美国法学会《侵权法重述》

美国法学会《侵权法重述•第三次•责任分担》（中英文对照参考译本）

王竹中国人民大学法学院

Restatement of the Law, Third, Torts: Apportionment of Liability（Rule Sections）

Copyright © 2000 by The American Law Institute

译者说明：本文系作者参与2006年中国法学会部级法学研究课题“中国侵权责任法立法研究”（立项编号：CLS（2006）YB14）过程中，为学习和研究目的而进行的翻译。本文件仅供个人学习、研究之用，仅供参考，请勿作他用，后果自负。本文件部分条文的翻译参考了许传玺、石宏等译《侵权法重述——纲要》（法律出版社2006年版）1-4、7、8、10-12、14-17、23、26条条文和相应条文的部分“COMMENTS & ILLUSTRATIONS”、“REPORTERS NOTES”的译文，特此致谢。相关译文具体细节请参见注释。

第一题[1]：比较责任的基本规则

Topic 1- Basic Rules of Comparative Responsibility

第一条本重述所涉及的问题与诉因

本重述讨论在两位或多位责任人之间分配责任的问题。本重述适用于关于死亡、人身损害[2]（包括精神损害或配偶权），或对有形财产的物理伤害的所有主张（包括法律诉讼与和解），无论其责任基础如何。

1 Issues and Causes of Action Addressed by This Restatement

This Restatement addresses issues of apportioning liability among two or more persons. It applies to all claims [3] （including lawsuits and settlements）for death, personal injury （including emotional distress or consortium）, or physical damage to tangible property, regardless of the basis of liability.

第二条责任的合同性限制

在合同法、诉讼请求的实体法规则和可适用的解释规则允许的情况下，原告与他人之间免除该他人对未来伤害负责的合同，将阻碍原告从该他人处获得对该伤害的赔偿。与原告的过失不同，一项有效的合同性责任限制并不构成事实调查人向任何当事人或他人分配责任份额的理由。

2 Contractual Limitations on Liability

When permitted by contract law, substantive law governing the claim, and applicable rules of construction, a contract between the plaintiff and another person absolving the person from liability for future harm bars the plaintiff,s recovery [4] from that person for the harm. Unlike a plaintiff,s negligence, a valid contractual limitation on liability does not provide an occasion for the factfinder to assign a percentage of responsibility to any party or other person.

第三条定义原告过失的各种严格学说[5]均已被废止

原告的过失应依据适用于被告过失的标准来定义。特别适用于定义原告过失的各种严格学说均已被废止。

3 Ameliorative Doctrines for Defining Plaintiff’s Negligence Abolished

Plaintiff,s negligence is defined by the applicable standard for a defendant,s negligence. Special ameliorative doctrines for defining plaintiff,s negligence are abolished.

第四条对原告过失和法律原因的证明

被告负有证明原告过失的举证责任，并可采用原告为证明被告过失可以采用的任何方法。除本重述第五题另有规定外，被告亦负有举证责任证明原告过失——如果原告存在任何过失——构成原告所受损害的一项法律原因。

4 Proof of Plaintiff’s Negligence and Legal Causation

The defendant has the burden to prove plaintiff,s negligence, and may use any of the methods a plaintiff may use to prove defendant,s negligence. Except as otherwise provided in Topic 5, the defendant also has the burden to prove that the plaintiff,s negligence, if any, was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s damages.

第五条可归责于原告的过失

假设原告是被告的角色，他人的过失便可以归责于他的话，那么该他人的过失可归责于原告。除非该他人的过失不是仅仅因为原告对机动车享有的所有权，或对该他人使用该机动车的许可而归责于原告。

5 Negligence Imputed to a Plaintiff

The negligence of another person is imputed to a plaintiff whenever the negligence of the other person would have been imputed had the plaintiff been a defendant, except the negligence of another person is not imputed to a plaintiff solely because of the plaintiff,s ownership of a motor vehicle or permission for its use by the other person.

第六条当原告获得的赔偿派生于一项被告对第三人实施了侵权行为的主张和包含于基于遗存诉因法的主张时，过失可归责于原告[6]

（a）当原告声称一项派生于被告对第三人实施侵权行为的主张时，在该项主张中该第三人的过失可归责于原告。原告的赔偿额同样因为其自身的过失而被减少。

（b）根据遗存诉因法，遗产被继承人[7]（生前）的过失在其生存时对其赔偿额影响的同样范围内，影响遗产可获得的赔偿额。遗产受益人的过失不能仅仅因为受益人作为受益人的法律地位而归责于财产。

6 Negligence Imputed to a Plaintiff When the Plaintiff,s Recovery Derives from a Claim That the Defendant Committed a Tort Against a Third Person and in Claims Under Survival Statutes

（a）When a plaintiff asserts a claim that derives from the defendant,s tort against a third person, negligence of the third person is imputed to the plaintiff with respect to that claim. The plaintiff,s recovery is also reduced by the plaintiff,s own negligence.

（b）The negligence of an estate,s decedent affects the estate [8],s recovery under a survival statute to the same extent that it would have affected the decedent,s recovery had the decedent survived. The negligence of a beneficiary of the decedent,s estate is not imputed to the estate merely because of the beneficiary,s status as a beneficiary.

第七条在原告遭受不可分损害时原告过失[9]的效力

若原告的过失（或原告应为其过失负责的其他人的过失）构成原告遭受的不可分伤害的一项法律原因，则原告的所获得的赔偿额将依据事实调查人分配给原告（或原告应为其过失负责的该他人）的责任份额相应比例地减少。

7 Effect of Plaintiff’s Negligence When Plaintiff Suffers an Indivisible Injury

Plaintiff,s negligence （or the negligence of another person for whose negligence the plaintiff is responsible）that is a legal cause of an indivisible injury to the plaintiff reduces the plaintiff,s recovery in proportion to the share of responsibility the factfinder assigns to the plaintiff （or other person for whose negligence the plaintiff is responsible）.

第八条分配责任份额时应考虑的因素

向法律责任已被确定的各方分配责任百分比时应考虑的因素包括：

（a）该方造成风险之行为的性质，包括任何对该行为所造成风险的认识或漠视，以及任何对该行为所造成伤害的意图；及（b）该方造成风险之行为与该伤害之间因果关系的强度。

8 Factors for Assigning Shares of Responsibility

Factors for assigning percentages of responsibility to each person whose legal responsibility has been established include

（a）the nature of the person,s risk-creating conduct, including any awareness or indifference with respect to the risks created by the conduct and any intent with respect to the harm created by the conduct；and

（b）the strength of the causal connection between the person,s risk-creating conduct and the harm.

第九条判决的抵销

如果同一诉讼中的双方当事人都相互负有责任，那么各方都有权抵消对方享有的任何（相应）赔偿额；除非一方或双方都有责任保险，那么抵消不会减少责任保险人应支付的金额，适用的法律规范或制定法另有规定的除外。

9 Offsetting Judgments