2005 考博英语中国农业科学院

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05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。

中科院各专业所考博试题.doc

中科院各专业所考博试题中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题1. 试举5例说明绿色荧光蛋白在生物学研究中的作用？2. 真核生物逆转座子的结构功能和生物学意义？3. -蛋白用SDS聚丙电泳分离后为一条带.诸问，这个蛋白是否只有种成分，如果还有其它成分如何分离•鉴定纯度4. 真核生物我达各水平上的调控机理5. 举两篇05年我国科学家发表的Cell Science Nature的文章，要国内通迅地址，耍写出作者或单位，以及文章的主耍内容.6. 请在生化的度评价转基因仗物的安全性中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分〉1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPI*4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精了和卵子发生为例。

简述减数分裂。

（17分）叫、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因纽两套遗传装迓的相互作用关系。

（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2002年细胞生物学（博士〉名词解释（毎题3分，共36分〉1、细胞周期2、细胞分化3、干细胞4、细胞外基质5、上皮6、信号传导7、转染&端粒9、免疫球蛋白10. 细胞计架1K内质网12、反意义RNA问答题（以下5题任选4题,毎题16分，共64分〉1、试述细胞膜的化学组成2、试述线粒体的遗传学……半自主性3、以图解叙述细胞的有丝分裂及H调控4、试述哺乳动物的受精作用和哺乳动物克隆的不同点5、试述造血干细胞的分化中科院动物所2003年细胞生物学（博士〉名词解释（3X10）1、原癌基因2、信号肽3、细胞周期4、高尔基体干扰RNA6、免疫印迹7、干细胞&突触9. 细胞骨架10. 端粒二：综述题1、简述生物膜的分子和结构基础，核膜在细胞周期中的变化规律。

分析核孔复合体在物质转运的结构基础（15分）2、简述线粒体内氧自曲基产生的分子机制及其线粒体在细胞凋亡调节中的作用（15分）3、简述免疫细胞发育过程和T细胞检测标准，分析艾滋橋毒感染细胞的途径（10分）4、简述神经细胞突触细胞传递的结构基础和信号传导分子机制（15分）5、利川真核基因表达调控的原理，阐述利用体细胞进行动物克降的分子基础核生物学意义。

2005-03中科院博士入学考试英语真题

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一 (PAPER ONE) 和试卷二 (PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

五、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I听力20分钟20分I I词汇15分钟10分I I I完型填空15分钟15分I V阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：V英译汉30分钟10分V I写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Thequestion will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choicesgiven by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air.B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friends.B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket.B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information.B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium.B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each.B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.17. A. Jack is a gentleman.B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10.A. The man has caught a cold.B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once.After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose thebest answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with asingle bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel.B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class.B. The overthrow of a tyrant.2C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B.Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.3PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the _______ of theiradolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror _______ curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cuttingmove might _______ its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job _______ your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to _______ about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they _______ fromtelevision.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your _______ invitation, and I‟d like to accep t your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must _______ you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see youagain.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating,but I beg you to grant my _______ and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular achievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as aself-confident mature nation to be ________ seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken431. Europe as a _______ unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each Europeangovernment acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him_______ at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to _______ my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would _______, for he cannot endure to beseparated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t _______ any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable_______ than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which couldeventually lead to coastal flooding, _______ weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated hisemployees with _______ contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, _______ to discuss the implication ofthat conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to beaccepted by peers _______ great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives in5PART III CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and Dfor each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phraseyou have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate of medical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs（心电图）are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41.A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42.A. why B. how C. if D. what43.A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44.A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45.A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46.A. good B. well C. much D. far47.A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48.A. however B. because C. but D. so49.A. at B. to C. for D. in50.A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51.A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52.A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody653.A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54.A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55.A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions:You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followedby four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark theletter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old man appeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leaving a trace.756. Samarkand lies ________.A.in a desertB.high in the mountainsC.in front of DamascusD.between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by ________.A.the beauty of the sceneB.the sight of DamascusC.the age of the placeD.the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because ________.A.it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB.it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC.the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD.the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to ________.A.the ones his ancestors had keptB.the ones that lived in his own countryC.those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD.those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because ________.A.he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB.he did not think there would be any callsC.the calls came from the mosquesD.the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now ________.A.it does sell jewelleryB.the holy men do not sell thereC.it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD.the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops8independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.” Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered.In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when ________.A.the infant experiences some satisfactionB.adults‟ trust is adequateC.the infant learns how to moveD.the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize963. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children ________.A.to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB.to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers duringinfancyC.to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD.to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthypersonality64. Babies might mistrust the world if ________.A.they did not receive food when they were hungryB.they mastered their body movements too quicklyC.someone came too close to themD.they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs ________.A.before maternal affection is providedB.when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC.when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD.as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not beaffected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that ________.A.the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB.the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC.the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD.no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is________.A.the type of techniques used by the motherB.the sensitivity of the childC.maternal loveD.the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A.By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B.By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C.By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D.By offering smiles and comforts.10Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others are satisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering - and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don't recommend this - and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably - and, usually, utterly benignly - a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don't make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don't worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning - and found to be essentially the same. According to Dr. Gerba's research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage?A.We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B.Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.11C.The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D.The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that _______.A.healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC.unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD.our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “…manage this” means “to manage the process of_______.”A.killing the bacteria in your bodyB.multiplying to a significantly large numberC.raising the room temperatureD.sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better _______.A.make the room dryB.keep the food in the refrigeratorC.wash your hands as much as possibleD.clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes _______.A.the danger of virusesB.the common existence of virus particlesC.the short life span of virusesD.the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means _______.A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsiveA.if he washes his hands every time he touches a surface.B.if he only washes his hands with soap and water.C.if he could not win over the bacteria in his home.D.if he does not fight against the bacteria at home.12Passage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages. Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. "We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine," says Bass. "We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop." The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They're now in their third year, and says Bass: “Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s success demonstrates what many obesity experts and pa rents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategies throughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids, and we've got to do more.”How to do more was outlined last week in the Institute of Me dicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is ________.A.encouragedB.allowedC.unlawfulD.unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapolis school district partly because ________.A.water is provided freeB.most kids can afford nothing but waterC.water machines are put in noticeable positionsD.children have realized the harm of sugary drinks13。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2004答案解析

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2004答案解析PartⅡVocabulary1.A 译文：他在这个领域的成就的功劳必须归于他的导师方教授解析：credit荣誉，功劳；reputation名誉，声望；respect尊敬；praise赞美。

2.D 译文：由于我们无法再等我们定的货，所以不得不取消订单。

解析：postpone推迟；refuse拒绝；accept接受；cancel取消。

3.C 译文：年轻人中存在着很高的工作流动性，因为他们今天辞掉这个工作明天就会找一个新的。

解析：固定搭配，quit work 辞职，停止工作；depart离开，出发；reject排斥；quit 辞职，放弃；leave离开。

4.C 译文：由于天气恶劣必须放弃寻找失踪的船。

解析：release 释放，发射；resign辞职；abandon 放弃，断念；surrender使投降。

5.B 译文：人们开的车可能是为了显示他的身份或社会地位。

解析：curiosity好奇心；status身份，地位；importance重要性；reputation声望。

四个选项中与social position是一类词的只有B。

6.A 译文：创造力是指利用现存的资源产生独创与有益的方案、思想和产品。

解析：creativity 创造力；productivity 生产力；application应用；combination组合。

7.D 译文：有时艺术家发现让他们的作品赢得大众的欣赏很难。

解析：popular appetite 大众口味，在题目中指的事“赢得大众的喜爱”。

Welcome欢迎；applause喝彩；appetite爱好，喜爱，胃口；appreciation欣赏，感谢。

8.A 译文：面临着项目的失败，投资商将忍受着高达三千万的损失。

解析：in the face of面对……；in time of……时期；in the event of如果……发生；in the course of在……期间。

中国农业科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附答案解析)

★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国农业科学院考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷14

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国农业科学院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题A centrally controlled military force was the guarantee of their continuation in power, but the army was a part of the administrative organization, and it too was（）corruption.问题1选项A.more likelyB.prone toC.less likelyD.tending【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

A选项more likely“更可能的”；B选项prone to“有……倾向的”；C选项less likely“最不可能的是”；D选项tending“照顾”。

根据题意，只有“prone to易于，倾向于”符合。

A中“more likely”需要接to，构成“more likely to do sth.”才正确。

句意：虽然中央集权的武装力量是他们连续执政的保障，但是军队只是管理机构的一部分，并且它……腐2.单选题Theory and science are nurtured in material environments, and application is a powerful （）to thought. In this respect he was a great planter of ideas.问题1选项A.encouragementB.spurC.driveD.driving force【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。

A选项encouragement“鼓舞”；B选项spur“鞭策，刺激”；C选项drive“驱动”，常用表达：a drive to sth，D选项driving force“驱动力，推动力”，常用表达：driving force for sth，跟后面的“to”不搭，可排除D选项。

中国农科院历年考博试题

二．问答题：
1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
2 Phagmid和cosmid作为载体的特点。
3 AFLF原理及其应用。
4 双元载体的概念及构建原理。
5 Southern吸印杂交的原理及应用。
1995年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题同98年
1994年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
6．双元载体的概念及其构件原理
7． AFLP的原理及其应用.
8． PLASMID和COSMID作为载体的特点.
9．试述RFLP
10．试述转座子标签法克隆目基因
11．试述定位克隆技术
12．试述RNA编辑.
13．试述YAC
14．试述染色体步移
15．试述基因芯片
我想基因工程原理无非就是这些基本原理，2004年的论述题是获得一个克隆怎么研究功能，
6、Ti质粒 7、T-DNA 8、同功tRNA 9、反义tRNA 10、有义链 11、α互补 12、基因 13、cDNA 14、染色体步查
二．简答题
1、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、Southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？
4、AFLP的原理及其应用
简答：1. RNAi（RNA干涉）的工作机理和作用。
2. 双脱氧测序法的原理。
3. 基因芯片的种类和工作原理。
4. PCR的工作原理。
问答：1. 研究DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法有几种。
2. 如何提高外源基因片段在原核细胞中的表达量。
3 叙述功能基因组学的内容与意义。
名词：脉冲电场电泳法

中科院历年考博试题免费下载

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中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rar.rar中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rarnew.rar中科院博士英语往年作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院博士英语试题解析99-04.rar05年中科院山地所博士入学自然地理试题.rar07年3月中科院考博英语及答案.rar.rar07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）.rar07年中科院过程工程研究所考博专业课.rar.rar08中科院全国_生物化学_统考试卷.rar09中科院广州地化研所分析化学.rar.rar1999-2002中科院植物所考博题（植物学和生态学）.rar.rar2000年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2001~2005中科院动物生态学考博试题.rar.rar2001年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.rar.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.txt.rar2006中科院有机化学(秋).rar2006年中科院生态中心生态学专业试题.rar.rar2007中科院量子力学及答案.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第一部分0.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第二部分.rar2007年中科院无机化学考研真题.rar.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar【人文地理】中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题.rar.rar【岩溶环境学】中科院2008年考博试题.rar.rar【植物生理学】中科院植物所植物生理学考博真题（2000-2001）.rar【生物化学】中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题（1997-2001）.rar【神经生理学】中科院神经科学研究所2001年神经生理学考博试题.rar【细胞生物学】中科院2012年考博试题.rar【计算机科学与基础】中科院计算技术研究所2011年考博试题.rar【遗传学】中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年考博试题.rar（内部资料）中科院考博英语命题特点.rar.rar。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2007答案解析

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2007答案解析PartⅠVocabularySection A1.C 译文：经过数百年的自我实施专制后，中国已经在国际事务上占有一席之地，并进入了现代历史的浪潮。

解析：cooperation合作；monopoly垄断；dictatorship专政，专制；seclusion隐居。

2.C 译文：满族人已经和保证双方地位的贵族阶层形成了联盟。

贵族人与普通平民区分开来，并且他们被给予政府部门中的专有职位特权。

解析：inclusive包含的；special 专用的，专门的；exclusive独有的，专有的；especial 特别的，尤其的。

3.C 译文：理论科学是在物质环境中产生的，而应用则是思想的强力驱动力。

照这样看，他便是一位伟大的思想传播者。

解析：encouragement 鼓舞；spur鼓舞，刺激；drive驱动，常用表达a drive to sth；driving force驱动力，推动力，常用表达driving force for sth。

4.C 译文：他们用来建立维护追随者的方法与完成这样的活动的展望也成为了现今中国政治行为的重要来源。

解析：precedents 引用单元；pioneer 先锋；source来源；resource资源。

5.B 译文：在他身上，有一个交汇点，一个斗争的典型代表，因而他是一个真正的历史人物。

解析：representation表现；representative代表，典型；symbol象征，标志；sign符合，记号。

6.B 译文：社会稳定源于各种力量的微妙平衡。

在这种连续的平衡中，可变因素已经得到了暂时的平衡。

改变一个因素便会发生一系列改变和调整。

解析：saturation饱和；continuum连续体；continuation继续；melting point熔点。

a continuum of 连续的。

7.B 译文：成功人士如何处理一种新文化取决于很多因素，如一个人的原始教育和即将修正的具体行为解析：固定搭配，be contingent on 取决于，依赖于。

中国农业大学考博英语真题复习备考重点介绍

中国农业大学考博英语真题复习备考重点介绍ExampleInca society was strictly organized,from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants.The emperor was thought to be descended from the sun god,Inti,and he therefore ruled with divine authority. All power rested in his hands.Only the influence of custom and the fear of revolt checked the emperor’s power.(41)__________.The emperor chose his most important administrators from among his sons.Just below the emp Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq：qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.eror came the aristocracy,which included descendants and relations of all the emperors.(42)__________.The nobles of conquered peoples also became part of the governing aristocracy and were considered Inca by adoption.For administrative purposes the empire was divided into regions known as the“four suyus(quarters)of the world,”with Cuzco at its center.The Incas called their empire“Land of the Four Quarters.”One suyu,the Antisuyu,stretched to the east of Cuzco and contained deep,forest-covered valleys that gradually descended into the jungles of the Amazon basin.Indian groups in this region, many of whom were only partially pacified,continued to launch attacksagainst the Incas.Cuntisuyu included all the land west of Cuzco, including the coastal regions of Peru from Chan Chan to Arequipa. Collasuyu was the largest of the quarters.Located south of Cuzco, it took in Lake Titicaca and regions of Bolivia,Chile,and Argentina. Chincasuyu contained the remaining land to the north of Cuzco.A blood relative of the emperor served as governor of each quarter. The Incas further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units,with officials of descending rank overseeing the activities of these units.(43)__________.Another official,ideally a leader of a large village,ruled over a smaller area containing about1,000 peasants.At the level below,ten foremen each supervised a total of 100peasants.At the lowest organizational level,an official oversaw a group of ten peasants.For every10,000people,there were1,331 officials.Inca state affairs were complex and tightly controlled.Whole native populations were at times uprooted and resettled in other communities.Often groups were relocated to areas where they were needed for agricultural or mining activities.Sometimes relocations were politically motivated.(44)__________.Furthermore,these relocations facilitated the spread of Inca ideas and culture and promoted unity in the empire.In order to deal efficiently with such matters,government officers kept strict accounts of all the people,gold,land,crops and projects of the empire.Since the Incas had no system of writing,they kept records by means of a quipu—a series of short,knotted strings hung at intervals from a long top string.By varying the colors and kinds of string used and the spacing of the strings and knots, the Incas could record populations,troops,and tribute,as well as information about their legends and achievements.The quipu was a complex memory aid rather than a literal record,and only a trained quipucamayo,or memory expert,could create or interpret it.An oral comment accompanied each quipu and allowed the quipucamayo to make sense of its meaning.(45)__________.Modern scholars still have not deciphered the codes used in the creation of quipus.[A]Serving under each governor were ten district governors,each of whom ruled over a district containing about10,000peasants.[B]Following the Spanish conquest and the introduction of records written in Spanish,the Incas lost the ability to read quipus.[C]Noticeable economic thriving was frequently found,in the records of the local governments,after relocations.[D]The emperor had one official wife,but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbered in the hundreds.[E]Placing Quechua-speaking populations in newly conquered areas impaired the ability of local groups to unite against the Incas.[F]Relations between relatives of the emperor,governors and officials often posed headaches for the supreme ruler himself,who was interwoven tightly and deeply among them.[G]These pure-blooded Incas held the most important government, religious,and military posts.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中国农业大学考博-中国农业大学考博院校介绍

中国农业大学考博-中国农业大学考博院校介绍学院介绍中国农业大学研究生院设立于1984年，是教育部首批批准设立研究生院的院校之一。

中国农业大学考博，研究生院院长由校长柯炳生教授兼任，常务副院长为于嘉林教授。

研究生院下设综合办公室、管理处、招生办公室、培养处、学位办公室五个处室。

党委研究生工作部与管理处合署办公;中国农业大学研究生教育创新研究中心挂靠研究生院。

学校现有全日制研究生6765名，其中全日制硕士研究生4122名，全日制博士研究生2643名。

导师1162人，博士生导师547人。

其中，中国科学院院士5人，中国工程院院士7人。

19个博士学位授权一级学科，95个博士学位授权点，37个硕士学位授权一级学科，171个硕士学位授权点，12个博士后流动站。

拥有6个国家重点一级学科，6个国家重点二级学科，共覆盖了24个二级学科，21个省部级重点学科。

学科覆盖农学、理学、工学、法学、管理学、哲学、经济学、医学、文学9个学科门类。

中国农业大学是中国的十六所一流大学之一。

中国农业大学考博大学科门中农学排名全国第一，在全国80个一级学科整体水平评估中中国农业大学植物保护、畜牧学、兽医学、食品科学与工程、农业工程等7个一级学科排名全国第一。

其数量在全国排第三，仅次于北京大学和清华大学。

中国农业大学具备培养学士、硕士、博士及博士后的完整教育体系。

学校拥有12个博士学位授权一级学科，71个博士学位授权点，136个硕士学位授权点;65个本科专业，其中生物学、化学两个学科被列入“国家理科基础学科研究和教育人才培养基地”。

中国农大考博学校重视教学质量，大力推进教育教学改革，积极探索培养高素质创新人才的培养模式。

截至2011年12月，中国农业大学有全日制本科生12944名，全日制研究生6765名，其中全日制硕士研究生4122名，全日制博士研究生2643名;在站博士后研究人员164名。

中国农业大学广泛深入开展科学技术研究。

学校坚持面向国民经济主战场，着重开展具有应用前景的基础研究和对国民经济发展有重大意义的应用研究，生物与农业高技术领域的研究居领先水平。

中国农业科学院博士入学考试英语样题.-.20171027171850

中国农业科学院博士研究生入学考试英语样题PART I Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure(25%)Section A:Vocabulary(15points)Directions:There are fifteen questions in this section.Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose oneword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with asingle bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1.Studies on cats have helped______some of the abilities of our mysterious housemates.A.lightenB.obscureC.illuminateD.cherish2.Lung cancer is the UK’s biggest cancer killer,______more than35,000lives a year.A.savingB.claimingC.demandingD.producing3.Some stereotypes of the Chinese______in the United States because of the large number ofnegative reports.A.endureB.vanishC.insistD.deteriorate4.After the marathon race,some athletes are too______to answer the reporter’s questions.A.wiped outB.figured outid outD.worn out5.The good news is that more foreigners have come to______traditional Chinese medicine.A.take inB.believe inC.turn inD.get in6.Treatments that______the immune system have shown great promise against some forms ofcancer.A.proceedB.erodeC.harnessD.precede7.A year ago there were slightly more______than jobseekers,but now there are twice as manyopenings.A.vacuumsB.vacanciesC.vacationsD.vocations8.Dogs seem to experience separation anxiety,which also indicates that they feel______to theirowners.A.hostilityB.objectionC.relianceD.attachment9.Previous research has shown that there are immediate______benefits from eating chocolate.A.cognitiveB.imaginativeC.creativepetitive10.A discovery into the genetic makeup of tumors may deliver therapies that are______toindividual patients.A.entitledB.affiliatedC.tailoredD.obliged11.A major obstacle______English learning is the profound influence of the mother tongue.A.forB.onC.toD.over12.As the vote will be______in favor of the Republican Party,Trump is getting near to thepresidency.A.deliberatelyB.overwhelminglyC.conscientiouslyD.crudely13.It takes courage to______all the opposition to the decision to have these corrupt officialsarrested.A.break downB.turn downC.let downD.shut down14.One choice has to______another when you are making a decision as to which college toattend.A.be oriented toB.be indulged inC.be coupled withD.be weighed against15.This company is constantly looking for ways to improve services______different customers.A.on behalf ofB.in case ofC.by means ofD.with a view toSection B Grammatical Structure(10points)Directions:There are twenty questions in this section.Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words,phrases or grammatical structures marked A,B,C and D.Choose one that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.16.About twenty years______since my parents bought this apartment in this city.A.passedB.has passedC.is passingD.have passed17.She was so busy that she left the food______last evening.A.untouchedB.being untouchedC.to be untouchedD.not touched18.Despite his repeated attempt______this test,he has never succeeded.A.of passingB.that passesC.to passD.passing19.This book is not so important as______.A.is said to beB.what is said to beC.are said to beD.which is said to be20.A college student______the four basic skills related to English learning.A.need improvingB.needs to improveC.need to improveD.needs improving21.Tom might have got the top score in physics______more careful.A.he had beenB.had he beenC.if he wereD.if he is22.My professor of biology is an amiable lady about twice______.A.my ageB.so old as meC.as my ageD.as old as my age23.An individual,______,is entitled to some constitutional rights.A.no matter rich or poorB.however rich or poorC.rich or poorD.either rich or poor24.A new library has been built in______used to be residential buildings.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.what25.Regular exercise can boost your immunity______helping you look younger.A.whenB.whileC.duringD.as26.What my supervisor said to me set me______.A.thinkingB.to thinkC.thoughtD.think27.There is a growing body of evidence______nuts can benefit human health.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.where28.The first thing she has to do now is______to the manager.A.apologizesB.to apologizedC.apologyD.apologize29.My mom was thirty years old the year______I was born.A.whichB.XC.in thatD.where30.Couples who have lost their only child wish to have______child.A.the secondB.secondC.a secondD.a secondary31.The teacher tried to console this little girl,______her feel worse.A.which makingB.only to makeC.but makingD.yet to make32.It was______last weekend______I learned that she had been diagnosed with cancer.A.at…whenB.no sooner…thanC.hardly…whenD.not until…that33.We can find out more about______space via______Internet.A.X...the B.the...the C.X...X D.a (X)34.This bridge is believed______about800years ago.A.to be builtB.having builtC.to have been builtD.being built35.______in the1960s,my parents usually think differently from us.A.Being bornB.BornC.Having been bornD.To be bornPART II READING COMPREHENSION(30points)Directions:In this part of the test,there are five short passages.Read each passage carefully,and then do the questions that follow.Choose the best answer from the four choices given and markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneImagine a world without alcohol sponsorship of sport and without drinks ads on TV.You’re imagining France,the country with a heavy drinking rate one sixth that of Ireland.It’s a country where there is a genuinely sensible and mature approach to alcohol–with a range of regulationsfor the alcohol industry.To be certain,people drink in France–there is alcoholism and serious issues for public health there,just as in other societies where alcohol is available–but in France,the trend is downward and heavy drinking isn’t a group activity where getting drunk is the objective.The drinks industry in Ireland is pitilessly efficient and deeply rational–like any multi-billion euro industry,knowing how to get people to drink more,how to grow a market,howto cultivate the next generation of drinkers and how to put them on the value addition conveyor belt.The economics of drinking is strikingly obvious.A massive diversity of products at a massively wide range of prices,with a staggering diversity of lifestyle messages and marketing approaches to segment and divide the market.We start with the young drinkers,who don’t have a whole lot of money–for young men there’re the thin aluminum can beers which promise European sophistication and precious metals.For the ladies there are the lighter alcopops and coolers,which promise to have one laugh uncontrollably into the night with your equally attractive mid-twenties friends,often with a three-for-two offer.The next stage in the process is to get the drinker into the bottled beers and shift the ladies towards whiskey.In the summer,everyone is encouraged to dedicate time to quenching the thirst with juice–and to move on from there.At each life stage there is a higher-value drink product targeted at our aspirations and an encouragement to get some of the good life.The drinks industry reminds us to tame our animal side with a trip to their website saying that‘enjoying a drink may be part of Irish culture…’and,at the start of an article on the possible health benefits of cutting down on alcohol,states:“Lots of people associate moderate drinking with relaxation and fun.”The drinks industry needs young drinkers–it cultivates drinkers as early as possible,but it cultivates partners and harvests goodwill as well.36.Which of the following statements is true about France?A.Sport can be sponsored by alcohol producers.B.There are no TV commercials related to alcohol.C.No one consumes an excessive amount of alcohol.D.There are no strict regulations for the alcohol industry.37.The underlined words in Paragraph3imply that the drinks industry in Ireland______.A.tries to make money by illegal meansB.cares about the health of consumersC.is good at boosting sales of alcoholD.has enjoyed quite high productivity38.Paragraph Four and Five are focused on______the drinks industry.A.health benefits associated withB.the economics employed byC.the wide range of products ofD.various lifestyle messages from39.The drinks industry has been working hard to increase its sales by______.A.encouraging consumers to use the same drink productB.telling consumers the truth about the harm of alcoholC.matching each stage of life with a particular type of drinkD.targeting at young drinkers exclusively and relentlessly40.The central idea of this passage is that in Ireland______.A.alcoholism is a serious social problem tB.the drinks industry cares about sales,not youC.there is an abundant supply of drink productsD.people should learn from their French neighbors41.The author’s tone in writing this passage is______.A.ironicB.supportiveC.appreciativeD.objective Passage TwoJulie Lythcott-Haims noticed a disturbing trend during her decade as the former dean of freshmen at Stanford University.Incoming students were brilliant and accomplished and virtually flawless,on paper.But with each year,more of them seemed incapable of taking care of themselves.At the same time,parents were becoming increasingly involved in their children’s lives.They talked to their children multiple times a day and rushed in to personally intervene whenever something difficult happened.Lythcott-Haims came to believe that parents in wealthy communities have been hindering their children by trying so hard to protect the children from any disappointment,failure and hardship.Such“over-helping”might assist children in developing impressive résumés for college applications,but it also deprives them of the chance to learn who they are,what they love and how to navigate the world,she argues in her book.“We want so badly to help them by shepherding them from milestone to milestone and by shielding them from failure and pain.But over-helping is devastating,”she writes.“It can leave young adults without the strengths of skill,will and character that are needed to know themselves and to craft a life.”“Don’t call me a parenting expert,”she said in an interview.“I’m interested in humans’thriving,and it turns out that over-parenting is getting in the way.”She cites statistics on the rise of depression and other mental health problems among the young people.She has seen the effects up close:she lives in a community that,following a string of suicides in the past year,has undertaken a period of soul-searching about what parents can do to stem the pressure that young people face.Her book tour is taking her to more school auditoriums and parent groups than bookstores. She tells stories about over-involvement and shares statistics about problems in young people, which she hopes will spark change in communities where helicopter parents are making themselves and their children miserable.“Our job as a parent is to put ourselves out of a job,”she said.“We need to know that our children are able to get up in the morning and take care of themselves.”And how can parents help their children become self-sufficient?Teach them the skills they’ll need in real life and make sure they practice those skills on their own.And have them do chores.“Chores build a sense of accountability.They build life skills and a work ethic,”she said.42.According to this passage,many students failed to take care of themselves______.A.because of excessive school assignmentsB.due to low IQ and limited book knowledgeC.for lack of skills needed in real lifeD.for lack of care and love from parents43.Over-helping can possibly help children to______.A.grow up more quicklyB.enter better collegesC.take care of themselvesD.face up to failure or agony44.The underlined word“devastating”in Paragraph Four probably means______.A.harmfulB.indispensableC.non-existentD.beneficial45.Which of the following is NOT true about Lythcott-Haims?A.She has given many lectures on over-involvement.B.She thinks over-parenting can drive human prosperity.C.She believes over-involvement cause mental problems.D.She hopes to see much less helicopter parenting.46.Lythcott-Haims suggests that parents do the following EXCEPT______.A.ask children to do choresB.give children more freedomC.quit jobs and stay at homeD.teach children life skills47.This passage aims to explain______.A.why helicopter parenting is ruining childrenB.which is the best approach to parenting childrenC.what children can learn from successful parentsD.how over-involvement can benefit childrenPassage ThreeTeams have become the basic building-blocks of organizations.Recruitment ads routinely call for“team players”.Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects.Office managers knock down walls to encourage team-building.Numerous companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on it,and restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.Companies are abandoning functional silos and organizing employees into cross-disciplinary teams that focus on particular products,problems or customers,with more power to run their own affairs and more time to work with each other rather than reporting upwards.A network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy.However,teams are not always the answer—teams may provide more insight,creativity and knowledge,but teamwork may also lead to confusion,delay and poor decision-making.It is noted that teams are hindered by problems of coordination and motivation that erode the benefits of collaboration.High-flyers forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered.Groupthink may be unavoidable.Less than10%of the supposed members agree on who exactly is on the team.Agreeing on its purpose is harder.Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage.Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture.This is hard to achieve when,as is now the case in many big firms,a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors.Teamwork improves with time:73%of the incidents in a civil-aviation database occurred on a crew’s first day of flying together.Companies need to think harder about managing teams to keep teams small and focused.A new study finds that the best way to ensure employees are“engaged”is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.However,organizations need to ask themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply:Deloitte reports that only12%of the executives understand the way people work together in networks and only21%feel capable of building cross-functional teams.Slackly managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or in noisy offices.Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.48.It can be concluded from the first paragraph that______.A.team players can easily enter better collegesB.team building will probably be short-livedC.team-building is getting increasingly popularD.team players are likely to be business leaders49.According to this passage,teams are characterized by______.A.many functional silosB.more efficient coordinationC.better decision-makingD.autonomy and collaboration50.All the following statements are problems with teams EXCEPT______.A.Team membership is hard to determineB.Too many firms have a common cultureC.Individuals’abilities are ignoredD.Team building can be risky51.The main idea of Paragraph Five is that______.A.new pilots are more prone to accidentsB.teams are currently difficult to manageC.a common culture is shared in big firmsD.teamwork depends on temporary contractors52.The author argues in the last paragraph that______.A.the number of teams should be increasedB.excellence mostly results from teamworkC.different jobs require different teamsD.teams are not suitable for some jobs53.This passage is primarily concerned with______.A.the contributions of teams to companiesB.disadvantages of working in teamsC.different ways to improve teamworkD.the reasons for the popularity of teamsPassage FourOn the surface,shopping online seems environmentally friendly:it eliminates car trips and carbon emissions.But what about the emissions from fleets of delivery vehicles bringing orders to houses?Delivery trucks also contribute substantially to the burden of PM2.5,which is associated with many effects on human health.Researchers recently conducted a survey of downtown Newark residents’shopping habits and preferences to calculate the quantity of goods purchased online.They also used the information from delivery companies about the number of trucks on the road and the number of packages per truck to determine how many delivery trucks are required to distribute home shopping purchases.Finally,the researchers used transportation simulation software and data fromlocal transportation authorities to determine the effect of delivery trucks on the transportation network,focusing on an area of downtown Newark that includes a portion of the university’s campus.They conducted similar analyses in2001,at the dawn of the online shopping era,and again in2008.Curiously,the2008data suggested that home shopping in Newark had grown by only14.8% since2001.That’s much less than the researchers predicted in their earlier study.It also contrasts with data from other researchers showing that internet shopping increased six-fold between2001 and2011.This is an unexpected finding.However,a large proportion of their survey respondents were university students,and the convenience of internet shopping may appeal more to people who are running a household.Also,the researchers’latest data are from2008,which suggests that their study underestimates the effect of home shopping on the transportation network.In any case,the researchers found that even though home shopping by residents of Newark grew more slowly than anticipated,traffic in2008was worse than they had predicted,for more home shopping purchases increase travel time,traffic delays,and vehicle emissions of the transportation network.While some previous studies suggest that e-commerce is associated with lower carbon emissions than traditional retail,other researchers have warned of a“rebound effect,”which occurs when gains in efficiency merely stimulate new consumption.Something similar may be going on in Newark,the results suggest.“We found that the total number of vehicles miles travelled hasn’t decreased at all with the growth of online shopping,”says study leader Arde Faghri.“This suggests that people are using the time saved by Internet shopping to do things like eating out at restaurants,going to the movies, or visiting friends.”54.According to the first paragraph,the author______.A.doubts the environmental friendliness of online shoppingB.believes in the benefit of online shopping to the environmentC.insists that delivery trucks can reduce the emission of PM2.5D.associates online shopping with better human health55.The ultimate goal of the survey mentioned in Paragraph Two was to______.A.trace the effects of online shopping on transportation networksB.calculate the total annual amount of goods purchased onlineC.determine the number and load of delivery trucks for online purchasespare the difference in the data on online shopping56.The unexpected finding mentioned in Paragraph Four refers to the finding that______.A.many of the survey respondents were university studentsB.housewives are normally more interested in online shoppingC.home shopping in Newark grew more slowly than anticipatedD.internet shopping increased six-fold between2001and201157.The researchers might have come to the conclusion that______.A.online shopping has decreased the emission of greenhouse gasesB.people are cutting down on driving thanks to online shoppingC.the popularity of online shopping should be discouragedD.online shopping fails to reduce traffic jam and carbon emissions58.The results of the survey by Arde Faghri suggest that in Newark______.A.a“rebound effect”is probably taking placeB.online shopping is being replaced by other entertainmentsC.online shopping has reduced people’s daily spendingD.supermarkets or malls are gradually disappearing59.Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A.Current Trends of Online Shopping.B.How Green Is Online Shopping?C.Why Online Shopping Is Getting Popular?D.Benefits of Online Shopping to Human Health.Passage FiveEveryone in the UK seems to agree that recorded crime is decreasing.This is one of the arguments the government is using to justify its savage cuts in police budgets.All we have to do now is to get the police more efficient–working smarter,making better use of IT.Reduction in crime means we don’t need so many police officers.This belief is based on a false premise.Recorded crime is declining,but that’s largely due to the fact that crime has moved from the physical world to cyberspace or the Internet:cybercrime is much safer and more appealing.The rewards are much greater,and the risks of being caught and convicted are vanishingly small.So if you’re a rational criminal with a reasonable IQ,why would you bother robbing people,breaking into houses,stealing cars and doing all the other things that old-style crooks do–and that old-style cops are good at catching them doing?Each senior police officer believes that cybercrime has been at alarming levels but none seems confident that our law enforcement system can deal with it.These views are supported by the experiences of the5%of UK internet users who have been the victims of various cybercrime; they report a variety of responses–almost none of them helpful–from the local police forces to whom they turn for help.One good reason is that the criminals are hard to identify or turn out to be operating abroad. Other reasons include bureaucratic inertia,lack of technical knowledge and a shortage of resources,which means that cybercrime receives lower priority than other,more urgent, responsibilities.Or simply the fact that officers often don’t take it seriously.It’s exceedingly difficult to measure accurately,for a variety of reasons–the spectrum of wrongdoing,the fact that much of it is under-reported and widely distributed,and the high cost that includes not only the actual damage done,but the costs of self-protection and the costs of clearing up after an attack.And then there are the opportunity costs:for example,security software used by online merchants typically rejects4.3%of orders out of fear of fraud,even though many of those potential orders are in fact genuine.The reality we face is that cybercrime is vast and flourishing.But do not expect to hear much about it in the election.What we actually need are more policemen on the net.60.Police budgets will be cut down in the UK because of the belief that______.A.recorded crime is decliningB.the police will become more efficientC.high-technology will be usedD.cybercrime cases need fewer police officers61.Paragraph Two is mainly concerned with______.A.whether recorded crime is decreasingB.how criminals commit crimes onlineC.what is the risk facing cybercrimeD.why cybercrime is increasing62.It can be concluded from Paragraph Three that______.A.no one asks the police for help in case of cybercrimeB.cybercriminals have connections with the policeC.cybercrime has not been effectively tackledD.the police have gained experience in fighting cybercrime63.The rate of cybercrime is quite high in the UK for the following reasons EXCEPT______.A.inefficient law enforcement agenciesB.fake ID cards used widely by criminalsC.limited expertise and resourcesD.inadequate attention paid to cybercrime64.Paragraph Five implies that online companies______.pensate for customers’loss in case of cybercrimeB.are more vulnerable to the attack by cybercriminalsC.have paid much money for catching cybercriminalsD.may suffer financially from the security software65.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?A.Good news–recorded crime is declining in the UK.B.How high-tech is used in cybercrime.C.These days crime doesn’t pay unless it’s done online.D.The important role of the police in fighting crime.PART III Cloze test(15points)Directions:There are fifteen questions in this part of the test.Choose one suitable word or phrase marked A,B,C,or D for each blank in the passage.Mark the corresponding letter of theword or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Free schools are flourishing in the UK.More than400free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England___66___.These schools have been made___67___by the hundreds of teachers,parents and charities working in their own time to go through a___68___ application process to bring their___69___of a new school to life.___70___these schools proving so popular,parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up.The government’s___71___to expand the program with another new500schools is___72___a logical next step.Importantly these schools are already making a(n)___73___to the education of thousands of pupils around the country.Over70%of those inspected have been___74___good or outstandingby inspectors,and___75___they are being opened where they are most needed.There are far more free schools in___76___local communities than in wealthy___77___.Obviously free schools can play a role in___78___the current shortage of school places.For free schools to continue to have the biggest___79___,they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low___80___have been accepted for far too long.66.A.by far B.so far C.in turn D.at first67.A.difficult B.impossible C.extinct D.possible68.A.rigorous B.prosperous C.hazardous D.populous69.A.myth B.attitude C.access D.vision70.A.For B.With C.Among D.Despitemitment B.importance C.objection D.cancellation72.A.in many ways B.on one hand C.by no means D.at one time73.A.sacrifice B.impression C.influence D.difference74.A.regarded B.judged C.operated D.decided75.A.undesirably B.substantially C.critically D.notoriously76.A.convicted B.deprived C.deserted D.invaded77.A.neighborhoods B.lives C.merchants D.schools78.A.addressing B.enhancing C.integrating D.intending79.A.expense B.impact C.consequence D.conclusion80.A.incomes B.spirits C.standards D.pricesPART IV Translation(15points)Directions:Put the following passage into English and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.中国学生在英语上花的时间比其他学科多得多，原因是英语学习需要泛读、经常复习和高效方法。

2005医博统考听力题解析原文

2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day,Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample 3answerA DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. He was waiting in the wrong place.B. He won’t have to wait any longer.C. The woman was mistaken.D. The woman should ask somebody else for help.2. A. The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B. The results might be ready tomorrow morning,C. The results will be ready this afternoon.D. The results were back this morning.3. A. Buy a purse. B. Buy the AIDS patients medicine.C. Make a donation.D. Lend the man some money.4. A. He failed to defend his paper. B. He had got a bleeding finger.C. He cut his finger with a knife.D. He had a paper cut.5. A. He can’t afford a digital camera now.B. He’s not sure how much a digital camera costs.C. He’ll buy a digital camera that fits his pocket.D. He’s lost the money he saved.6. A. Join the student Union.B. Persuade the other members of the Student Union not to quit.C. Keep an eye on the other members of the Student Union.D. Help the man find someone to fill the vacancy.7. A. The dentist will be back this afternoon.B. The dentist will have a full schedule this afternoon.C. He’s already had the dentist check his teeth.D. He plans to see the dentist this afternoon.8. A. Large and bulky. B. Lightweight and compact.C. Fancy and sophisticated.D. Appealing and amazing.9. A Use less shampoo, B. Stop using shampoo.C. Switch to the man’s brand.D. Rinse off the shampoo thoroughly.10. A. The fitness center doesn’t open until tomorrow.B. She is too busy to go to the fitness center.C. The fitness center is not for kids.D. The project of the fitness center will be finished tomorrow.11. A. Look in the library catalogue.B. Borrow the man’s computer.C. Seek the information from the Internet.D. Seek the information from Drama Society.12. A. He has changed his schedule. B. He was sick last Monday.C. He works less than he used to.D. He started his vacation last Monday.13. A. Because she has to pay a home visit to an emergency case.B. Because she dislikes teaching and wants to quit.C. Because her father has just been sent to the hospital and needs her care.D. Because her father is leaving the hospital and needs her help.14. A. Discontinue all the medications.B. Try new medicine and then have a CT scan.C. Take a CT scan before medication.D. Have a CT scan right away.15. A. Annoyed. B. Scared. C. Puzzled. D. Anxious.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passages One16. A. Common insomnia. B. Sleep-including activities.C. Foods to help people sleep better.D. Causes of insomnia and ways to deal with it.17. A. Asthma. B. Aches. C. Ulcer. D. Anemia.18. A. Go to bed earlier the next night. B. Go to bed as usual the next night.C. Take a nap the next day.D. Sleep late the next few days.19. A. Because tryptophan can balance their diet.B. Because tryptophan is an amino acid found in certain foods.C. Because tryptophan is crucial to the sleep process.D. Because tryptophan can cure insomnia altogether.20. A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent.Passage Two21. A. The difference between the couple in their view of time.B. The difference between the couple in their view of religion.C. The difference between the couple in their view of loyalty.D. The difference between the couple in their view of responsibility.22. A. He likes to be late. B. He likes to be early.C. He likes to be just on time.D. He likes to be just in time.23. A. 2 pm. B. 1:40 pm. C. 2:03 pm. D. 2:30 pm.24. A. Cancel the wedding immediately. B. Find a substitute immediately.C. Wait patiently till the groom to come finally.D. Find a lawyer to sue the groom.25. A. Cultural difference. B. Gender-related difference.C. Ethnical difference.D. Social rank.Passage Three26. A. She is a dentist. B. She is an orthopedist.C. She is a physiotherapist.D. She is a pharmacist.27. A. She is examining the man.B. She is taking a history.C. She is explaining the man’s condition.D. She is discussing a case with her colleague.28. A. Sliding over the stairs. B. Straightening his spine.C. Bending his knee too hard.D. Lifting heavy loads in the wrong way.29. A. In the lower part of his back. B. In the upper part of his back.C. In the middle part of his back.D. Not mentioned.30. A. Stay in bed to let the disc rest. B. Take some drugs to relieve the pain.C. Have some physiotherapy.D. Undergo an operation right away.2005全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。

2004-2014年中国农业科学院食品科学考博真题

2004年中国农业科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题1. 什么是食品科学，其主要包括哪些内容？2. 食品添加剂有哪些？在食品中的作用？3. 食品可为人体提供哪些营养物质？其在人体内的作用？4. 试述一种果汁的加工工艺。

（叙述果蔬制品加工工艺流程，技术要点及在生产中存在的技术问题）5. 食品变质的原因？（预防措施）6. 你知道的现代食品技术有哪些？其原理是什么？7. 食品安全在实际生产中的具体应用（食品加工过程中存在的安全性问题）8. 食品科学在我国人们奔小康生活中的地位？小康生活意味着要求安全、质优、营养、丰富、廉价的食品食品的消费量；安全问题、健康问题、特殊作用食品、开发新的食品、食品的总量需求、食品评析、食品工业以及相关产业9. 我国食品安全的现状和评价建议。

10.列举三种现代食品加工技术，说明它们在食品工业中的应用11.什么是功能性食品，它与保健品有什么区别。

功能性食品加工的技术要点和工艺路线是什么？12.食品的质量要素包括哪几个方面？2005年中国农业科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题1. 对“十一五”规划中食品方面的方针、政策提出你的建议和想法。

2. 对转基因食品的看法。

(安全性评价的具体方法)3. 列举出5个食品高新技术。

(原理及其应用)4. 食品添加剂的种类？(每种有哪些代表，有何作用？)5. 什么叫食品科学？(地位、研究方法和内容)2007年中国农业科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题一、简答题(10×6)1.肉及其制品在加工过程中的颜色变化及采取的措施。

2.食品中水存在的主要形式以及作用。

3.试述大豆分离蛋白的加工原理及其操作工艺的关键点。

4.如何防止由微生物引起的食物中毒事件？5.如何延长食品的保质期？6.列举一种益生菌，并说明其主要的功能作用。

二、论述题(20×2)1.列举至少2种食品加工新技术，并对此加以阐述。

2.你对我国“十一五”规划中食品方面有何建议？应该开展哪些方面的研究工作？2008年中国农科院博士研究生入学食品科学考题一、简答题(10×6)1.基因工程、酶工程、发酵工程有什么应用2.生物技术在畜产品的应用有什么发展前景3. 我国肉制品加工业中主要存在哪些问题？有什么建议。

13-15年考博试题中国农业科学院真题

2014年传染病一．名词解释：(英文)每个三分1.放线杆菌.2地方性流行和大流行，3.反向遗传学，4.单抗，5.马流感，6，狂犬和伪狂犬，7，埃希菌属，8，新发传染病和重新出现传染病9.Actinokaciclus放线杆菌属10.致病性大肠杆菌二．简答题：1.简述造成猪繁殖障碍的疾病及病原；10分2.从传染源角度简述造成仔猪腹泻的原因；20分。

从传染病角度分析猪流行性腹泻病因3.简述基因工程标记疫苗，用于一种传染病控制净化的策略。

利用基因工程疫苗手段控制或消灭一种传染病20分4.对猪，鸡具有致病性的流感病毒亚型？及致病特点？致病性猪流感和禽流感主要亚型以及致病特征20分2013传染病一．名词解释：1.天然免疫，2.Eqine infectious anemia (马传贫)，3，Tuberculosi (结核病)，4，Reticuloendotheliosis REV (禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒)，5，endemic;enzootic(地方流行性) pandemic(大流行); 6，Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases新发与再发传染病，7.Seroconversation (血清转化)，8.Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis（牛传染性鼻气管炎），9，二．简答题：1.为什么说猪是流感病毒的“混合器”的分子机理；2.列出几种免疫抑制性疾病；（2005年考PRRS,圆环II型，猪气喘病-肺炎支原体）3.病毒性传染病易发生毒力和血清型变异，列出2-3种疾病的致病性特点；（2002年考）4.什么是标记疫苗？如何设计利用标记疫苗消灭或控制一种传染病。

2014年免疫一．名词解释：1.补体：是存在于正常人和动物血清与组织液中的一组经活化后具有酶活性的蛋白质。

可辅助和补充特异性抗体，介导免疫溶菌、溶血作用。

2．细胞因子：免疫细胞及组织细胞分泌在细胞间发挥作用的一类小分子可溶性多肽蛋白质，通过结合相应受体调节细胞生长、分化和效应，调控免疫应答。

中科院0510博英B

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年10月考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：V英译汉30分钟15分V I写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. Many people believe reckless drivers are treated too _______.A. hardlyB. tenderlyC. lenientlyD. friendly2. After more than two hours of heated argument, the judge adjourned the ________ until next Tuesday.A. gatheringB. hearingC. meetingD. suing3.The dog was so _______ that his master hung a weight from his neck.A. suspiciousB. miserableC. mischievousD. spoiled4. She w as repairing Billy’s trousers, where the ________ had come undone.A. edgeB.seamC. lineD. rim5. About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that ________ chemical reaction rate ________ temperature.A. relates…toB. regards…asC. represents…byD. contributes…to6. She had resolved not to make any ________ to their marriage unless he raised the question.A. allusionB. assumptionC. inflammationD. inclusion7. Our flagrant disregard for the law attacks the __________ of this society.A. layerB. essenceC. foundationD. framework8. He who permits himself to tell a lie once, finds it much easier to do it a second anda third time until _________ it becomes habitual.A.at onceB. at lengthC. at endD. at times9. You solemnly advised them so as to return them to your law, but they behaved ___________ and did not obey your commandments.A. presumptuouslyB. presumptivelyC. profoundlyD. presumably10. The government was forced to __________ extra funds for the new airport.A. leave offB. sign awayC. set asideD. hold up11. After the vocal concert, the clean-up crew found the campus ___________ withcandy wrappers, bottles and cans.A. coveredB. scatteredC. dispersedD. littered12. The firemen came to their _____________ soon after they received theemergency call.A.safeguardB. securityC. safetyD. rescue13. The architect must respond to the cultural concerns of society ________ and payattention to the functional and aesthetic aspect of the buildings.A. at largeB. at heartC. at mostD. at best14. The earthquake was followed by two _________ shakings.A. attachedB. consistentC. successiveD. precedent15. The sugar plant was forced to _________ 1,100 black workers because people inthe US and Canada would not buy South African products.A. let downB. lay offC. wipe outD. take on16. If you insist on carrying out this mad experiment, you will have to _____ theconsequences.A. run intoB. choke backC. bear outD. answer for17. The advancement of ironworking in the United States put an end to this menace,much to the _______ of both passengers and railroad employees alike.A. discontentB. dismayC. reliefD. glory18. All of you will be wise to remember that Miss Trunchbull deals very severelywith anyone who gets _________ in this school.A. off the trackB. out of standardC. out of lineD. off focus19. Dismissals are likely to be fair ______that the employer can show a goodbusiness reason for the move and that adequate consultation took place.A. soB. forC. viewingD. provided20. This has been forwarded to us ‘in ______’ by the FBI and you are asked to treatthe information accordingly.A. confidenceB. mysteryC. darkD. expressPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)To its fans, it is addictive. To the media, it is a promising money-maker. Sudoku, an old puzzle long popular in Japan is fast __21__ popularity the world over. In Britain, a sudoku book is a bestseller and national newspapers are competing __22__ to publish the most, and the most fiendish, puzzles. __23__, the puzzle is being published in newspapers from Australia to Croatia to America. Even the New York Times is considering introducing sudoku in its Sunday magazine, __24__ its venerated crossword.The game’s __25__ is that its rules are as simple as its solution is complex. On a board of nine-by-nine __26__ most of them empty, players must fill in each one with a number __27__ each row (left to right), column (top to bottom) and block (in bold lines) __28__ 1 to 9. Advanced __29__ use bigger boards or add letters from the alphabet.Sudoku—the Japane se word combines “number” and “single”—seems perfectly __30__ to modern times, a puzzle for an era when people are more __31 than literate. And like globalism itself, sudoku transcends borders by __32__ no translation.The overall __33__ of puzzles is hard to measure but revenues in America from magazines, syndicated newspaper sales, books, and online and phone services are almost $200m annually. The New York Times earns millions of dollars a year from its crosswords and hundreds of thousands __34__ a special phone service that provides __35__ Over 30,000 people pay $35 a year for the newspaper’s e-mail version.21. A. missing B. starting C.losing D. gaining22. A. casually B. randomly C. pretentiously D. feverishly23. A.Consequently B. Meanwhile C. Eventually D. Nevertheless24. A. except B. alongside C. aside D. besides25. A. drawback B. imagination C.appeal D. contradiction26. A. points B. cubes C. boxes D. squares27. A. so that B. in that C. by that D. for that28. A. completes B.contains C. counts D. concludes29. A. books B. copies C. rules D. versions30. A. suited B. convertible C. switched D. feasible31. A. literary B. numerous C.numerate D. confused32. A. acquiring B. requiring C. requesting D. enquiring33. A. drawback B. business C. design D. difficulty34. A. from B. of C. with D. by35. A. pins B. codes C. hints D. bookingsPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneIt is hard to imagine a large city without policemen, but such was the situation in London in the early part of the eighteenth century. There was no organized police force to apprehend criminals. There were public watchmen, but they were generally feeble old men, unfit for more strenuous assignment.There were also constables appointed to keep the peace. The position of constable was an honor, given only to trustworthy men. The constable was unpaid, however. It was part of the co nstable’s duty to raise the “hue and cry” after an escaping criminal. On hearing the hue and cry all passersby were supposed to join in the pursuit, but in practice, not many passersby could be persuaded to help. It was too dangerous a task, and the constable was unarmed.Working behind most of the thieves were the receivers of stolen property, who had organized the thieves and rogues into gangs. One gang robbed on the main roads into London, one covered the churches, and one covered entertainments and public functions. One of the most notorious receivers, Jonathan Wild, set up a special brigade that would find employment as servants and then pilfer from the household or open the doors at night for other robbers to enter. He had a staff of mechanics for altering watches and jewelry, warehouses to store the loot, and a sloop to convey certain stolen goods to the Continent, where they could be sold in safety.The authorities might have taken stronger steps against Wild had he not been so useful as a thief taker. He knew every criminal, as he employed most of them himself.Whenever it suited his purpose, he would hand a man over to the authorities for hanging. This also provided Wild with a very effective means of controlling his men. Everyman knew that if he disobeyed the boss he would be betrayed and would quickly find himself on the gallows.It was novelist Henry Fielding, who was also a London magistrate, who finally thought of equipping regular patrols with arms and uniforms and sending them out to police the streets of London. His half brother, Sir John Fielding, organized these first “patrols”. At first these groups were financed by rich citizens, who were willing to pay for their security, but later they were taken over by the government. The Field ing’s “patrols” became a real police force.36.The first constables in London in the early part of the 18th century were____________.A.respected citizensB.paid officialsC.old peopleD.professional policemen37.Most passersby did not join in the hue and cry because they were ___________.A.on the criminal’s sideB.afraid of dangersC.not so quick in reactioned to the situation38.Wild made money by ___________.A.solving cases of theftB.searching for lost propertymanding robbers and thievesD.stealing people’s property himself39.Wild organized a special group to ___________.A.help him take care of houseworkB.dispose watches and jewelryC.dispose unwanted itemsmit burglary40.The authorities let Wild alone because ___________.A.he sometimes turned wanted criminals over to themB.his turn of being dealt with had not yet comeC.no one was brave enough to go after himD.he bribed the officials all the time41.Henry Fielding got the idea for a police force when he __________.A.wrote a detective novelB.served as an officialC.once helped a victimD.received private fundingPassage TwoOnce it was possible to sum up trends in American art with a few proper phrases—“abstract, gestural painting” could have served at one point, or “return to figuration” at another. Today it is muc h more difficult to identify the dominant approach with anywhere near this kind of precision. In part, this is because art has changed, in part because the world has changed. Nevertheless, I believe that there are sets of tendencies that art today is following.But first of all, it might be helpful to look more closely at the idea of “American art.” This apparently simple category is actually much more complex than it appears. The conviction that there is such a thing as “American style” painting or sculpt ure that reflects some typically “American” quality was once an absolute belief of modernist art criticism. Today, however, “American art” is no longer a simple matter of geography, national origin, or point of view. Instead, the globalization of markets, the ease of international communication, and the movement of artists from one country to another have all contributed to an art world without firm concepts of national identity. It is common for artists to list multiple countries as their home.This fluidity is an important element in any discussion of American art today. The evaporation of the borders between nations, at least in the field of art, mirrors the disappearance of all kinds of other boundaries as well. Hardly anyone worries about the unique characteristics of painting and sculpture any more. Just as artists move around the globe, they jump effortlessly across media, producing work that simultaneously incorporates not only traditional materials but also digital technology, photography, performance, music, film, and video.Similarly, “public art” once meant a massive sculpture set on a public square. Now public art is just as likely to appear on the Internet or to involve small groups of community members working together on a project of local interest. Equally changed is the old idea that art should confine itself to its own sphere. Artists today incorporate science, politics, religion, architecture, and ecology into their work and hope to have impact that stretches far beyond the gallery walls.42. By mentioning “return to figuration”, the author shows that _________.A. we were able to identify the tendencies of American art in the pastB. figuration is the solution to the problem with American artC. American art is repeating its historyD. figuration will become the characteristics of American art43. Compared with the past, it is now more difficult to ________.A. produce characteristic art worksB. discover devoted artistsC. present art works to the publicD. characterize American art44. In the past, “American art” ________A. was a variable conceptB. was an explicit conceptC. was not widely acknowledged abroadD. was not properly practiced by artists45. The second paragraph implies that today’s artists often ________.A. take pride in holding exhibitions in AmericaB. stress the commercial value of their art workC. prefer to live in foreign countriesD. have variable national conceptions46. By mentioning painting and sculpture together, the author implies that people believe________.A. they are causing controversyB. they are becoming popularC.there is no need to tell them apartD. it may be necessary to preserve their traditions47. The passage tells us that today’s artists produce works by means of _________.A. becoming good photographersB. changing the definition of fluidityC. creating boundariesD. applying various media48. What can be learned about artists in modern societies?A.They hope to expand the world of art.B. They are eager to promote art in streets.C. They regard technology as their most important tool.D. They believe that art should confine itself to its own sphere.Passage ThreeCharles Paul and his wife, Hazel, stopped using the motor home they bought several years ago; it sits idle behind their house in Richardson, Texas. Travel is just one sacrifice they made to pay for the cost of their prescriptions,more than a dozenmedications for the two of them. They found relief by switching drugstores, to one in nearby McKinney. A prescription fo r Paul’s diabetes had cost $ 89.88 when he got it from a national chain but dropped down to $58 from McKinney’s Smith Drug.Smith, which claims to be the oldest drugstore in Texas, has been getting a lot of attention since a Dallas newspaper touted its astoundingly low prices. The overwhelming response from the public has been “a little scary,” says co-owner Kaylei Mosier. She says the store simply marks each prescription up enough to cover its costs, but for many prescriptions that’s a lot lower than at ot her stores.The Smith Drug story has highlighted a little-known fact: prescription prices vary from city to city and block to block, and a little research can save consumers hundreds or thousands of dollars. Insurance copays can make these differences invi sible, but they’re a huge deal to the 45 million uninsured Americans.Why the price swings? Howard Schiff, executive director of the Maryland Pharmacists Association, explains that pharmacies generally buy their drugs from a wholesaler, who doesn’t sell to every drugstore at the same price. Once the drug is in the pharmacy, each owner chooses how much to mark it up. Because fewer than 10 percent of consumers comparison-shop for prescriptions the way they might for a quart of milk—and drug prices generally are not advertised—pharmacies don’t worry that higher prices will drive people away, says Stanford economist Alan Scorensen.There is a downside to hopping from drugstore to drugstore. If people price-shop, they’re going to lose some protection that comes f rom having one pharmacy track all your medications. Going to many pharmacies keeps one pharmacist from noticing potentially harmful interactions between prescriptions. Comparison-shopping is further complicated because pharmacies that have the best price o n one drug don’t usually have the lowest prices across the board, so finding a good price on one drug ata pharmacy does not guarantee a cheaper total bill.49. Charles and his wife haven’t traveled for long because ________.A.their motor home was not in good conditionB.they wanted to save for medicinesC.they have been too weak to do soD.they didn’t get their doctor’s permission50.We learn that the oldest drugstore in Texas, Smith, _________.A. surprises people when its low prices are reportedB. sells prescriptions at a prices below their costsC. is an unprofitable businessD. had many scared customers after a news report51. Who may care LEAST about the varied prices?A. Those who are uninsuredB. Those who are insuredC. Those who comparison-shop for drugsD. Those doing research in drugstores52.Some drugstores can sell drugs at a higher price than others because __________.A. people may have more choices over the same productB. not many people know the price differencesC. some drugstores spend more on ads than othersD. drugs were bought from different wholesalers53.The word “downside” used in the last paragraph refers to __________.A.the poor service in tracking medicationsB.the trend of reducing drug pricesC.the popularity of comparison-shoppingD.the drawback of switching drugstoresPassage FourJust when I thought I'd escaped my likely fate, I went to prison.I had been visiting a friend in Crystal City, Virginia. I left her hotel around 9:30 in the evening and called a cab back to D.C. As we drove down Jefferson Davis Highway, a cop stopped us. He pulled his gun, told me to get out and put my hands up. Four more cars arrived. The cop who arrested me had overheard the private security guards on their walkie-talkies saying that they were looking for a black guy who had stolen $50 and that they had seen me getting into a cab. I had $223.94, a Rolex and a rack of credit cards. I saw the man I had supposedly robbed for the first time at my trial.I brought my own lawyer to court, but the judge said he had known my court-appointed public defender for ten years, that he was good for the job and that Icould not use my own lawyer. When I protested, the judge said, "We can either do this with you here or with you in the bullpen." Half of my jury was selected while I was in the bullpen. I was sentenced to seven years.It was all unjust. But none of it, not one fact of my case, is unique. It happens to one in three black men, every day.I had found the paths to success in college and then in training with well-known brokerage houses. I had built a profitable financial consulting firm working 70 hours a week, always trying to make more, prove more, be more. I thought that if I could close one more deal, break one more record, trespass one more line, maybe I wouldn't walk around feeling like my colors were spilling out with no border to define them.I can still taste the metallic rage I felt that first day in prison. I was shackled hand and foot, being led by two black captors who were "just doing their jobs." They pushed me into my cell. Snow blew through the broken window and piled up on the thin plastic mattress.Alone, without money, without position, without even a name, only a number, I realized that everything I'd believed in was a lie. If my choices were dictated by someone else's sensibilities about what was valuable, how could I have been free? I had known superficial luxuries, but real freedom is an inside job. I had never known that feeling. And for that I sat on the cold cement floor and cried.54. The author had been trying _________.A. not to be treated like many other blacksB. not to be caught while stealing at the hotelC. to avoid the punishment for his speed drivingD. to keep calm when confronted with the police55. The author got arrested because _________.A. he was suspected of robberyB. he had stolen over 200 dollarsC. he had robbed a taxi driverD. he was guilty of defiance against law56. The author’s defending lawyer in court ________.A. was hired by the defendantB. was paid by the governmentC. shared the jury’s opinionsD. did a good job for the author57. According to the author, on average every day _______A. more than 1/3 of blacks are given a court trialB. over 30% of blacks are wrongedC. over 30% of blacks tried are wrongly convictedD. more than 1/3 of blacks are convicted of serious crimes58. The clause “my colors … to define them” (in boldface in Para 5) implies that the author _________.A. was seen as nothing but a blackB. was treated like a white manC. regretted being born blackD. believed he was the best in blacks59. For the author, the two black captors who pushed him into his cell were ________.A. unfairly treated like himselfB. helping do him injusticeC. among those dishonest blacksD. just earning their living60. In prison the author realized that _________.A. he could never overtake whites in careerB. he had never been able to enjoy true freedomC. he had taken a wrong path to successD. he could enjoy freedom without luxuriesPassage FiveHell is for those who are offered the light but spurn it. The heathens are blameless if they ignore a gospel that they have never heard, but damnation awaits our neighbors who have been shown the way and refuse to take it. Speakers of a foreign language are like the heathens; they are forgivable because their only fault has been the lack of opportunity to learn to talk as we do. We resent the speakers of some unfamiliar dialect of our own language because they have had the opportunity – they prove this by the fact that we can usually understand them –but have obviously misapplied it.So we do what we can to bring them into line, as we may once have been brought into line ourselves. The method is not necessarily crude or heartless and itshuman targets are not necessarily victims: there are always learners –outsiders moving in, younger generations moving up – and they may be as eager to take as we are to give. Especially when the gift is advertised as part of the “cultural heritage” with prestige at stake. The art object in question is an establishment dialect, the “standard,” which nearly every society sees fit to impose in the schools and to promote through the great army of language wholesalers: the reporters of news, writers of stories, preachers of sermons, and pleaders of cases and causes. In most modern societies the teaching of the standard language – including writing – probably absorbs more educational resources than any other single effort.To the extent that it is codified, the substance of what is taught is known as normative or prescriptive grammar. Textbooks embodying it – which are a mixture of description along traditional lines and comparisons of good and bad usage – make up the great bulk of writing on language, and go back to its very beginnings. In the ancient world they were mostly individual products, but with the Renaissance there came a change. An epidemic of learned societies swept Italy and spread across Europe –“academies,” they were called, each with special interests rangi ng from meteorology to the study of Petrarch. Two of the later Italian academies, which were devoted largely to matters of language and are still in existence, were quite influential in establishing bodies in other countries.61. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.A.a Frenchman who can’t learn English well should be damned.B.a Cantonese who doesn’t speak standard Chinese are unpopular.C.an Italian who can only speak an Italian dialect is a heathen.D.a German who often incorrectly pronounces Swedish should be resented.62. The author’s primary purpose is most probably to _________.A.refute an argumentB.correct a misconceptionC.justify an occurrenceD.reveal a mystery63. The passage says that a standard language can be promoted by all the following people EXCEPT _________.A.JournalistsB.writersC.clergymenD.officials64. We can infer from the second paragraph that _________.A. everyone has some flaws in their accentB. standard language may suggest high social statusC. people with non-standard language are eager to learnD. it is wrong to impose language standards in schools65. According to the passage, the Renaissance witnessed a change ___________.A. from prescriptive to descriptive grammar in language teachingB. from respec t to disrespect to the “culture heritage”C. from individual to academic efforts to advocate standard languageD. from language oriented to various subject oriented teachingSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneThe term “Further Education” is the name given, in Britain, to a very broad and diverse range of post-school education. ___66___ There is also a vast and varied provision of evening classes. For many older people, evening study was the only way they could pursue their education and they still think of the institution that provided it as “Night School”.Nowadays, however, the opportunities for Further Education at all levels and for all ages are manifold. ___67___ They are provided in a widely differing set of institutions. The majority of the lower level courses, relating mainly to apprenticeship schemes and qualifications, are provided in Colleges of Further Education or Technical Colleges. Middle level courses are also offered in Technical Colleges with those having a good share of more adv anced work being called “Colleges of Technology”. The great bulk of advanced studies and degree level work is undertaken in the Polytechnics. ___68___ Very few of the broad divisions here are clear cut; there is much overlapping.One of the major areas of “overlap” that has occurred during the past ten years or so has been between the school system and Further Education. There has been a growing provision of “Six Form” Level studies in colleges of Further Education and Technical Colleges during this period and almost all of the “non-advanced” technicalcolleges now offer a broad spread of subjects for the GCE advanced Level (‘A’ level) examinations. ___69___ A few Local Education Authorities have decided, partly because of this existing trend and partly for reasons of economy, that all the post-sixteen education in certain areas — both technical and academic — should be amalgamated in one establishment; such amalgamated institutions are called “Tertiary Colleges”.___70___ The Tech has played an important part in British educational history and its role will be no less important in the future.A.Whatever the type of establishment and its range of educational provision, mostof the local inhabitants will probably refer to it as “the Tech”.B.We must make the leap forward and embrace the development of theknowledge-based economy.C.Many sixth form students seem to prefer the more adult atmosphere of theTechnical College to that of the school.D.The courses provided range from the most elementary, directlyvocationally-orientated kind, to those at degree level or beyond.E.Some is full-time, some is part-time and some is half-and-half with periods atcollege alternating with periods at work.F.But there are a number of specialized colleges such as the London College ofPrinting and the National College of Agricultural Engineering.Passage TwoFor years, youth sports pushers tried to get us hooked: Organized sports, they said, offered a natural high and would build character in our children. ___71___ But there are high-functioning cokeheads too. Like every American, I have close friends whose families struggle with a youth sports addiction. So let's talk about the dark side of the youth sports epidemic.First off, when they're spending every spare second at soccer practice, children lose that crucial downtime they need for exercising their imaginations, as well as their limbs. And Dr. Lenny Wiersma, co-director of the Center for the Advancement of Responsible Youth Sport, warns that when kids miss out on "the old sandbox and。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2001答案解析

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2001答案解析Part One Listening Comprehension（略）Part Two Vocabulary21.A 译文：尽管这场足球比赛不是很有趣，但解说员努力地将它解说得有趣。

解析：commentator解说员，评论员；newscaster新闻广播员；announcer宣告者，广播员；presenter主持人，发言者。

22.D 译文：国家的矿产资源已经被外强开采了。

解析：disuse停止使用；deprive使丧失，剥夺；extort 勒索，敲诈；exploit开采，开发。

23.C 译文：爱管闲事的主管要看最近的广告活动后的销售额。

解析：固定搭配，sales amounts销售额24.B 译文：他靠修复旧画谋生。

解析：revive复兴，复活；restore恢复，修复；retrieve检索，重新得到；renew更新。

25.C 译文：如果不引入更加严厉的狩猎法律，海豹将会灭绝。

解析：out-dated过时的；archaic陈旧的；extinct灭绝的，灭种的；obsolete废弃的。

26.A 译文：通货膨胀使得贫穷的人生活艰难。

解析：means在这里指的是“财产”，of scare means 缺钱的，穷的；impoverished贫穷的；introduced引入的；inserted插入的。

27.C 译文：已经引进了新的质量控制体系来克服产品的缺陷。

解析：install安装；inaugurate举行就职典礼；introduce引进，引入；insert插入。

28.A 译文：让出版商给你送来英语课本的最新目录。

解析：catalogue商品目录；prospectus计划书；brochure小册子；pamphlet小册子。

29.D 译文：寄出之前别忘了把信封上。

解析：固定搭配，seal the letter 封信，seal 密封，盖章。

30.D 译文：他在抽烟，我看到烟头在黑暗中闪耀这一丝火星。

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★绝密★中国农业科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ.VocabularyPart A.Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description.A.transportsB.transfersC.transcendsD.transforms2.The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.applaudedB.enhancedC.elevatedD.clapped3.The meaning of“yellow”is a color,but it can also mean“cowardly.”A.positiveB.negativeC.underlyingD.literal4.Many people think that the standards of public have declined.A.moralityB.rightnessC.awarenessD.mentality5.People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A.precedeB.dominateC.pervadeD.denominate6.The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different.A.performancesB.personalitiesC.qualitiesD.debut7.This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A.ascertainB.agitateC.alleviateD.allocate8.The apartment was as$50,000and its owner decided to sell it.A.automatedB.assessed C asserted D.avenged9.The minister all his officials pay the tax.A.bidsB.blessesC.barksD.baffles10.When a person dies,his debts must be paid before his can be distributed.A.paradoxesB.legaciesC.platitudesD.analogiesPart B.Directions:In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined.Below the sentence are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11.Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights.A.invadeB.troopC.promptD.gather12.He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says.A.beliefB.trustC.convictionD.dependence.13.Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined.A.grosslyB.severelyC.rapidlyD.radically14.In times of economic difficulty,governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A.shiftedB.cutC.checkedD.donated15.Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A.identicalB.doubleC.illustratedD.legible16.With her youngest child having left home,she felt a pressing need to fill her time.A.tenseB.thoroughC.urgentD.small17.The role of the performing artist is to interpret,not alter,the notes on a printed sheet of music.A.omitB.reproduceposeD.change.18.Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris,while high-altitude satellites carry detectors for gamma rays and other emissions.A.diffusionB.remainsC.glitter transfer19.Although worn out by years of service to his country,Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A.favoredB.honoredC.exhaustedD.weakened20.Between French friends,who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view,lively disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life.A.coexistenceB.coincidenceC.correlationpatibilityⅡ.ClozeDirections:Read the following passage.Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.We do not know when man first began to use salt,but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history.(21)evidence shows,for example,that people who lived over three thousand years ago ate(22)fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at certain times in history.In the eighteenth century,for instance,if a person was(23)“stealing salt”,he could be put in prison.History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century(24)stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses(25)the dining table.It is used in making glass and airplane parts,in the(26)of crops and in killing weeds.It is also used to make water soft,to melt ice on roads and highways,to make soap,and to (27)colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways,besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation of salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the(28)common processes for manufacturing salt.In Australia,it can even be taken from a“salt bush”.Yet,(29)it is obtained,salt will continue to play an important(30)in the lives of men and women everywhere.21.A.Ancient B.Historic C.Historical D.Old22.A.salt B.salted C.salting D.salty23.A.arrested B.caught C.got D.seized24.A.as B.by C.for D.through25.A.besides B.beyond C.except D.over26.A.bearing B.developing C.growing D.training27.A.fasten B.fix C.preserve D.tie28.A.little B.many C.much D.more29.A.however B.whatever C.whenever D.wherever30.A.duty B.function C.responsibility D.roleⅢ.Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions:There are three reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1)Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus,a top Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2)A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec.30,raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to10Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than100million birds.(3)“It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them,"Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health,said Tuesday."Once they understand and follow all the instructions,we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4)Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures,such as strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection,Anh said.The most recent outbreak was only reported in small farms,which failed to apply preventive measures,he said.(5)New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens,requiring ducks to be raised in cages and improving hygiene measures,Anh said.Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta,he added. (6)The conference will be looking at a variety of issues,including mass vaccinations, flu research,farm hygiene,animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7)The virus,which in the last year has killed46people—including32from Vietnam and12from Thailand—has yet to mutate into a form that can be transmitted between humans.But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could become as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the20th century.31.The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA.battling the SARSB.epidemic disease controlC.fighting the avian fluD.public health32.According to the passage,which of the following statement is true?A.Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B.Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C.Bui Quang Anh believes that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D.1,000birds were killed during the last year outbreak of bird flu.33.According to the passage,which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting against the bird flu?A.to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B.to carry out regular disinfectionC.to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD.to stop poultry trade34.We can infer from the last paragraph thatA.currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB.the bird flu virus is easy to mutate.C.the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD.the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35.The best title for the passage is.A.Bird Flu:A Deadly DiseaseB.What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC.Vietnam:the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD.Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird FluPassage Two(1)The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex.On the more intangible side,there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries;there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important,there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism,vented long before against Indian Buddhism,which since the seventeenth century,focused on Western Christianity.Accordingly,even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century,it was already at a disadvantage.After1860,as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded,it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles,numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded.(2)In part,the very presence of the missionary evoked attack,they were,after all,the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior,and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire.For many of the indigenous population, therefore,the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could e vented.In part too,the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after1860seemed almost calculated to offend.By indignantly waging battle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and,more particularly,by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture,the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class.Also,in countless ways,he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditional monopoly of social leadership.Missionaries,particularly Catholics,frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati.They were the only persons at the local level,aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals,and they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry. (3)Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after1860that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to,in practice implementation depended onthe wholehearted accord provincial authorities.There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory.At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4)In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official,almost always a stranger in the locality of his service,depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class.Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities,in direct defiance of gentry sentiment,ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36.In a vague way,anti-Christian feeling stemmed from.A.the mere presence of invadersB.a generalized unfocused feelingC.the introduction to the WestD.none of the above37.The author would agree that.A.many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B.many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC.scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of themD.all of the above are true.38.With which of the following statements would the author agree?A.Ethnocentricism is a manly tradition.B.The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C.Although Christianity was not well received in China,Buddhism was.D.The author would agree with A and C.39.Missionaries.A.often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB.were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC.had greater access to authority than Chinese peasantsD.may be described by all of the above40.Provincial authorities.A.cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB.were alive to local feelingsC.were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD.may be described by B and C.Passage Three(1)The natural environment has,of course,always conditioned technology.For example,the nature of an environment(polar,desert,jungle)engenders the development of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfully to it.Further,emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for,and gradual transition to,a new technology using resources present in the environment in greater abundance,as,for example,in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the end of the eighteenth century.(2)In modern Western society,environment has begun to condition technology in new ways,although admittedly more indirectly.The safety and quality of the environment and public perceptions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulatory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety,occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo.In France,Italy,and recently the United States, political parties have been formed,organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues.In general,in the last fifteen years,the gradual development of broad-based environmental awareness,the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups,and guidelines issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)in response to congressional mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities.Both research an development priorities and capital investment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B.Technologies enable man to adapt successfully to his environment.C.The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.ck of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42.We can infer from the article that in the1800s England was probably rich in.A.wood resourcesB.technological resourcesC.natural resourcesD.coal resource43.in modern Western society,the environmental problem has.A.received great attention form the governmentsB.caused some serious disorders in technology and economyAffected modern technologies more directly than before.D.become more important but received less and less attention44.The underlined word“heed”in the last but one sentence of the passage means.wsuitB.interestC.attentionD.expense45.What is the best topic for the passage?A.What can nature contribute to technology?B.Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C.Technologies of all kinds should serve the natural environment.D.Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections:After you have read the following passage,write out a summary in English whit about70to90words.Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET. What is Society?Society is a group of human beings,held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually beneficial to the individual members.Societies operate as a whole,as a collective body,chiefly in ways that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibilities within the society.One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself.The cells are all alive,independently, yet they group together and establish roles,responsibilities,and relationships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts.The cells gain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectively.Further,they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating.Similarly,when individual human beings group together to form societies,an organization is created in which the members are the cells.Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest.If the relationships are loose,the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little synergy.When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love,the body thus created has significant functionality over that of the individuals.When the group is small,few organs can be created so there is limited complexity or functionality.When the group is large,many organs can be created,resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries,regions,states cities,and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as could teams,groups,and any other organizations of people.For our purposes here,the most important society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order for the Ages,Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government,however.It also includes all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need.Ⅳ.Translation1.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.It is a prerequisite for the realization of other human rights.The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries.Over I billion persons lack access to a basic water supply,while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation,which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water.The continuing contamination,depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty.States have to adopt effective measures to realize,without discrimination,the right to water.2.Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。