and amongnatural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key:I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded28. Adjacency27. open29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It's suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure.E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, oppositeto the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples ofthis type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w's exercises. –icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features。

英语语言学(江西师范大学)智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学

英语语言学（江西师范大学）智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下江西师范大学江西师范大学第一章测试1.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.答案:错2.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.答案:错nguage is used to record the facts, which is the informative function oflanguage, also called ideational function in the framework of functionalgrammar.答案:对4.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.答案:对5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be _______.答案:descriptive6.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?答案:Meaningfulnessnguage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween _______ and meanings.答案:sounds8.Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at languagefrom a ________ point of view.答案:sociological…psychological9.According to Jakobson, ___________ are the functions of language?答案:referential;conative;metalingual10.Which of the following belongs to the main branches of linguistics?答案:Morphology;phonetics;Semantics第二章测试1.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.答案:错2.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequenceof two or more phonemic segments.答案:对3.What is the difference between the fields of phonetics and phonology?答案:Phonetics is concerned with the physical and physiological aspects ofsounds, while phonology is concerned with sounds as parts of language.4.Question: Which of the following sounds is velar ?答案:A.g5.Which of the following sounds is not alveolar?答案:f6.Would it be useful to compare German and English when trying to establishhow English was spoken in the past?答案:Yes, because English and German are related and each may have a more conservative pronunciation in some points.7.In German, the word 'Kind' (child) has the plural form Kind-er. In the letter dis actually pronounced as [t], but in the plural form one pronounces it as a [d].Which phonological feature is involved in this alternation?答案:Voice8.English and German have relatively large vowel inventories. What reasondoes the discussion provide for this?答案:These languages tend to have a simpler syllable structure than otherlanguages, and need more differences between vowels.9.How do features help us understand and explain the path of languageacquisition?答案:Children try to find out how speech sounds can be built up offeatures.;Children do not acquire sounds, but rather features.;Children become gradually aware of features.10.Which three of the following parameters are relevant for consonant sounds?Please check all that apply.答案:Voicing;Manner of articulation;Place of articulation第三章测试1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ____.答案:lexical words2.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _____morpheme.答案:inflectional3.______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.答案:back-formation4.The stem of the word “disagreements” is ________.答案:disagreement5.All of them are meaningful except for ________.答案:phoneme6.“Fore” in “foretell”is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.答案:错7.The words “whimper”, “whisper”and “whistle”are formed in the way ofonomatopoeia.答案:对8.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to thenumber of morphemes.答案:错9.Back-formation is a productive way of word-formation.答案:错10.Inflection is a particular way of word-formation.答案:对第四章测试1.Prase structure rules have ______ properties.答案:recursive2.The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.答案:finite3.The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to formgrammatical sentences.答案:combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.答案:ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory wordthat introduces the embedded clause.答案:subordinator6.An ________ can further be divided into two types: subordination andcoordination.答案:endocentric construction7.What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?答案:Exocentric8.The head of the phrase “behind the door”is __________.答案:none9.The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.答案:exocentric10.The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to exposethemselves.”is a __________ sentence.答案:simple第五章测试1.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references indifferent situations.答案:对2.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience.答案:错3.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents.答案:错4.Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but rankeddifferently according to their degree of formality.答案:对5.________ is not one of seven types of meaning advanced by Geoffrey Leech.答案:derogatory meaning6.Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.答案:synonyms7.___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called semantic features.答案:Componential analysis8.“teacher” and “student” are ______________.答案:converse antonyms9._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience.答案:Reference10.“John killed Bill”_______ “Bill didn’t die.”答案:is inconsistent with第六章测试1.It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if thecontext of language use was left unconsidered.答案:对2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning the context of use is considered.答案:对3.Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.答案:错4.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.答案:错5.Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.答案:错6.The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditionalsemantics.答案:intrinsic7. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is oftenstudied in isolation.答案:grammatical8.__________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.答案:A perlocutionary act9.__________ is advanced by Paul Grice.答案:Cooperative Principle10.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______might arise.答案:conversational implicatures第七章测试1.Halliday is hailed as the father of modern linguistics.（）答案:错。

奥鹏东师《英语语言学》练习题参考答案.doc

练习题第1套参考答案I. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8.T 9.F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TII. a. [m] b. [w] c. [l] d. [b] e. [I]III.(ommited)IV. a. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.b. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light. V. The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.VI. a. tautology b. contradiction c. inconsistency d. synonymy e. entailmentVII. 1. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical) dialects, sociolects(social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes. Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user.”2. The maxim of quantity:(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true.(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The maxim of relevance:Make your contributions relevant.The maxim of manner:(i) Avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) Avoid ambiguity.(iii) Be brief.(iv) Be orderly.3． Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. The trans ference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to as mapping.I. 1. descriptive 2. places, voicing 3. Allophones 4.morpheme 5. signifier, signified 6. structure 7. diphthongs 8. accidental 9. Meaning, sounds 10. metalanguage 11. interpersonal, textualI.voiced 2. fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowelII.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.III.a) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whose color is red.IV.(ommited)V.1. Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).2. Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality. Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature. Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved. This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective. Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality. They unite reasoning and imagination. Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference. By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.1.Homonymy Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings. Words which have the samespelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow (v.) and bow (n., a weapon). Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones. Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones. Words which have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings are full homonyms, as exemplified by bear (v.)/bear (an animal), ground (n.)/ground(v.).Polysemy Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses. In many dictionaries you can find bank1 and bank2 as separate entries. The relation between the two is homonymy. Both of them are polysemes, because each of them has several definitions. Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.练习题第3套参考答案I.1—5 T F F T F 6—10 TF T F F 11—15 T F T T FII.I.[f] voiceless labiodental fricativeII.[r] alveolar retroflex liquidIII.[a:] low back vowelIV.[k] voiceless velar stopV.[i] lax high front vowelIII.i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) sevenii)b)c)disgracefuld)stepsistere)f)antidisestablishmentarianismII.(参见课件或教材)III.1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.2. Pre-requestVI. 1. Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping. For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used. The properties of human neck (source domain) have been transferred to the neck of the bottle (target domain).2. linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language. accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes (1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge:1. Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible;2. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible;3. Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate;4. Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done.3. Referential meaning (sometimes called denotative meaning) is widely believed to be the central meaning of words. It is comparatively more stable and universal. The word woman refers to female human adult. This kind of meaning of the word has not changed and will not change. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning. In contrast to referential meaning, they are less stable and more culture-specific. For example, although the referential meaning of the word king has not changed in English, English people today have different conceptions of the king than before. The English word pig may have the same referent as its equivalent in a language of Islamic culture. Yet, the associative meanings are totally different.I. 1. tone 2. lexicon 3. suppletives 4. Semantics 5. Synomyms 6. Meaning, sounds7. metalanguage 8. interpersonal, textual 9. descriptive 10. places, voicing 11. Allophones 12.morphemeII. a). voiced b). fricative c). bilabial d). velar e). high; vowelIII. 1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that needprotection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2) a sleeping car, the stress is on sleeping; a sleeping boy, the stress is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep. A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV. a. Allophones are actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. For example, the [l], the dark [] in deal, and the voiceless [] in slight are the realizations of the phoneme /l/. [] appears after vowels, [] after voiceless consonants, and [l] elsewhere. The relation between the phoneme and its allophones can be shown in the following figure:b. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects (social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).V (ommited)VI 1. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.2. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.VII. 1. 1. Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain. The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal. The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference. Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind. So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense. For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression. Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind. Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent. Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.2. ·Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).。

194《英语语言学》答案

《英语语言学》练习题参考答案一I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:1.descriptive2.place voicing.3. Allophones4. morpheme.5. signifier and signified.6. structure7. diphthongs8. accidental9.Meaning and sounds10. metalanguage.11. interpersonal textual12. tone13. lexeme,14. suppletives.15.Semantics16.SynonymsII. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:( T ) 1. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.( F ) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language.( F ) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.( T ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.( F ) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( T ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.( F ) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.( T ) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future. ( F ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( F ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.( T ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution. ( T ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.( T ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words. ( F ) 14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.( F ) 15. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.III. Multiple Choice1.C2.D3.A4.B5.D6.A7.D8.B9.AIV. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share: Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless1)[g] [z] [d]2)[v] [h] [s]3)[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]4)[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]5)[i:] [i] [u] [u:]1.voiced2. fricative3. labial4. alveolar5. high, vowelV. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it.Example: heat [i:] vowel front higha)photob)writec)card)actore)cityf)cityg)worryh)yesa)[f] voiceless labiodental fricativeb)[r] alveolar retroflex liquidc)[a:] low back voweld) [k] voiceless velar stope)[i] lax high front vowelf)[s] voiceless alveolar fricativeg)[w] labiovelar glideh) [j] palatal glideVI. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.Example: vowel front high [i:]1bilabial nasal [m]2voiced labiovelar glide [w]3literal liquid [l]4voiced bilabial stop [b]5front high lax [i]VII. Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop?In pronouncing key, the voiceless velar stop is palatalized. In key and core, the stop is aspirated. In ski, the stop is also palatalized. In ski and score, the stop is unspirated. VIII. Consider the following words and answer the questions below:a)fingerb)disgracefulc)stepsisterd)psycholinguisticse)antidisestablishmentarianismi.Tell the number of morphemes in each word.ii.Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so.i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) sevenii)f)g)disgracefulh)stepsisteri)j)antidisestablishmentarianisIX. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference betweena sleeping car and a sleeping baby.1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plantsthat need protection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2) a sleeping car, the stress is on sleeping; a sleeping boy, the stress is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep. A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping. X. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration:AllophoneAllophones are actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. For example, the [l], the dark [] in deal, and the voiceless [] in slight are the realizations of the phoneme /l/. [] appears after vowels, [] after voiceless consonants, and [l] elsewhere. The relation between the phoneme and its allophones can be shown in the following figure:XI. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences:1. A clever magician fooled the audience.2.The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.3.They can fish.4.Pat found a book on Wall Street.5.I saw the man with a telescope.XII. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.a.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.b.Those who went there quickly made a fortune.c. A woman murderera. This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.b. Those who quickly went there made a fortune.Those who went there made a fortune quickly.c. A female murderer A murderer who has murdered a womanXIII. Tell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way.(1)flu(2)OPEC(3)Nobel(4)televise(5)better (v.)1. clipping2. acronyming3. eponyming4. back formation5. conversionXIV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coatc. a bluebird a blue birdd. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeepera) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. Awhite house refers to a house which is painted white.b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whosecolor is red.c. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers areblue.d. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper meansa housekeeper who is light.XV. Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river) and bank2(the financial institute). The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy. They are two words which have the same sound and spelling but different meanings.XVI. Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences.(1)John washed the car.(2)John likes the car.1. material2. mentalXVII.（答案略）二I.Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:( T ) 1. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker meaning.( F ) 2. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed cataphoric reference.II. Multiple Choice1.___ A _____ .2.___ B ___ .3. ___ C ___ .4. ___ B ___ .5. __ C ___ .6.___ A ___ .III. Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.a)My uncle is male.b)The spinster is married.c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.a. tautologyb. contradictionc. inconsistencyd. entailmente. presupposition IV. Data Analysis:1.What is the illocution of A’s utterance in the following brief encounter?A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir.B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).2.What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries workingin the same office.)A: Are you going to be here long?B: You can go if you like.A: I’ll just be outside. Call me if you need me.B: OK.1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.2. Pre-requestV. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts: 1. The room is messy.2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on1. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.2. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.VI. Define the following term, giving examples for illustration:VarietyThe term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects (social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).VII. Give examples to illustrate gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and reversal antonyms.Gradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa. A person who is not rich is not necessarily poor. Complementary antonyms are words opposite to each other and the positive ofone implies the negative of the other. Dead/alive, male/female, pass/fail, etc. are complementary antonyms. Reversal antonyms are words that denote the same relation or process from one or the other direction. Push/pull, come/go, ascend/descend, buy/sell, up/down in/out, employer/employee, husband/wife, are all reversal antonyms.VIII. Answer the following questions（答案略）。

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

《英语语言学概论》题与答案-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixA. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” fo rm a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s farewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s inte ntion.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ____ __.X: Who was that you were with last nightY: Did you know that you were wearing odd socksA. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him toproduce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are gradable_ because there are often intermediate formsbetween the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particularlanguage are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the originalword and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other,and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。

194《英语语言学》答案

英语语言学课后答案

英语语言学课后答案【篇一：英语语言学9到11单元课后答案】i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. the meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.2. both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication3. maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible.4. in order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.5. every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.6. politeness is a matter of degree.7. cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.8. “do not say what you believe to be false” falls into the maxim of quality.9. “to avoid obscurity” belongs to the maxim of relation.10. “make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” this was said by g. n. leech.1.f2.f3. f 4 f 5 t6 t 7 t 8 t 9. f 10. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. a. pragmaticsb. semantics c. sense relationd. concept2. which of the following is true?a. utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.b. some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.c. no utterances can take the form of sentences.d. all utterances can be restored to complete sentences.3. __________ is advanced by paul grice a. cooperative principle b. politeness principlec. the general principle of universal grammard. adjacency principle4. when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.a. impolitenessb. contradictionsc. mutual understandingd. conversational implicatures5. which of the following utterances below is performative?a. i command you to put out that cigarette.b. i warned you not to go.c. put your toys awayd. i envy you1. a2. b3. a4. d5. aunit 10 the varieties of english (i)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.2. the kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationshipto or personal feelings about that individual.3. language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group toanother, and even from one individual to another.4. the goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speechcommunities and in different social situations.5. the linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.6. the use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usuallylong-lasting.7. sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.8. two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.9. geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.10. a person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features1. f2.t3.t4.t5. f6.f7.f8.f9.f10. fiii. there are four given choices for each statement below. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. the meaning of language was considered as something_______ in traditional semantics.a. contextualb. behaviouristicc. intrinsicd. logical2. _______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situation.a. slangb. address termsc. registersd. education varieties3. ________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.a. regional variationb. language variationc. social variationd. register variationbackgrounds.a. lingua francab. registerc. creoled. national language5. although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.a. vernacular languagesb. creolesc. pidginsd. sociolects6. probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the english language is _______.a. british englishb. american englishc. black englishd. australian english7. in normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same socialbackground.a. female; maleb. male; femalec. old; youngd. young; old8. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.a. psycholinguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. historical linguisticsd.general linguistics9. _______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges ona continuum from casual to formal according to the typeof communicative context.a. regional variationb. social variationc. stylistic variationd. idiolectal variation10. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.a. language interferenceb. language changesc. language planningd. language transfer1. c2. c3.a4.a5. c6.c7.a8.b 9d10.cunit 11 the varieties of english (ii)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. in the most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.2. a regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.3. the standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate government policy.4. a pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.5. when a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.6. the most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary7. the standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.8. a lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.9. a pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.10. african-american vernacular english is an inferior dialect of english.11. pidgin english no longer exists today.12. some people speak a creole as their mother tongue.13. british english and american english are identical in grammar but different in vocabulary.l.f 2.f3.f4.t5.f6.f7.f8.f9.t 10.f 11. f 12. t. 13. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changed. social barriers2. a linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slangb. euphemismc. jargond. taboo3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canadab. finlandc. belgiumd. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d. pragmatically5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in _______ and vocabulary.a. diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginizationd. blending7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register varietyiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changed. social barriers2. a linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slangb. euphemismc. jargond. taboo3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canada b. finland c. belgium d. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d. pragmatically5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in _______ and vocabulary.a. diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginizationd. blending7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register variety 【篇二：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案 chapter 8】ty1. how is language related to society?答： there are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. one of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. this social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “good morning!”, “hi!”, “hows your family?”, “nice day today, isnt it?”. another indication is that use rs of the same language in a sense all speak differently. the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. and language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. when we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. for example while there is only one word in english for “snow”, there a re several in eskimo. this is a reflection of the need for the eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.as a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. to a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfillthe communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. a case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. while in english accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in new york city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.2. explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答：the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. this is because every language or language variety canexpress all ideas that its native speakers want to express. thatis to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. for example, the much-prejudiced black english can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. but many other people think black english is not pure english because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. as a result, many people feel shameful to use black english. from this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.3. what are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? how do they jointly determine idiolect?答： the main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. these factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. while the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualizedby a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. in what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?答： first of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nations political and commercial center. forexample, standard english developed out of the englishdialects used in and around london as they were modified overthe centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. gradually the english used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the english used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well. second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. it is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional dialects. some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to ?fix? this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. so it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary. once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to learn to use the correct language and to avoid ?incorrect? language. therefore, the standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.then the standard dialect has some special functions. also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. what is register as used by halliday? illustrate it with an example of your own.答：according to halliday, “language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.for example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified asfield: scientific (linguistic)tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. what linguistic features of black english do you know? do you think black english is an illogical and inferior variety of english? why (not)?答： (1) a prominent phonological feature of black english is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. according to this consonant deletion rule, the final-positionconsonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is pronounced [pa:s], mend [men], desk [des], and told[t??l].a syntactic feature of black english that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb “be”. in black english we frequently come across sentences without the copula verb: “they mine”,“you crazy”, “her hands cold”, and “that house big”. in fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of black english; it is also found in some other dialects of english and in languages like russian and chinese. another syntactic feature of black english that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions,e.g.(8 — 2) he dont know nothing. (he doesnt know anything.)(8 — 3) i aint afraid of no ghosts. (im not afraid of ghosts.)some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make a positive. but in fact such double negative constructions were found in all dialects of english of the earlier periods.(2) (略)7. what peculiar features docs pidgin have?答： pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as chinese dialects and english, african dialects and french, african dialects and portuguese. usually a european language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the european language used by traders and missionaries in order to communicate with peoples whose languages they did not know.pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, ge nder end case, the “simplified” variety performs its functions as trading and employment.8. how do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?答： bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. but instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a languageexist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.the two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role to play as situation changes.【篇三：《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案 chapter 7】> 1. the vocabulary of english consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. in each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. size b. skillc. royald. ranche. robotf. potatog. astronauth. emeraldi. pagodaj. khakik. bulldoze1. hoodlum答：a. size ( old french)b. skill ( old norse)c. royal ( old french latin)d. ranch ( spanish french)e. robot ( czech old church slavonic)f. potato ( spanish taino)g. astronaut ( french)h. emerald ( middle english old french)i. pagoda ( persian sanskrit)j. khaki ( hindi persian)k. bulldoze ( bull(botany bay slang) old english)l. hoodlum ( german)2. the encyclopedia britannica yearbook has usually published a new word list, which is, in the britannica’s editors view, a list of those words that had entered the language during the year. would you expect a yearbook to publish a “lost-word list” reco rding the words dropped from the language during the year? defend your answer.答：(略)3. below is a passage from shakespeares hamlet,king: where is pelonius?hamlet: in heaven, send thither to see.if your messenger find him not there, seek him i theother place yourself. but indeed, if you find him notwithin this month, you shall nose him as you go up thestairs into the lobby.act iv, scene iiistudy these lines and identify every difference in expression between elizabethan and modern english that is evident.答：in modern english, these lines are more likely written as:king: where is pelonius?hamlet: in heaven, send to see there. if your messengercannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. but indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shall notice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.4. comment with examples on the following statement “words and expressions will be forced intouse in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world.”答： the statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there is no writers efforts.for example, there are more and more new words and expressions which are introduced into language not by writers, e.g., email, hacker, ibm (international big mouth, means a person who acts like a gossip.)5. suppose you are outside a government office where doors still bear the notice, “this door must not be left in an open position.” now try to explain the notice in simple and plain english. 答：“keep the door dote. ” or “the door must be kept close.”6. give at least two examples showing the influence of american english on british english. 答：(略)7. find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association with social and political needs, internet or computer language.答： for example: sars, golden week, euro, e-mail, bi-media(双媒体的), cybernaut计算机(网络)漫游者, dvd, eyephone(视像耳机), etc．8. with examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.答：(略)。

(完整版)英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案Chapter 1 IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答：The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences inlanguages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?（2．2语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家C. Hockett提出了人类语言的12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。

英语语言学教程参考答案

英语语言学教程参考答案在英语语言学教程中，我们深入探讨了语言学的多个方面，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学和心理语言学等。

以下是一些常见问题及其参考答案的概述。

一、语音学1. 问题：什么是音素？答案：音素是语言中最小的音位单位，能够区分词义。

例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音素，因为它们可以改变词义，如“pat”和“bat”。

2. 问题：什么是元音和辅音？答案：元音是气流在口腔中不受阻碍时发出的声音，如英语中的/i:/（长音“ee”）。

辅音则是气流在口腔或喉部受到部分或完全阻碍时发出的声音，如/p/、/t/、/k/。

二、语法学1. 问题：什么是句子成分？答案：句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等，它们共同构成句子的基本结构。

2. 问题：什么是时态和语态？答案：时态表示动作发生的时间，如过去时、现在时和将来时。

语态则表示动作的执行者和承受者之间的关系，如主动语态和被动语态。

三、语义学1. 问题：什么是词义？答案：词义是词在特定语境中所表达的意义。

它可以是直接的（字面意义）或隐喻的（比喻意义）。

2. 问题：什么是多义词和同形异义词？答案：多义词是一个词具有多个相关意义，如“bank”可以指银行或河岸。

同形异义词则是不同的词具有相同的拼写形式，但意义不同，如“bat”可以指球棒或蝙蝠。

四、语用学1. 问题：什么是言语行为？答案：言语行为是说话者通过语言实现的交际行为，如陈述、询问、请求、命令等。

2. 问题：什么是隐喻和转喻？答案：隐喻是一种将一个概念的属性应用到另一个概念上的修辞手法，如“时间是金钱”。

转喻则是用一个事物来代表与之相关的事物，如用“白宫”来指代美国政府。

五、社会语言学1. 问题：什么是方言和社会方言？答案：方言是某一地区或社会群体特有的语言变体。

社会方言是特定社会群体使用的语言形式，如青少年群体的俚语。

2. 问题：什么是语言变体和语言接触？答案：语言变体是语言在不同地区或社会群体中的不同表现形式。

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]?A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]?A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affix?A. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morp heme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of English?A. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardr obe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonyms?A. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographs?A. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonyms?A. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He h as been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversa tion violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Su san’s farewell party?Y: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation? ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others? ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymy?A. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms betweenthe two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, e.g. –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.21.The two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they areknown as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A wor d’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) 12.In the history of any language the writing system always came into beingbefore the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) 22.Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。

英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语道话教教程》第二版第1-3章训练题参照问案之阳早格格创做Chapter 1IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？问：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypothesesthus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?问： The major branches of linguistics are:(1)phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2)phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication;(3)morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbolsrepresenting soundsare arranged and combined to form words; (4)syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined toform grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5)semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?问：The general approachthus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?问：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?问：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writingis learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everydayspeech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?问：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?问：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially differentfrom animal communication system?（2．2道话的辨别性特性）好国道话教家 C. Hockett提出了人类道话的 12种辨别性特性，其中最要害的辨别性特种有5种：即道话的任性性、创制性、二沉性、移位性战文化传播性.那些特性是所有人类道话所公有的.人类道话的辨别性特性是动物“道话”所不具备的.1）任性性：它指音取义之间不逻辑通联.比圆道，分歧的道话使用分歧的音指相共的实物.2）创制性：道话的创制性主要表示正在道话使用者不妨以有限的道话准则为前提道出战明白无限的句子，包罗他们往日从不听道过的句子.3）二沉性：它指道话正在结构上存留二个条理：矮条理战下条理.正在矮条理是一个个不意思的音，如/p/,/g/,/i/等，然而是那些处正在矮条理的不意思的音不妨依照一定的道话准则分离正在所有产生道话体系的下条理，即：蓄意思的单位，如词汇素，单词汇等.4）移位性：移位性指人类不妨使用道话去道论往日的事务，当前的事务或者将去的事务；道话也不妨用去道论咱们客瞅天下中的事务，或者假念天下中的事务.总之，道话的使用不妨摆脱接际的间接情景语境，进而不受道话时空距离的做用.5）文化传播性：文化的传播性是指，虽然人类习得道话的本领有遗传果素的本果，然而是道话体系简曲实质的习得不是通过遗传去传播的，而是要通过后天的教习去赢得.问：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer tothe same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This iswhy they can produce and understand an infinitely large number ofsentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures,or two levels. At the loweror the basic level there is a structure ofsounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds oflanguage can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of unitsof meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present ornot present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language canbe usedto refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e.,we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details ofany language system are not genetically transmitted,but insteadhave to be taught and learned.9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.问：Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.For example:“China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive functionsupplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2PhonologyP301. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Ofthe two, which one is primary and why?问：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?问：Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?问：The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcriptionwith letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] inthe four words leaf[li:f], feel[fi:l], build[bild], and health[helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is calle d dark [ɫ] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [˜] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription the diacritic [、] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ].Another example is the consonant[p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. Thisdifference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [p h ɪt] and spit is transcribed as [spɪt].4. How are the English consonants classified?问： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?问：Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest.To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricate2) voiceless labiodental fricative3) voiced alveolar stop4) front, close, short5) back, semi-open, long6) voiceless bilabial stopB. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [ t]2) [ l ] 3) [ʧ] 4) [w] 5) [ʊ] 6) [æ]问：A. (1) [ʤ] (2) [f] (3)[d](4) [ɪ] (5)[ɔ:] (6) [p]B.(1)voiceless alveolar stop (2)voiced alveolar liquid(3)voiceless palatal affricate (4)voiced bilabial glide(5)back, close, short (6)front, open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [ɫ],[p h]and [p],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?问：(1)Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language–– the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in allhuman languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of thetasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of [l] and [ɫ], [p h]and[p].8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How areallophones related to a phoneme?问：A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/in English can be realized as dark [ɫ], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme/l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.问：Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] [lkbi] are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to anoth er by“copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, i.e., it does not distinguish meaning. But this does not mean that vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it. We know that in English the prefix in- can be added to ma adjective to make the meaning of the word negative, e.g. discreet – indiscreet, correct – incorrect. But the [n] sound in the prefixin- is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is so in the word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, i.e. [d], is an alveolar stop, but the [n] sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, i.e. [ŋ]; this is because the consonant that follows it is [k], which is a velar stop. So we can see that while pronouncing the sound [n], we are “copying” a feature of the consonant that follows it.Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding forms signature, designation, and paradigmatic, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule can be stated as: Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Given the rule, the phonemic representation of the stems in sign –signature, resign –resignation, phlegm – phlegmatic, paradigm – paradigmatic will include the phoneme/g/, which will be deleted according to the regular rule if no suffix is added.10. What are supra-segmental features? How do the major supra-segmental features of English function in conveying meaning?问：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called supra-segmental features. The main supra-segmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. The location of stress in Englishdistinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun, to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Chapter 3 MorphologyP401. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes byplacing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfile e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist问：a. micro + file b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, andspecifythe types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, m otion pictures,etc.” translator, “one who translates”问：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestemtype:added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, andspecify the types of stem they may be prefixedto. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry”asexual, “without sex or sex organs”问：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : a ntinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial,“opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organizedcommunity. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: coun terproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.问：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize问：(略)6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectionalaffixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.问：(略)。

英语语言学实用教程答案UNIT1

Unit 1 Some Preliminaries about Language[Check your understanding]State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) There is universal agreement about the origin of language. F(2) Pet dogs can speak human languages. F(3) All human infants can speak some language. FNote: All normal human infants can learn to speak some language.(4) By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. FNote: By creativity we mean that we can always create and understand new sentences never used before.(5) With different cultures there will be different languages. FNote: Some cultures can share the same language.(6) Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information. TNote: Example: language used for phatic communion is not meant to convey new information.■ In-Class Activities1. ASK:(1) What does “language” mean in each of the context s?a. a natural language; language in particular.b. a human-specific tool for communication; language in general.c. individual style of language use.d. a metaphorical way of referring to bees’ system of communication.(2) Is there any other context in which the use of the word means something else?Yes. Example: language for the computer like C+2. ASK:(1) What if there were no language?Omit.(2) What if there were only one language the world over?Omit.(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?Language is powerful as a tool of human communication.3. ASK:(1) Do you think the two statements are equally probable, and if not, why not?(a) is more likely than (b), because the word as the basic unit of meaning that can occur independently in language is finite in number, whereas the sentence as composed of words, though almost infinite in number, is made possible by our knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. We can always produce and understand sentences that we never come across before. In that sense, no sentence is really new.(2) In what context do we make the second statement?When we focus our attention on the meaning of a sentence or when we are concerned with theform of a sentence as found in a language class.4. ASK:(1) Are there onomatopoeic words in Chinese?Yes. e.g. “哗啦”、“扑通”、“喀嚓”.(2) Does the existence of onomatopoeic words overthrow the claim that language is arbitrary?No. Onomatopoeic words account for a very limited percentage in the vocabulary of a language.5. ASK:(1) Can one really invent a language of one’s own?No.(2) If not, why?A language comes into being and use by convention or agreement among its speakers.6. ASK:(1) Is there any basic flaw in this experiment?The process is not strictly controlled. There may have been some coincidence. The sample size is too small for the experiment to be valid.(2) Do you think we really can answer the question about the beginning of language?No, at least in the present condition where/when we cannot perform experiments on the human brain, the key organ of speech.7. ASK:(1) Can you identify the most likely order (from least to most advanced) of these samples?C→B→A(2) What features in each child’s utterances can you use as evidence to support your ordering?Child A: good syntax except for improper question form.Child B: visible development of syntax; overgeneralizationChild C: Not much syntax; two-word utterances; telegraphic sentences (sentences that contain only content words but lack function words)8. ASK:(1) It is often assumed that children imitate adults in the course of language acquisition. Canimitation account for the above production on the part of the child?Not wholly. There is counter evidence against the assumption, like the overgeneralization “go-ed” for “went”.(2) What distinguishes the child’s production from that of the adult?Overgeneralization of “-ed” for the past tense as shown by “holded”.9. ASK:(1) How do adults reinforce the process of children’s acquisition as exemplified here?They use explicit correction.(2) Do children know what they are doing wrongly?Not exactly.(3) Do the adults succeed in their reinforcement?Not always, at least.(4) How should we treat the “mistakes” that children make while acquiring their mother tongue?We may ignore them sometimes, although some amount of reinforcement may turn out to be helpful.10. ASK:(1) Do children learn through structured or simplified input, as suggested?Not always. There is evidence for both sides.(2) Can you offer some examples illustrating, representing the way adults talk to infants?Omit.Note: Motherese is characterized by shorter sentences, higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, higher proportion of content words to function words, simple syntax, more interrogatives and imperatives, more repetitions. Yet it is not syntactically simpler. Rather, it may include syntactically complex sentences such as questions: Do you want your juice now?Embedded sentences: Mommy thinks you should sleep now. Imperatives: Pat the dog gently! Negatives with tag questions: We don’t want to hurt him, do we?Indeed, it is fortunate that motherese is not syntactically restricted. If it were, children might not have sufficient information to extract the rules of their language.11. ASK(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages?Omit.(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or somedayno dialect will exist?Omit.12. ASK:Are there any universals that you think all languages share but are not mentioned here?E.g. All languages have internal structures.All languages have numericals.■ ExercisesTask 3: Study Questions1. What do you think is essential to the emergence of language?The existence of social activities; the need to express diverse ideas, emotions, etc.; the need to communicate ideas to distant places; etc.2. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?No. They are genetically not endowed with the capacity.3. What role does body language play in language communication?Omit.4. N aturally occurring “experiments” with so-called “wolf-children”, “bear-children”,“Mowgli”or “monkey-children” and other such feral youngsters have been widely reported for hundreds of years. None of these children could speak or understand speech and, indeed, most efforts to teach them language ended in failure. How would you account for the failure?The language acquisition device has to be triggered before a certain age (that of puberty). Sufficient expose to a language environment at the right time is essential to language acquisition.5. The following are some instances of using English for communication. What specific functiondoes each use of English serve in the following pictures?Informative (in the form of commanding)Directive (Advertising in the form of requesting)Directive (Persuading in the form of threatening)Directive (Recruiting)6．Iconicity of language is an aspect of language where form echoes meaning. Onomatopoeia, also known as “sound symbolism”, is one type of iconicity. Some researchers have found other evidence of iconicity. For example, words beginning with the sound combination sl- in English often have an unpleasant sense, as in slithering, slimy, slugs. Here are some questions:a. Is the “unpleasant” sense actually true of all, or even most, words beginning with sl- in English? No. e.g. slight.b. Are there any other sounds or sound combinations that you associate with particular meanings? Gliding: slide, slip, slippery;Rolling: tumble, crumble, stumblec. How about the vowel sounds in words that identify near-to-speaker concepts (this, near, here) versus far-from-speaker concepts (that, far, there)? What is the difference? Is it a general pattern distinguishing terms for things that are near versus far in English? What about the case in Chinese?Front vowels for near-speaker concepts; central or back vowels for far-from-speaker concepts. There seems to be a similar kind of pattern in Chinese. C.f. 近jin /远yuan；这zhe /那na7. In many of the world’s languages there are so-called nursery names for parents. In English, for example, corresponding to the word mother is the nursery name mama, and for father one finds dada and papa. There is remarkable similarity across different languages in the form of these nursery names for parents. For example, in Chinese and Navajo ma corresponds to English mama. Why do you think that this is the case?Bilabials are learned and produced first because they are the easiest.8.a. What are some of the changes which appear to have taken place in the child’s ability to use English during that period?Like the basically proper use of interrogatives and the correct use of inflection.b. What do these changes suggest about the order of language acquisition?Complete sentences are acquired later than elliptical ones. Inflection is acquired at a late stage.。

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixA. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate formsbetween the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particularlanguage are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。

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